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The purpose of the investigation, carried out in the municipality of Genoa (Italy), is to verify the existence of a relationship between crime, observed at the place where the criminal act is committed, and social deprivation. In other words, it aims to investigate the relation between crime and social deprivation from a spatial perspective. Crime, which manifests itself in various forms, is identified in the scientific literature from the concept of a “deviant act” that can be analysed with spatially, temporally and psychologically based approaches. Social deprivation, on the other hand, is a complex phenomenon, defined by Townsend, whose analysis is based primarily on the relational aspect of marginalised and vulnerable groups. The main contribution of this work is the high territorial consistency of the data, referring to the local districts of Genoa. The methodology consists in the realisation of two aggregative quantitative analyses for the construction of the indices. On the one hand, crime is measured using a method based on the sum of standardised variables, while social deprivation is studied by DP2 method. The analysis shows a trend of high levels of crime in districts closest to the centre of the city of Genoa, a trend that decreases as it moves toward the periphery. The city centre areas are the most crowded and the most difficult to control continuously due to the intense traffic of people, especially during rush hours. A similar result can be observed in terms of social deprivation: the districts closer to the centre tend to be more socially critical, while the more distant districts have a stronger social fabric, also due to less traffic by residents. The work can be a useful tool to help policymakers define timely and localised measures to combat crime.

Los países emergentes en general son poco consumidores de energía, por tanto tienen poca influencia en la huella de carbono y el daño ecológico al planeta, pero tienen muchas carencias sociales como la falta de vivienda, servicios, problemas de salud, falta de trabajo, etc. Por eso merecen tener una herramienta de evaluación de sostenibilidad arquitectónica que considere todos estos aspectos evaluados desde la óptica de cada cultura y en la que el peso de aspectos como la huella de carbono o el consumo energético no sea el único. Por otra parte esta herramienta evalúa la estética y los hitos arquitectónicos como parte de los aspectos sociales que deberían evaluarse en el mundo, y la propuesta ha sido aplicada en edificios patrimoniales y contemporáneos, realizada como proyecto de investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca, en colaboración con la UPM. Abstract Emerging countries are generally low consumption of energy, and thus have little influence on the carbon footprint and ecological damage to the planet, but instead have many social needs such as homelessness, housing without services, health problems, unemployment, etc. Therefore they deserve an evaluation tool of architectural sustainability which considers the social, housing production, jobs, health, all evaluated from the perspective of each culture and the weight of aspects carbon footprint or energy consumption is not the only one. Moreover this tool evaluates the aesthetic and architectural landmarks as part of the social aspects that should also be evaluated worldwide, and the proposal has been applied in heritage and contemporary buildings, conducted as a research project at the University of Cuenca, in collaboration with UPM.

