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ABSTRACT: Herbicide resistance in Amaranthus genus occurs frequently around the word and has become a big problem in cotton producing areas. The objective of this work was to evaluate cross-and multiple-resistance of redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus) to herbicides used in preemergence in cotton fields in Brazil. Seven dose-response experiments were conducted with herbicides atrazine, prometryn, diuron, S-metolachlor, trifluralin, trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, and the treatments consisted of application rates of 0, ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommended label rate. Eight A. retroflexus byotipes with suspect of resistance were sampled for experiments in three brazilian states of cotton producing. Resistance to prometryn was confirmed for one biotype in Goiás (GO), and one biotype from Mato Grosso (MT) showed cross-resistance to atrazine and prometryn. One byotipe from GO was identified with cross-resistance to trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium. One of the GO samples was identified with multiple resistance to prometryn and ALS inhibitors, another one to atrazine and ALS inhibitors, while MT byotipe was confirmed with multiple resistance to triazines and pyrithiobac. The herbicides S-metolachlor, diuron, and trifluralin were efficient for control of this species, therefore, they can be used as managment alternative in those regions.

ABSTRACT: In literature, there are few studies evaluating the response of different bean cultivars to herbicides, particularly the ALS enzyme inhibitors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of common bean cultivars to the herbicide ethoxysulfuron and to select cultivars that are more tolerant to it. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized experimental design with four replications. Factors consisted in 20 bean cultivars (IPR Eldorado, IPR Siriri, IPR Gralha, IPR 81, IPR Uirapuru, IPR Colibri, IPR Tuiuiú, BRS Esplendor, IPR Tangará, IPR Juriti, IPR Corujinha, IPR Andorinha, IPR Curió, BRS Campeiro, BRS Pérola, BRS Notável, BRS Estilo, UTF 3, UTF 5 e UTF 6), and four doses of ethoxysulfuron (0, 50, 100 and 200 g ha-1) were used. At the dose of 200 g ha-1, the reduction of the shoot dry matter of plants ranged from 30 to 80%, indicating that there was high variability in the response of bean cultivars to the herbicide. The bean cultivars classified as more tolerant to ethoxysulfuron are: IPR 81, IPR Uirapuru, BRS Estilo, IPR Gralha and BRS Pérola, while the less tolerant cultivars are: IPR Eldorado, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tangará, IPR Curió, UTF 3, UTF 5 and BRS Esplendor.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a seletividade do herbicida nicosulfuron em três estádios fenológicos de milho-pipoca (híbrido White A 448). O experimento foi conduzido em campo, seguindo o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos obedeceram a um esquema fatorial 5 x 3, referente a cinco dosagens de nicosulfuron (0; 17,5; 35; 70; e 140 g ha-1) e três estádios fenológicos (V3, V5 e V7), totalizando 15 tratamentos. A resposta do milho-pipoca ao nicosulfuron foi verificada por meio de avaliações visuais de intoxicação e efeitos sobre a altura das plantas aos 7, 14 e 28 dias após a aplicação, componentes de produção (plantas m-2, espigas m-2, comprimento de espigas, massa de 100 grãos e número de grãos por espiga) e produtividade de grãos. De modo geral, o híbrido A 448 White evidenciou maior nível de tolerância aos tratamentos aplicados no estádio V3. A produtividade de grãos não sofreu interferência significativa do nicosulfuron nos estádios V3 e V5, mesmo na dosagem mais alta. Assim, dentro do intervalo de dosagens avaliado, o herbicida nicosulfuron pode ser aplicado em plantas de milho-pipoca nos estádios V3 e V5, sem riscos de redução de produtividade.This work aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the herbicide nicosulfuron toward popcorn (hybrid A 448 White), applied at three growth stages. