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The article examines the impact of aerobics and physical education programs including aerobics on the physical and mental health of the younger generation. The purpose of the study is to analyse the peculiarities of using aerobics in different countries of the world and to identify the positive/negative aspects of physical activity. The article employs methods of retrospective and comparative analysis of primary sources, as well as generalization and systematization of innovative points regarding the integration of aerobics into educational programs. It has been stated that aerobics is a universal form of physical activity that can be adapted to the needs of each person, regardless of gender. Today, aerobics is a popular form of fitness that includes a variety of training styles and methods, from classic group classes to modern interactive online training. It not only helps to strengthen the cardiovascular system, but also enhances the general tone of the body and improves mood. To get the most out of training, it is important to consider individual physiological characteristics and goals. Aerobics has been increasingly integrated into physical education programs in various countries such as Great Britain, Australia, the United States of America, China, the Philippines, and South Korea. Integrating aerobics into a physical education program helps develop discipline and self-discipline, as well as promotes a healthy and active lifestyle among the growing generation, giving them the tools to stay fit throughout life. Regular physical activity, including aerobic exercise, can improve cognitive function and concentration, which has a positive effect on the academic achievement of young people. Positive aspects are as follows: improvement of cardiovascular health; improvement of mood and mental health; weight control due to assistance in burning calories, which helps maintain a healthy weight and prevent obesity; improving physical shape, increasing endurance and strengthening muscles; formation of discipline; improvement of cognitive functions; promoting socialization, helping to make new friends and gaining support from like-minded people in group aerobics. Meanwhile, certain negative consequences that may arise from improper organization of aerobics classes have been identified, including the risk of injury, overloading the cardiovascular system, the necessity of adhering to proper technique, and psychological stress. The characteristic features of modern health aerobics are: accessibility and ease of performing exercises; increased emotionality of classes due to musical accompaniment and different movements; high effectiveness of the health-improving effect due to the continuity of physical exercises aimed at the development of general endurance, flexibility and strength, as well as improving the work of the cardiovascular, respiratory systems and musculoskeletal system; a high level of scientific substantiation of training methods, constant development of the material and technical base and development of new types of equipment for aerobics. Quality of life and level of well-being mainly depend on a person’s ability to live fully and actively, unencumbered by health problems. That is why, nowadays, aerobic exercises are becoming more and more popular, as they contribute to health and general strengthening of the body. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the role and significance of aerobics in the physical education systems of developed countries highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into the curriculum for the overall health and well-being of the younger generation.

Aim: To explore the differential characteristics in sociodemographic variables, severity of consumption, psychopathological symptomatology, life maladjustment, trauma characteristics, and post-traumatic stress symptomatology between women and men who seek treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) and have experienced lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse. Method: The sample consisted of 26 women and 31 men who had experienced physical/sexual abuse and sought treatment for SUD. Results: Women had been victims of sexual abuse in a significantly higher percentage than men. Women presented a significantly higher frequency of revictimization to another traumatic event and a significantly higher presence of avoidance symptoms than men. Conclusions: This study supports the existence of a more severe profile in women than in men with SUD who have experienced lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse. Consequently, gender-related trauma-informed practice in SUD treatment programmes should be promoted. More research in this field is needed, as this is a preliminary study.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on electronic reading (e-reading) versus paper reading. The main objective was to assess the current state of research comparing digital and paper reading outcomes among students aged 6–18 years old, as well as assessing the impact of various factors (gender, socioeconomic status, and school location) in explaining the differences between the two modes. Inclusion criteria included the following: participants (6–18 years), research focus (comparing digital reading and paper reading), study type (quantitative or mixed methods), publication (peer reviewed between 2015 and 2022), and language (English). A systematic search in four databases (WOS, Scopus, ERIC, and JSTOR) in August 2022 was conducted by three reviewers. The search revealed 23 studies matching the inclusion criteria. The findings from the reviewed studies are diverse, with some reporting no significant differences in reading comprehension between the two modes, while others suggest screen inferiority, thereby favoring paper reading. Individual-level predictors, such as prior comprehension skills and reading habits, play a crucial role in determining reading performance across modes. Family-level factors, such as the number of books at home, and school-level factors, like the usage of ICT resources, influence both paper and digital reading comprehension. Moreover, gender differences in attitudes and performance towards different reading modes are apparent. SES is positively associated with reading achievement in both modes, with a larger effect shown for paper reading. Overall, the comparison between electronic and paper reading modes reveals a complex interplay of individual and contextual factors influencing reading comprehension and attitudes.

