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In this article, Chinese German learners’ use of the prepositions um and in is analyzed in the context of conceptual metaphor theory using the CDLK corpus and Falko corpus. The study reveals that the error rate of the preposition in is significantly higher than that of the preposition um, which is ultimately due to the differences in cultural and conceptual systems between Germany and China. Chinese German learners use the spatial and temporal meanings of the prepositions more frequently, while they use the metaphorical meanings less frequently. Furthermore, there is no clear correlation between the learning time of Chinese German learners and the number of errors. The conclusions of this study could provide insights for improvements in teaching.

With the growing participation of emerging countries in the global data governance, the traditional legislative paradigm dominated by the European Union and the United States is constantly being disintegrated and reshaped. It is of particular importance for China to establish the regulatory framework of cross-border data transfer, for not only it involves the rights of Chinese citizens and entities, but also the cyber sovereignty and national security, as well as the framing of global cyberspace rules. China keeps leveraging the data sovereignty to fasten the law-makings to support the development of critical technology in digital domains and infrastructure construction. This paper aims to systematise Chinese regulations for cross-border data exchange following the chronological order. The enacted and draft provisions as well as binding and non-binding regulatory rules are studied, and various positive dynamic developments in the framing of China’s cross-border data regulation are shown. Despite certain limitations, the Cybersecurity Law, together with Civil Code and Personal Information Protection Law, demonstrates great willingness towards a stronger data protection regime and more flexible regulatory mechanism.