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The treatments were organized as a factorial combination, including five nicosulfuron doses (0; 17.5, 35, 70, and 140 g ha-1), and three growth stages (V3, V5, and V7), totaling fifteen treatments. The response of the hybrid to nicosulfuron was evaluated in terms of visual injury ratings and effects onplant height at 7, 14, and 28 days after application, yield components (plants m-2, cob m-2, cob length, 100 grains weight and kernels/cob), and final yield. In general, hybrid A 448 White showed a higher level of tolerance to the treatments applied at the V3 stage. Grain yield did not suffer significant interference of nicosulfuron at the V3 and V5 growth stages, even at the highest dose. Thus, at the dose range evaluated, nicosulfuron can be used safely at the V3 and V5 growth stages, without risk of reduced yield.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a tolerância de híbridos de milho ao nicosulfuron e relacionar estudos de seletividade desse herbicida conduzidos em casa de vegetação com estudos desenvolvidos em campo. Em casa de vegetação, o experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 33 x 3, sendo o primeiro fator constituído por híbridos de milho e o segundo por doses do herbicida (0, 30 e 60 g ha-1). Após aplicação do herbicida, avaliou-se a massa seca de parte aérea das plantas. Em campo, o experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 5 x 3, em que os fatores eram constituídos por cinco híbridos de milho, selecionados a partir dos resultados em casa de vegetação, e três doses herbicidas (0, 30 e 60 g ha-1). Após aplicação do herbicida, foram avaliados o crescimento e a produtividade dos híbridos. Por meio dos resultados obtidos em casa de vegetação, foi possível agrupar os híbridos em diferentes níveis de tolerância ao herbicida. Com relação à produtividade em campo, o híbrido B 761 apresentou redução significativa (17,4%) na dose de 60 g ha-1 do nicosulfuron. Ao avaliar a seletividade do nicosulfuron para híbridos de milho, é necessária a etapa de campo para verificar se os tratamentos herbicidas têm influência sobre a produtividade de grãos.This work aimed to evaluate tolerance of thecorn hybrids to nicosulfuron and to relate selectivity studies carried out under greenhouse conditions to field studies. Greenhouse experiments were carried out in a randomized block design, in a 33 x 3 factorial scheme, with the first factor being the corn hybrids and the second factor, the herbicide rates (0, 30 and 60 g ha-1). The effect of the treatments was evaluated based on shoot biomass. Under field conditions, a randomized block design experiment was carried out in a factorial scheme 5 x 3 (five corn hybrids, selected from the greenhouse studies, and three herbicide rates (0, 30 and 60 g ha-1). Field results were evaluated based on crop development and yield. Based on the greenhouse experiments, corn hybrids were grouped according to tolerance to nicosulfuron. In relation to crop yield in the field, nicosulfuron at 60 g ha-1 decreased crop yield by 17.4% for the hybrid B 761. When evaluating nicosulfuron selectivity to corn hybrids, field stage is necessary to verify whether the herbicide treatments have influence on grain yield.

A aplicação repetida de bensulfurão-metilo em arrozais dos vales dos rios Sorraia, Sado e Mondego seleccionaram populações resistentes (R) de Alisma plantago-aquatica (Mo260, Sa88, So306 e So307). Determinou-se o nível de resistência (NR= ED50 R/ ED50 S) ao bensulfurão-metilo em plantas com 26 dias (6 filódios lineares) e com 42 dias (6 filódios expandidos) e a resistência cruzada a 14 herbicidas. Confirmou-se que quatro populações eram resistentes e uma (Mo190) era susceptível. Esta população provinha de um campo tratado com bensulfurão-metilo e bentazona anualmente. Os resultados dos ensaios de doseresposta confirmam a maior susceptibilidade ao bensulfurão-metilo, no estado fenológico 116. Apresentaram