Abstract: Social support from family and friends is recognized as an important social determinant of health, given its protective effects on individuals’ physical and mental well-being. While most studies have focused on older adults, investigating midlife health is equally crucial since middle-aged individuals are also susceptible to the harmful health outcomes of inadequate social support from friends and family. This study contributes to the debate by examining whether social support is associated with self-rated health among middle-aged Brazilian adults and how this relationship varies between men and women. Using data from the nationwide Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019, logistic regression models were employed to assess differences in self-rated health, accounting for confounding factors. The sample comprised 31,926 middle-aged adults, of which 52.5% were women. The overall prevalence of poor self-rated health was 40.7%, with a significant difference between men and women. Results from this study suggest that having no friends or family members to rely on, both during good and challenging times, was associated with poorer self-rated health. However, the strength of this association differs by gender, with social support from friends playing a more critical role in women’s self-rated health. On the other hand, family support was associated with male self-rated health, particularly for men with three or more family members they can rely on. Future studies should consider cultural and contextual factors to better understand other dimensions of social support and its association with midlife health.

The pedestrian experience, in addition to being strictly related to the physical environment, also represents a way of approaching the other, It is also a means for recreation and the material and symbolic exchange that makes possible the socio-spatial appropriation of the urban environment. However, in the case of the urban peripheries of Latin America, the experience of mobility is limited by social elements that affect passers-by in different ways. Based on 20 interviews with residents of Lima Norte and El Callao during the Covid-19 pandemic, we approach the experiences related to the quality of urban services, recreation and leisure spaces, and the feeling of insecurity in the streets. We seek to explore the perceptions that residents of peripheral districts in Lima Norte and El Callao develop about public space from their pedestrian experience. In this regard, we found that the pedestrian experience of residents is marked by insecurity in the streets, but in turn is affected by differences related to gender. This difference marks the development of particular walking strategies in public spaces.

A symptom network analysis of specific phobia disorder (SPD) was conducted according to gender and age in 555 people over 65 in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The network was estimated using the InsingFit package that implements a procedure called eLasso. These results reveal differences in the strength, closeness, and betweenness of the different networks according to gender but not for the 65-74 and 75-84 age groups. The gender variable presents a greater presence of symptoms in women than in men. For all types of specific phobia, the symptom of greater occurrence for both groups was fear. The main difference between men and women over 65 with SPD lies in the situational type, where centrality is more distributed and where the most central symptoms are distress for women and fear for men. These differences in the networks seem to support the conceptualization of SPD from a dimensional point of view.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la composición y la funcionalidad de apoyo social de redes personales de personas cuidadoras de Granada y Gipuzkoa en función del sexo y la provincia. Método: Estudio transversal con metodología de análisis de redes personales. Se seleccionó una muestra de 66 personas cuidadoras segmentada por sexo en cada provincia. Se recogieron variables de composición, funcionalidad de apoyo y contenido relacional de 1650 contactos personales que conforman las redes estudiadas. Se utilizó el software EgoNet para la recogida, el análisis y la representación gráfica de las redes. Se midió la asociación de las características de la red con el sexo (de las personas cuidadoras y de las que componen sus redes) mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado. Se analizaron los vínculos dentro de las redes. Resultados: Las redes de las personas cuidadoras de Granada están más feminizadas que las de Gipuzkoa. Las mujeres de Gipuzkoa cuentan con redes compuestas por menos familiares que las de Granada y con mayor número de relaciones entre las personas que las apoyan. Además, cuentan con más apoyo de hombres que de mujeres en todas las tareas analizadas, excepto en atención a la enfermedad. En ambas provincias, los hombres cuidadores presentan en sus redes más mujeres que ayudan en tareas específicas de cuidado que hombres. Solo en actividades fuera del hogar en Granada hay más hombres que ayudan que mujeres (76,1% vs. 57%; p = 0,026). Conclusión: Se aprecian diferencias según el sexo y entre provincias en la composición de las redes y en el modo en que hombres y mujeres reciben y ofrecen apoyo en el cuidado. Abstract: Objective: To compare the composition and functionality of social support of personal networks of caregivers of Granada and Gipuzkoa (Spain) according to sex and province. Method: Cross-sectional study with personal network analysis methodology. A sample of 66 caregivers segmented by sex in each province was selected. We collected variables of composition, functional and relational content in social support of 1,650 personal relationships of the networks studied. The EgoNet software was used for the collection, analysis and graphic representation of the networks. The association of the characteristics of the network with sex (of the caregivers and those who make up their networks) was measured, using Chi-square. The links within the networks were analyzed. Results: The networks of caregivers in Granada are more feminized than those in Gipuzkoa. The women of Gipuzkoa have less familiar networks than those of Granada and with a greater number of relationships among the people who support them. They also have more support from men than women in all the tasks analyzed, except in attention to the disease. In both provinces, male caregivers show in their networks more women who help in specific care tasks than men. Only in activities outside the home in Granada there are more men who help than women (76.1% vs. 57%; p = 0.026). Conclusion: Gender differences between provinces can be seen in the composition of the networks and in the way in which men and women receive and offer support in care.

