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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between preovulatory follicle (POF) and corpus luteum (CL) diameters, and POF and CL vascular perfusion with progesterone production, ovulation, and pregnancy in Nellore cows subjected to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Nellore cows (n = 201) were subjected to ovulation synchronization and later to ultrasound evaluation of POF and CL at the time of insemination (D0) and seven days later (D7), respectively. Females were divided into three categories according to the POF diameter assessed at the time of insemination: small (SF), medium (MF), and large (LF) follicles. The LF group had a greater number and intensity of pixels in the POF ultrasound exam compared with the SF group. The CL flow intensity and progesterone concentration were also higher in the LF group. The SF group showed lower flow intensity and lower ovulation rate compared with the others. When non-pregnant females were compared to pregnant ones, no difference was observed in any of the analyzed variables. The results show for the first time in Nellore cattle the relationship between the size of ovarian structures and blood flow (quantity and intensity) as well as the ability of the CL to produce progesterone. The intensity of the POF pixels proved to be relevant, demonstrating correlations with the size and flow of the CL, which were not found when evaluating only the number of pixels, thus revealing the importance of evaluating complementary characteristics of the flow.

The B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography provide a safe, non-invasive, real-time approach to assess reproductive tissues and organs in female cattle, and thus have a number of potential uses in reproductive management. On the ovary, antral follicle population can be counted, and follicular growth, regression and ovulation can be monitored during sequential exams. The corpus luteum can be identified, and evaluated according to size, echotexture, and vascularization. Ultrasonography allows an early diagnosis of pregnancy based in the detection of the embryonic vesicle from day 24 of gestation. Alternatively, non-pregnancy can be indirectly inferred according to corpus luteum vascularization 20 days after insemination. Embryo and fetus morphology and vital signs can monitored throughout gestation, and fetal sex can be determined by the visualization of the relative position of the genital tubercle. In addition, a range of pathologic conditions of the ovary and uterus can be diagnosed based on sonographic images. The use of ultrasonography was also key for the development of many assisted reproductive technologies, such as timed artificial insemination, modern superovulation protocols, procedures for the recovery of cumulus-oocyte complexes aiming in vitro embryo production, and is a valuable tool for the selection and management of embryo recipients. In the future, emerging technologies such as computer-assisted image analysis, 3D ultrasonography, and 3D modeling have the potential to improve the accuracy of sonographic diagnosis, or even create new potential uses for ultrasonography in animal reproduction.

Antecedentes: La fisura labiopalatina (FLP) es la malformación facial más común, afectando a 1,8/1000 nacimientos. En sus inicios, la ultrasonografía 2D (US2D) diagnosticaba FLP en 5,3% de los casos, siendo actualmente el 71,5-95%. Se ha reportado la utilidad de la ultrasonografía 3D (US3D) y del doppler color (DC) para evaluar el compromiso palatino. Objetivo: Reportar la utilidad de US3D y del DC en el estudio de FLP durante el control fetal prenatal. Pacientes: Estudio de serie de casos de labio leporino pesquisados prenatalmente por US2D, que concurrieron a ecografía rutinaria del segundo trimestre del embarazo a la Clínica de la Mujer de Viña del Mar, entre enero de 1997 y abril de 2009. A todos se les realizó US3D por un operador. Se realizó consejo genético, apoyo psicológico y educación prenatal. Resultados: Se detectaron 7 casos de fetos con labio leporino, siendo confirmados al nacer. Uno presentó compromiso palatino. En un caso se realizó imagen DC, que permitió descartar la presencia de compromiso palatino, lo cual se correspondió con la US3D, siendo comprobado al nacimiento. Conclusión: La US3D permite estudiar la región facial, complementando la US2D en la observación del defecto labial y compromiso palatino. La detección prenatal de FLP disminuye el impacto psicológico que provoca en los padres.Background: The cleft of lip and palate (CLP) are the commonest facial malformation, which affects 1.8/1000 births. In the beginning, CLP was detected in 5.3% by 2D ultrasonography (2DUS). This value had increased to 71.5-95%. 3D ultrasonography (3DUS) and color doppler (CD) utility had been reported to evaluate palate integrity. Objective: To report the utility of 3DUS and DC in CLP detection during prenatal evaluation. Patients: A case series study was conducted with review of prenatal screening CLP cases by 2DUS which perform routine second trimester ultrasonography in Clínica de la Mujer, Viña del Mar, between January 1997 and April 2009. All 3DUS were performed by one observer. Genetic counseling, psychology support and prenatal education were realized in all cases. Results: Seven cleft labial were detected, which was confirmed at birth. In one case was detected cleft palate. In one case, cleft palate was excluded with CD, which was supported by 3DUS. This finding was confirmed at birth. Conclusion: The 3DUS complements 2DUS in facial, labial and palate evaluation. The prenatal diagnosis decreases psychological impact in parents.