resistência cruzada a todos os herbicidas inibidores da ALS excepto ao metsulfurão-metilo e ao imazetapir. Obtiveram-se valores de NR de 3 a 315 para azimsulfurão, cinosulfurão e etoxisulfurão. Bentazona, MCPA, oxadiazão e propanil apresentaram NR próximos da unidade, indicando que herbicidas com diferente modo de acção mantiveram a sua eficácia e podem constituir alternativa no combate a populações de A. plantago-aquatica resistentes ao bensulfurão-metilo.The repetitive use of bensulfuron-methyl in rice fields from Sorraia, Sado and Mondego river valleys had selected resistant (R) populations of Alisma plantago-aquatica in Portugal, identified as So306, So307, Sa88, Mo190; Mo260, respectively. The response of R-biotypes to bensulfuron-methyl at 26 days after seeding (DAS) and 42 DAS and the crossresistance either to ALS- inhibitors or to herbicides with other mode of action, was investigated in dose-response experiments. The results confirmed bensulfuron-methyl resistance in four biotypes, but not in Mo190, which had been also treated with bentazon every year. Younger plants (6 linear phyllodium, BBCH 116) were more susceptible to bensulfuron-merthyl than were older plants (6 expanded phyllodium, BBCH 126). R-biotypes presented cross-resistance to all ALS-inhibitors studied except for imazethapyr and metsulfuron-methyl. Resistance indeces (RI= ED 50R /ED50 S) ranged frome 3 to 313 for the three sulfonylurea herbicides. Herbicides with different mode of action including bentazon, MCPA, oxadiazon and propanil showed resistance indices of one, indicating that all herbicides tested had equal activity to both Rand S-biotypes. It was concluded that these herbicides could be effective for the control of resistant A. plantago-aquatica biotypes in rice paddy fields.

A aplicação de um mesmo herbicida, ou de herbicidas com o mesmo mecanismo de ação, durante anos consecutivos, numa mesma área, pode resultar na seleção de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes a herbicidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi confirmar a resistência de um biótipo da planta daninha losna-branca (Parthenium hysterophorus) aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS), proveniente de uma propriedade rural no município de Mandaguari, norte do Estado do Paraná. Plantas com suspeita de resistência foram tratadas com diversos herbicidas e doses e comparadas com plantas de uma população suscetível. Os tratamentos foram as doses recomendadas dos herbicidas, duas e quatro vezes superiores à dose recomendada. Os produtos e as doses aplicadas foram cloransulam-methyl a 0,0; 33,6; 67,2; e 134,4 g i.a. ha-1 mais o adjuvante Agral a 0,2% v/v, chlorimuron-ethyl a 0,0; 20,0; 40,0; e 80,0 g i.a. ha-1, imazethapyr a 0,0; 100,0; 200,0; e 400,0 g i.a. ha-1 e iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium mais foramsulfuron a 0,0; 3,0 + 45,0 g i.a. ha-1 (150,0 g p.c. ha¹); 6,0 + 90,0 g i.a. ha-1 (300,0 g p.c. ha-1); e 12,0 + 180,0 g i.a. ha-1 (600,0 g p.c. ha-1). Foi acres centado um tratamento com o herbicida 2,4-D na dose de 536,0 g e.a. ha-1. As curvas de doseresposta do biótipo resistente foram inferiores às do biótipo suscetível em todas as doses e herbicidas estudados. O biótipo de losna-branca foi confirmado como resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS. A ocorrência de resistência cruzada foi observada em relação aos herbicidas pertencentes aos grupos químicos das imidazolinonas (imazethapyr), triazolopirimidinas (cloransulam-methyl) e sulfoniluréias (chlorimuron-ethyl e iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium mais foramsulfuron). O herbicida 2,4-D, apresentou alto índice de controle de ambos os biótipos de losna-branca avaliados, confirmando que esse mecanismo de ação do herbicida é uma importante alternativa para manejar áreas com problemas de resistência.Weed control using herbicide application is a common agricultural practice. However, the application of the same herbicide or herbicides with the same mechanism of action, for consecutive