Objective: To see the relationship between the population deprivation index and the use of the health services, adverse evolution and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic., Method: Retrospective cohort study of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 1, 2020 to January 9, 2022. The data collected included sociodemographic data, comorbidities and prescribed baseline treatments, other baseline data and the deprivation index, estimated by census section. Multivariable multilevel logistic regression models were performed for each outcome variable: death, poor outcome (defined as death or intensive care unit), hospital admission, and emergency room visits., Results: The cohort consists of 371,237 people with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the multivariable models, a higher risk of death or poor evolution or hospital admission or emergency room visit was observed within the quintiles with the greatest deprivation compared to the quintile with the least. For the risk of being hospitalized or going to the emergency room, there were differences between most quintiles. It has also been observed that these differences occurred in the first and third periods of the pandemic for mortality and poor outcome, and in all due for the risk of being admitted or going to the emergency room., Conclusions: The groups with the highest level of deprivation have had worse outcomes compared to the groups with lower deprivation rates. It is necessary to carry out interventions that minimize these inequalities., (Copyright © 2023 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between social contextual factors and child and adolescent labor. METHODS: Population-based cohort study carried out with 2,512 families living in 23 subareas of a large urban city in Brazil from 2000 to 2002. A random one-stage cluster sampling was used to select families. Data were obtained through individual household interviews using questionnaires. The annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor was estimated for each district. New child and adolescent labor cases were those who had their first job over the two-year follow-up. The annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor was the response variable and predictors were contextual factors such as lack of social support, social deprivation, unstructured family, perceived violence, poor school quality, poor environment conditions, and poor public services. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression were used to assess the associations. RESULTS: There were selected 943 families corresponding to 1,326 non-working children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years. Lack of social support, social deprivation, perceived violence were all positively and individually associated with the annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor. In the multiple linear regression model, however, only lack of social support and perceived violence in the neighborhood were positively associated to child and adolescent labor. No effect was found for poor school quality, poor environment conditions, poor public services or unstructured family. CONCLUSIONS: Poverty reduction programs can reduce the contextual factors associated with child and adolescent labor. Violence reduction programs and strengthening social support at the community level may contribute to reduce CAL.OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación entre las variables sociocontextuales y el trabajo de niños y adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte con 2.512 familias residentes en 23 áreas urbanas de Salvador, Noreste de Brasil, entre 2000 y 2002. La selección de las áreas y la identificación de las familias fueron realizadas por muestreo por conglomerados. Entrevistas domiciliares fueron realizadas con cuestionarios individuales. La incidencia acumulada anual del trabajo de niños y adolescentes fue estimada para cada área. Niños y adolescentes que se tornaron trabajadores a lo largo de dos años de seguimiento del estudio fueron considerados casos nuevos. La incidencia acumulada anual del trabajo de niños y adolescentes fue analizada como variable respuesta y factores contextuales fueron los predictivos (ausencia de apoyo social; privación social y familias no estructuradas, percepción de violencia, mala calidad de las escuelas, de los servicios públicos, y existencia de problemas ambientales en la vecindad). Regresión linear múltiple fue utilizada para análisis. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 943 familias con 1.326 niños y adolescentes no trabajadores de 8 a 17 años. Ausencia de apoyo social, privación social y percepción de violencia en la vecindad se asociaron positivamente al trabajo de niños y adolescentes al analizarlos separadamente. Ausencia de apoyo social y percepción de violencia fueron positivamente asociados con el resultado en la regresión linear múltiple. Mala calidad de la escuela y de los servicios públicos urbanos y la existencia de problemas ambientales y familiares no presentaron asociación. CONCLUSIONES: Programas que busquen reducir la pobreza pueden actuar positivamente en los factores contextuales considerados. Programas de pacificación en áreas violentas, así como el fortalecimiento de las redes sociales en las comunidades, pueden contribuir para la disminución del trabajo de niños y adolescentes.OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre as variáveis sociocontextuais e o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte com 2.512 famílias residentes em 23 áreas urbanas de Salvador, BA, entre 2000 e 2002. A seleção das áreas e a identificação das famílias foram realizadas por amostragem por conglomerados. Entrevistas domiciliares foram realizadas com questionários individuais. A incidência cumulativa anual do trabalho de crianças e adolescentes foi estimada para cada área. Crianças e adolescentes que se tornaram trabalhadores ao longo dos dois anos de seguimento do estudo foram considerados casos novos. A incidência cumulativa anual do trabalho de crianças e adolescentes foi analisada como variável resposta e fatores contextuais foram as preditoras (ausência de apoio social, deprivação social e famílias não-estruturadas, percepção de violência, má qualidade das escolas e dos serviços públicos, e existência de problemas ambientais na vizinhança). Regressão linear múltipla foi utilizada para análise. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas 943 famílias com 1.326 crianças e adolescentes não trabalhadores de 8 a 17 anos. Ausência de apoio social, deprivação social e percepção de violência na vizinhança associaram-se positivamente ao trabalho de crianças e adolescentes quando analisadas separadamente. Ausência de apoio social e percepção de violência foram positivamente associadas com o desfecho na regressão linear múltipla. Má qualidade da escola e dos serviços públicos urbanos e a existência de problemas ambientais e familiares não apresentaram associação. CONCLUSÕES: Programas que visem à redução da pobreza podem atuar positivamente nos fatores contextuais considerados. Programas de pacificação em áreas violentas, assim como o fortalecimento das redes sociais nas comunidades, podem contribuir para a diminuição do trabalho de crianças e adolescentes.

After almost fifteen years of social policies, extreme poverty has become an enduring problem in Mexico. Even in those years when nation-wide economic conditions have been particularly good, an important segment of the Mexican population faces the problem of poverty and the lack of social opportunities and this segment grows heavily with economic turndowns. The purpose of this paper is twofold: on one hand, it compares the objectives against the efficacy of social policy aimed to alleviate and reduce poverty in Mexico in the period after the great 1982 economic and social crisis; on the other hand, it points out the expectations and the problems of a new social policy that may be more effective in overcoming poverty and social deprivation in modern Mexico.

