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Objetivo. Caracterizar cepas de Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigénicos provenientes de quesos distribuidos en supermercados, tiendas y en ventas callejeras en la ciudad de Bogota, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se ecolectaron muestras de quesos provenientes de tiendas, supermercados y ventas callejeras. Se detectó la presencia del gen para enterotoxina A usando un set de primers reportado en estudios previos. Un total de 50 quesos fueron analizados, 13 comercializados en tiendas y en ventas callejeras y 37 en supermercados. Resultados. De las trece muestras de quesos de tiendas y ventas callejeras se aisló Staphylococcus aureus. No hubo presencia de Staphylococcus spp en muestras de quesos de supermercados (n=37). Todos los aislamientos amplificaron para toxina A. Conclusión. Existen diferencias en la calidad de los quesos según sean distribuidos en tiendas de mercado, plazas, ventas callejeras o distribuidos por supermercados, con una alta frecuencia de Staphylococcus aureus coagulasa positivo y productor de toxina A en quesos distribuidos en tiendas y en ventas callejeras.

In the last 25 years, Chile has had an expanding role as an agro-export country in the global economy, with efficient rates of productivity in the region, based on the technological development of agriculture, with of large monocultures whose productivity depends on the intensive application of agrochemicals. This form of agriculture has also lacked efficient regulations and surveillance, so it is difficult to estimate the real magnitude of the exposed population and its effects on health in the short or long term. This systematic review compiles the epidemiological evidence generated from studies conducted in several regions of Chile regarding pesticide exposure and health effects. Of the total number of articles, 50% included agricultural workers, 25% children, and 25% women of childbearing age, with the greatest effects being the neurotoxic (54%), genotoxic (31%) and reproductive (15%). The evidence collected shows that in Chile the levels of exposure to pesticides in the general and occupational population are higher than international studies levels. It is urgent to protect the health of both the occupational and general population and especially children through a stricter control of the sale and use of pesticides, with comprehensive surveillance systems in environmental health and educational actions in the social and cultural context of rural communities. It is a priority to strengthen research with national relevance on health effects, and strictly restrict the use of pesticides already prohibited in developed countries due to their high level of risk to human and environmental health., (Copyright © 2020 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Both environmental pollution and smoking affect the respiratory epithelium, causing cellular adaptation changes. Therefore, this work explores the presence of metaplasia in smokers compared with non-smokers from Mexico City., Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed. The sample was performed through a home interview covering the five Mexico City zones delimited to the study and monitoring of air quality. We searched metaplastic cells and inflammation in sputum cytology stained with Papanicolaou technique, and we assessed the air quality in Mexico City. We calculated relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) in relation to the presence of metaplasia and smoking., Results: We performed 1897 home interviews obtaining a final sample of 30 participants. There were no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers with the presence of metaplastic cells (p = 0.269), although the association of metaplastic cells and inflammation showed a significant difference in the non-smokers group (p = 0.010). The RR in association with the presence of metaplasia in sputum cytology and smoking was 1.6, and the RA was 0.2., Conclusions: The air quality in this city has led the population to undergo changes of cellular adaptation in the respiratory epithelium by the simple fact of being exposed to environmental pollution. Metaplastic changes in non-smokers suggest strongly that pollution causes the same effect as smoking.

For the international scientific community, it is undoubted that planetary temperature is increasing, being projected an average raise of 1.0 degrees C-3.5 degrees C by the year 2100. Forecasted consequences are diverse, most of them adverse for human health, including the establishment of favorable epidemiological scenarios for the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. The present article summarizes the available evidence regarding the mechanisms that promote climate change, its environmental effects and its consequences on human health. In order to accomplish this objective, demonstrated changes in the dynamics of zoonotic, vectorial, food and water-borne diseases are described. The position of Chile in the international community is commented, as well as multiple pending challenges, among which outstands the importance of incorporating professionals that work in the health sector to the national debate.

Background: BICAP tumor probe is a device that consists in an energy source and olives that deliver bipolar electricity. It can be used for the fulguration of esophageal tumors after endoscopic dilatation., Aim: To report the experience in the treatment of malignant esophageal stenoses using the BICAP tumor probe., Patients and Methods: Patients with advanced esophageal tumors in aphagia, that were not candidates for palliative surgery were included in this study. After endoscopic dilatation, the tumor was fulgurated with the BICAP tumor probe., Results: Twenty one patients (nine male, aged 43 to 91 years old) were treated with the device. A mean of 1.3 sessions with BICAP were necessary to obtain tumor permeabilization, which was obtained in all patients. One patient died of pneumonia 15 days after the procedure. All other patients were ingesting liquid or semisolid diets after two months of follow up. Mean survival after the procedure was 3.8 months., Conclusions: Electrical fulguration of esophageal tumors is a valid therapeutic alternative in aphagic patients.