years, in the same area, can result in the selection of herbicide resistant biotypes. The aim of this work was to confirm the resistance of a ragweed (Parthenium hysterophorus) biotype to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides. The plants were collected on a farm in Mandaguari, north of Parana State, Brazil. Plants with suspicious resistance were treated with several herbicides and rates and compared with those of a susceptible population. The herbicide treatments were established considering the recommended rates, double and four times higher than the recommended rate as follows: cloransulam-methyl 0.0, 33.6, 67.2 and 134.4 g a.i. ha-1 plus adjuvant 0.2% v/v, chlorimuron-ethyl 0.0, 20.0, 40.0 and 80.0 g a.i., imazethapyr 0.0, 100.0, 200.0 and 400.0 g a.i. ha-1, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium plus foramsulfuron 0.0, 3.0 + 45.0 ga.i. ha-1 (150.0 g c.p. ha-1), 6.0 + 90.0 g a.i. ha-1 (300.0 g c.p. ha-1) and 12.0 + 180.0 g a.i. ha¹ (600.0 g c.p. ha-1). In addition, a treatment with 2,4-D (536.0 g a.e. ha¹) was applied. Resistant plant dose-response curves presented lower values when compared to the susceptible population, in all rates and herbicides studied. The ragweed biotype was confirmed as resistant to the ALS inhibiting herbicides. Cross-resistance was observed with herbicides belonging to the chemical groups of imidazolinones (imazethapyr), triazolopyrimidines (cloransulam-methyl), sulfonylureas (chlorimuron-ethyl and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium plus foramsulfuron). 2,4-D has a different mechanism of action, presenting high values of control, and thus being a management alternative in areas with ragweed resistant population.

O herbicida flazasulfuron vem sendo utilizado no Brasil para o controle de plantas daninhas mono e dicotiledôneas nas culturas de cana-de-açúcar e tomate. Há carência de informações sobre o seu comportamento no ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a retenção do flazasulfuron em amostras de solos, superficiais e subsuperficiais, e sua hidrólise em diferentes valores de pH e temperatura. Nos ensaios de sorção e dessorção utilizou-se metodologia de batelada em equilíbrio nas concentrações de 0,07 a 5,00 mg L-1 e quantificação por CLAE. A hidrólise do flazasulfuron mostrou-se dependente da temperatura e do pH, seguindo modelo de primeira ordem. A meia-vida do herbicida em solução aquosa variou de 0,76 hora a 35 ºC e pH 3 a 167,4 horas a 25 ºC e pH 5. O Kf,ads variou de 1,19 (1/n ads = 0,40) a 27,97 (1/n ads = 0,90), apresentando correlação positiva e significativa com os teores de CO, silte e CTC. A adsorção do flazasulfuron foi menor nas amostras com maiores valores de pH, indicando maior risco de lixiviação nessa condição.Flazasulfuron [1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(3-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridylsulfonyl) urea] has been used in Brazil the selective control of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds grown in the sugarcane and tomato crops. There is a lack of information in the literature about flazasulfuron behavior in soils. In this study, flazasulfuron retention was measured in batch equilibration, at 1:1 soil/solution ratio for Brazilian surface and subsurface soil samples and hydrolysis at different pH and temperature values. Sorption and desorption experiments were carried out at concentrations of 0.07 to 5.00 mgL-1 and quantification by HPLC. Hydrolysis of flazasulfuron was dependent on temperature and pH, following a first order model. The half-life of the herbicide in aqueous solution varied from 0.76 hours at 35 ºC and pH 3 to 167.4 hours at 25 ºC and pH 5. Sorption isotherms were nonlinear with Kf,ads values ranging from 1.19 (1/n ads = 0.40) to 27.97 (1/n ads = 0.90) correlated positively and significantly to organic carbon (r= 0.78), silt (r= 0.75) and CTC (r= 0.61). Flazasulfuron adsorption was lower in samples with higher pH values, indicating a greater risk of leaching under that condition.