Objectives: To study census-tract distribution of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis mortality in the Madrid Region and its association with socio-economic deprivation. Methods: Cross-sectional, ecological (3906 censustract) study, using mortality data for 1996-2003 and a deprivation index drawn up on the basis of 2001 census data. Standardised mortality ratios were calculated taking Spanish rates for 2001 as reference. Smoothed censustract relative risks were computed using the Besag-York-Mollie model. Relative risks (RRs) of dying and their 95% credibility intervals (95% CIs) were calculated according to quartiles of the deprivation index (with the fourth quartile -Q- of the indicator being the most unfavourable situation). Maps were plotted depicting the distribution of the posterior probability of RR > 1. Results: Census tracts with a high risk of mortality were detected, mostly located in the centre and on the eastern, south-eastern and south-western fringes of the city of Madrid. Mortality increased with deprivation. RRs of mortality according to quartíles of the deprivation index were: Q2 = 1.5 (CI: 1.3-1.6), Q3 = 1.9 (CI:1.7-2.2) and Q4 = 2.5 (CI:2.2-2.8) for men; and Q2 = 1.3 (CI:1.1-1.5), Q3 = 1.5 (CI:1.3-1.7) and Q4 = 1.6 (CI:1.3-1.8) forwomen. Conclusions: This small-area study enabled census tracts with excess mortality eligible for a special public health intervention to be identified, and their association with socio-economic deprivation to be confirmed.Objetivos: Estudiar la distribución por secciones censales de la mortalidad por cirrosis y hepatopatías crónicas de la Comunidad de Madrid y su asociación con la privación socioeconómica. Métodos: Estudio transversal y ecológico (3.906 secciones censales) utilizando los datos del registro de mortalidad de 1996-2003 y un índice de privación construido a partir de los datos del Censo de 2001. Se calcularon razones de mortalidad estandarizadas tomando como referencia las tasas de España del 2001. Los riesgos relativos suavizados de las secciones censales se calcularon siguiendo el modelo Besag-York-Molife. Se han estimado los riesgos relativos (RR) de morir, y su intervalo de credibilidad al 95% (ICI), según los cuartiles del índice de privación (siendo el cuarto cuartil -Q4- del indicador la situación más desfavorable). Se realizaron mapas representando la distribución de la probabilidad posterior de RR > 1. Resultados: Se han detectado secciones censales con alto riesgo de mortalidad localizadas en su mayoría en el centro y la periferia este, sureste y suroeste de la ciudad de Madrid. La mortalidad se incrementa con la privación social: El RR de mortalidad según cuartiles del índice de privación fue: Q2 = 1,5 (CI: 1,3-1,6); Q3 = 1,9 (CI: 1,7-2,2); Q4 = 2,5 (CI: 2,2-2,8), para los hombres; y Q2 = 1,3 (CI: 1,1-1,5); Q3 = 1,5 (CI: 1,3-1,7); Q4 = 1,6 (CI: 1,3-1,8), para las mujeres. Conclusiones: El estudio de áreas pequeñas ha permitido identificar secciones censales con sobremortalidad subsidiarias de una intervención especial de salud pública, así como confirmar su asociación con la privación socioeconómica.

Este artigo opera com resultados de uma pesquisa de psicologia social desenvolvida em regime participante e envolvendo mulheres que na Vila Joanisa - SP assumiram comunitariamente o trabalho de Centros de Juventude. Dedicamo-nos aqui ao exame de um problema político e psicológico, a humilhação social, uma modalidade de angústia disparada pelo impacto traumático da desigualdade de classes: para assim caracterizá-lo, recorremos à investigação marxista e à psicanálise.This paper is based upon participant research carried out in Vila Joanisa, a desinfranchised and poor district of São Paulo. As a social psychologist, the author has worked in Youth Centers, community-based groups both organized and coordinated by women. The aim of this paper is to discribe and discuss social humiliation, defined as a singular kind of anguish triggered by class inequality trauma. The psychological and political concepts of social humiliation were integrated into a theoretical framework informed by marxism and psychoanalisis.