Introducción: El bocio nodular es la patología más frecuente de la glándula tiroides. Ecógrafos de mayor resolución han permitido pesquisar nódulos de hasta 2 mm de diámetro. ¿Existen características distintivas de los nódulos tiroideos que los convierten en sospechosos de malignidad, tanto en la ecografía bidimensional como en el Doppler color y angio power? Objetivo: Estimar si las características ecográficas halladas en los nódulos ≤10 mm fueron de utilidad para individualizar microcarcinomas tiroideos (MCT). Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 201 pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía entre enero de 2005 y enero de 2007, en los cuales se registró la presentación clínica y los caracteres ecográficos sospechosos de malignidad de los nódulos: naturaleza sólida, microcalcificaciones y vascularización intranodular en la secuencia Doppler. Estudio cuali-cuantitativo observacional, con un diseño descriptivo (reporte de serie de casos). Resultados: Se identificaron 20 MCT en 18 mujeres y 2 hombres de edades similares: 48.2 ± 3.4 años (±ESM); mediana: 53 años; rango: 19-69 años. Clínicamente los MCT se presentaron: 5 como bocios uninodulares y 15 como bocios multinodulares. Los 5 bocios uninodulares y 7/15 bocios multinodulares presentaron uno o más factores de sospecha de malignidad que fueron ratificados en el preoperatorio por una punción citológica sospechosa o positiva para carcinoma y luego confirmado por el estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica. Los otros 8/15 bocios multinodulares fueron hallazgos histológicos. Conclusión: La capacidad diagnóstica de la ecografía bidimensional y del Doppler en la determinación prequirúrgica del riesgo de malignidad de los nódulos tiroideos ≤ 10 mm de diámetro estuvo limitada a los bocios uninodulares y al 50% de los multinodulares. La indicación del tratamiento quirúrgico de los nódulos con factores ecográficos sospechosos de malignidad siempre fue ratificada con el diagnóstico citológico.Introduction: High resolution ultrasound has allowed the detection of increasingly smaller thyroid nodules. Are there any distinctive features in thyroid nodules that become them suspicious of malignity at 2D ultrasound and color Doppler studies? Objective: To evaluate if the ultrasound characteristics found in the 10 mm nodules were useful to detect thyroid microcarcinomas (TMC). Materials and Methods: 201 patients subjected to thyroidectomy between January 2005 and January 2007. Information was gathered about the clinical characteristics and the ultrasound factors suspicious of malignancy: solid nodules, micro calcifications and intranodular vascularization. A qualitative and quantitative observational study was performed using a descriptive design (report of a series of cases). Results: 20 TMCs were found in 18 women and 2 men of similar ages: 48.2 ± 3.4 years (±SEM), median: 53 years, range: 19-69 years. TMC's clinical presentation was 5 solitary nodule goiters and 15 multinodular goiters. All solitary nodule goiters and 7/15 multinodular goiters presented one or more clinical factors suspicious of malignancy that were verified at the preoperatory stage through a cytological fine needle aspiration suspicious or positive for carcinoma and then confirmed by the histo-pathological exam of the surgical specimen. The other 8/15 TMCs were findings of the frozen section biopsy or the histology study done later. Conclusion: The diagnostic capability of the 2D ultrasound and color Doppler studies in the pre-surgical determination of the malignancy risk of thyroid nodules ≤ 10 mm in diameter was limited, in our experience, to the solitary nodule goiters and to 50% of the multinodular goiters. The indication of surgical treatment of the nodules with suspicious ultrasound factors of malignancy was always confirmed by cytology.

During the past decade, minimally invasive surgery has become apart of almost every surgical field. The gynecologic surgeons wereamong the first to recognize the potentials of laparoscopic approachfor management of various benign gynecologic problems. Thelaparoscopic approach offers several advantages over laparotomy.Pelvic and abdominal anatomy appears magnified, allowing precisediagnosis and treatment of the disease adjacent to vital organs, blood vessels, and nerve structures. Additional benefits of laparoscopic approach include minimized bleeding from small vessels afforded by pneumoperitoneum, the elimination of large abdominal incision, less adhesion formation, early ambulation and faster recovery, shorter hospital stay, and less cost to the patient and hospital. Although clinical examination and the results of preoperative work-up often indicate the benign or malignant nature of the adnexal mass, only histology can provide the absolute diagnosis. When malignancy is detected, immediate surgical staging by laparoscopy or by laparotomy is indicated. Operative laparoscopy for evaluation and management of adnexal masses, when performed by a surgeon trained in advanced laparoscopic techniques, is safe and effective and associated with less morbidity compared with open techniques.

Patients with penetrating wounds with suspected foreign bodies retained in the wound are often seen in emergency departments. Imaging studies are necessary to rule out the presence of retained foreign bodies. Plain-film X-rays, however, are only useful when the foreign bodies contain radiopaque material (metal, glass, stone, and some plastics). In cases with strong diagnostic suspicion and negative plain films, other imaging tests are necessary. Ultrasonography has proven useful in the identification and location of both radiopaque and radiotransparent foreign bodies. Ultrasonography enables excellent assessment of adjacent anatomical structures (muscles, tendons, ligaments, and neurovascular structures) and of associated lesions. The different materials found in foreign bodies have characteristic ultrasonographic patterns that are useful for diagnosis. Finally, it is important to be familiar with the diagnostic pitfalls to avoid false positives., (Copyright © 2019 SERAM. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)