Foi conduzido um trabalho em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de 10 dias de estresse hídrico (Yw de ³2,6; -2,2; -0,35 e -0,2 MPa) sobre a eficiência do halosulfuron (150g p.c./ha+Aterbane-0,25% v/v) no controle de tiririca em pós-emergência . A aplicação do halosulfuron em plantas de tiririca sob estresse de até -2,6 MPa controlou satisfatoriamente a tiririca desde que irrigadas até 24 horas após a aplicação, mas quando a irrigação ocorreu 48 horas após, houve comprometimento na translocação do herbicida nas plantas. Quando o estresse foi menor que -2,0 MPa, o herbicida manteve-se eficaz no controle de tiririca, principalmente para aquelas com Yw de -0,35 MPa.A grennhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of 10 days water stress (Yw values of ³2.6; -2.2 -0.35, and -0.2 MPa) on the efficacy of pos-emergent application of halosulfuron (150g c.p./ha+Aterbane 0.25% v/v) in the control of purple nutsedge. When the suitable water supplying began in a period of 24 hours after the herbicide spraying, halosulfuron gave an excellent control of purple nutsedge under every water stress conditions. When the suitable irrigation conditions began 48 hours after herbicide spraying, there was a lower halosulfuron efficacy. When the stress was lower than -2.0 MPa, the herbicide gave a good control, mainly in the Yw of -0.35 MPa.

Em 1990, 91 e 92 foi conduzido experimento na Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRS, em Porto Alegre, RS, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de herbicidas aspergidos durante a fase reprodutiva em balãozinho (Cardiospermum halicacabum), corriola (Ipomoea grandifolia) e quinquilho (Datura stramonium). Foram testados dois compostos imidazolinonas (imazaquin e imazethapyr) e duas sulfoniluréias (chlorimuron e metsulfuron), e avaliadas as áreas foliar e cotiledonar, estatura e matéria seca das plântulas da geração seguinte. Em quinquilho, as áreas foliar e cotiledonar das plântulas aspergidas não diferiram da testemunha. Já as estaturas de balãozinho e quinquilho foram afetadas pelos herbicidas: em quinquilho, especialmente por clorimuron; em balãozinho, além de clorimuron, também por metsulfuron. Diversos tratamentos afetaram a matéria seca total ou de segmentos de plântulas de quinquilho. Em corriola não se constataram efeitos dos tratamentos herbicidas nas variáveis avaliadas. De modo geral, as características de plântulas da geração seguinte foram afetadas por alguns herbicidas aplicados na fase reprodutiva, como matéria seca em quinquilho e estatura em balãozinho, dependendo do produto, dose e época de aplicação.A trial was conducted in 1990, 91 and 92 at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, to investigate the effects of herbicides sprayed during the reproductive period of balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum), morningglory (Ipomoea grandifolia), and jimsonweed (Datua stramonium). Two imidazolinones (imazaquin and imazethapyr) and two sulfonylureas (chlorimuron and metsulfuron) were tested and evaluated on foliar and cotyledonar areas, plant height, and dry matter of weed seedlings. ln jimsonweed, foliar and cotyledonar areas of seedlings did not differ from the control. However, the beights of ballonvine and jimsonweed seedlings were affected by the herbicides: in jimsonweed specially by chlorimuron, in baloonvine by chlorimuron, and metsulfuron. Multiple treatment influenced total plant dry matter and also dry matter of some components of jimsonweed plants. ln morningglory no effects of herbicide treatment on the traits evaluated were observed. ln general, characteristics of seedlings of the next generation were influenced by some herbicides applied during the reproductive period of the mother plants, for example dry matter in jimsonweed and height in baloonvine, depending on the compound and rate used and its time of application.

Conduziu-se um ensaio de campo na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em Eldorado do Sul, RS em 1989/90. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o efeito residual potencial do herbicida chlorimuron-ethyl aplicado em três doses à superficie do solo (PRE) ou incorporado no mesmo (PPI), sobre a cultura de girassol. A atividade de chlorimuron-ethyl (etil 2-((((4-cloro-6-metoxipirimidina-2 il)amino)carbonil)amino)sulfonil)benzoato) não foi dependente de sua posição no solo. Chlorimuron-ethyl promoveu injúria inicial acentuada, constatando-se pouca ou nenhuma resposta ao aumento da dose para matéria seca da parte aérea do girassol, área foliar e estatura das plântulas. Contudo, avaliação de estatura das plantas, realizada na maturação fisiológica, indicou que os danos promovidos pelo herbicida reduziram-se com o decorrer do tempo. Concluiu-se que, aparentemente, num sistema de sucessão soja-girassol, o efeito residual potencial de chlorimuron-ethyl ao girassol é pequeno.A field experiment was carried out during 1989/90 at the Eldorado do Sul Experimental Station of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil with the objective of evaluating potencial injury to sunflower by chlorimuron-ethyl applied at three different dosages in pre-emergence (PRE) or preplant incorporated (PPI). Chlorimuron-ethyl activity was not dependent on the application method. Early in the season there were higher levels of injury to the plants, with little or no response to dosages with regard to shoot weight, leaf area and seedling size. However, plant height assessed late in the season indicated recovery from initial symptoms. Apparently, chlorimuron-ethyl injury to sunflower is limited in a rotation soybean-sunflower.

Aim: Strict blood glucose control in the treatment of diabetes can sometimes lead to hypoglycemia. The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypoglycemia among patients receiving sulfonylureas alone, or in combination with metformin, for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Argentina., Methods: This is a real life, multi-center, retrospective, and cross-sectional study based on clinical chart reviews including cross-sectional data, and evaluation of patient questionnaires of T2DM patients (>30 years), treated with sulfonylureas alone or in combination with metformin, during a routine clinic visit in 16 medical centers across Argentina. Socio-demographic and clinical parameters were collected from medical records, as well as hypoglycemic events from both the medical records and the patient questionnaires. The glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) levels were obtained from medical records as well as a blood test., Results: The study included a total of 397 patients with a mean age of 62.5 years, diagnosed for 9.9 years, and 54.2% male. Mean HbA 1c levels were 8.1%, (65mmol/mol) at enrolment, with 36.4% being in control (HbA 1c <7%, (53mmol/mol). Patients with HbA 1c <7%, (53mmol/mol) were significantly older, diagnosed at older age, and had lower triglyceride levels. Almost 50% reported hypoglycemic episodes that were mostly mild, and with women more likely to report them. The large majority (86%) were on combined metformin and sulfonylureas, most commonly Glibenclamide (48.6%). Patients on combined therapy were significantly younger and more likely to have uncontrolled diabetes., Conclusions: This study demonstrated that out of a sample of 397 patients with T2DM treated with sulfonylureas alone or in combination with metformin in Argentina, around 50% of them reported symptoms of hypoglycemia induced by sulfonylureas, and one third of them achieved target HbA 1c <7% levels., (Copyright © 2018 SEEN y SED. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

According to the various clinical practice guidelines, the recommendations for the treatment of type 2 diabetes are well-established, thus leading to homogenization of clinical practice and avoiding variability. However, it is well known that, depending on factors such as effectiveness, physiopathology, cost, adverse effects, preferences, and comorbidities, each patient will, in the long-term, receive different treatment of type 2 diabetes. The consensus document published last year and approved by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommends distinct targets for each patient with type 2 diabetes and argues for the individualization of the management and treatment of this disease. In other words, the document advocates a patient-centered approach, in which the various therapeutic alternatives are related mainly to distinct physiopathological factors, adverse effects, and the patient's comorbidities, as well as the patient's preferences., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y Sociedad Española de Medicina Rural y Generalista (SEMERGEN). All rights reserved.)

Diabetes increases the risk of both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Although reducing plasma glucose levels to recommended targets decreases the risk of microvascular outcomes, the effects of anti-diabetic drugs on macrovascular complications and cardiovascular death are of concern. In fact, it has been suggested that some anti-diabetic agents could even be harmful for cardiovascular outcomes. In this context, several health care regulatory agencies have established the need for performing clinical trials specifically designed to assess the cardiovascular safety of anti-diabetic drugs. The results of 2 clinical trials have recently been published that provide important information on the cardiovascular safety of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. The aim of this document was to review the available evidence on the cardiovascular safety of non-insulin anti-diabetic drugs and provide practical recommendations on their use in this context., (Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España. All rights reserved.)