Abstract Introduction Emotion regulation refers to use of strategies to change or suppress a response to an affective experience and is an important component of an individual’s subjective wellbeing. Difficulties properly regulating emotions are related to psychopathological processes. Objective This study assessed the factor structure of the Brazilian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); the invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender; and its convergent validity with other scales measuring affective processes. Method A total of 813 adults (73.7% women), aged between 18 and 64 years and with a high educational level used an electronic platform to complete the ERQ, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Affect Scale (AS), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the adapted version of the ERQ were investigated. Results Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) revealed adequate goodness of fit for the ERQ’s two-factor model (cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression), providing evidence of invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender. Correlations between the ERQ’s factors and measures of affect and emotional dysregulation presented positive indicators, with significant associations between emotion regulation and affective experiences depending on gender. Conclusion The ERQ presents good psychometric indicators for use with the Brazilian population.

Despite the amount of research on family-work conflict and burnout, there persist questions about their relations and which coping strategies are the most effective. In this paper we address this issue from a gender perspective with a sample of 131 dual-earner couples developing both individual and couple analyses. The results at individual level yield gender differences when each of the two burnout components is explained. The main predictor of emotional exhaustion is work-family conflict while family-work conflict is the main predictor of depersonalization, especially for men. Regarding coping strategies, behavioural coping is negatively related to male depersonalization. However, behavioral and emotional coping increases both burnout dimensions in women, particularly if family-work conflict is high. At couple level, findings confirm the relationship between conflicts and burnout and the moderating role of behavioural coping to explain emotional exhaustion.

Resumen: Objetivo: Investigar la influencia del sexo en la mortalidad según la presencia o ausencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la cohorte del Estudio Asturias. Método: El Estudio Asturias (iniciado en 1998) es un estudio de cohortes observacional, prospectivo, de una muestra representativa de la población asturiana de entre 30 y 75 años. Se dividió la población en grupos según la presencia o ausencia de DM2 y el sexo para valorar el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Además, conociendo el estatus vital de la cohorte 18 años después del inicio del estudio, se analizaron las diferencias en causas de mortalidad según las categorías anteriores. Resultados: En 1998 iniciaron el estudio 1034 personas, de las cuales 561 eran mujeres (54,25%) y 473 eran hombres (45,75%). Padecían diabetes 131 (12,66%; 75 varones y 56 mujeres). Las mujeres con DM2 presentaron una hazard ratio (HR) para mortalidad total de 1,64 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,97-2,77), y los hombres de 1,63 (IC95%: 1,07-2,50); para mortalidad cardiovascular, la HR fue de 3,06 (IC95%: 1,44-6,47) en las mujeres y de 1,49 (IC95%: 0,64-3,46) en los hombres. La tasa de mortalidad para las personas con DM2 en ambos sexos fue más alta que para las personas sin DM2. Conclusiones: Las mujeres con DM2 tienen un riesgo de fallecer por causas cardiovasculares tres veces mayor que las mujeres sin DM2. Deberían implementarse estrategias de tratamiento en las mujeres con esta condición. Abstract: Objective: To investigate the influence of gender on mortality according to the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and other cardiovascular risk factors in the Asturias Study cohort. Method: The Asturias Study (started in 1998) is an observational, prospective cohort study of a representative sample of a population of Asturias aged 30-75 years. The population was divided into groups according to the presence or absence of DM2 and according to gender to assess control of cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, aware of the vital status of the cohort 18 years after the beginning of the study, we analyzed differences in causes of mortality according to the previous categories. Results: In 1998, 1034 people started the study, 561 women (54.25%) and 473 men (45.75%). Of these, 131 (12.66%) had diabetes (75 men and 56 women). The women with T2D presented a hazard ratio (HR) for total mortality of 1.64 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: .97-2.77), which was 1.63 (95%CI: 1.07-2.50) for the men and, for cardiovascular mortality, 3.06 (95%CI: 1.44-6.47) for the females, versus 1.49 (95%CI: 0.64-3.46) for the males. The mortality rate for people with T2D of both sexes was higher than for people without T2D. Conclusions: Women with T2D have a risk more than three times higher than women without diabetes of dying from cardiovascular causes. We should implement treatment strategies in women with this condition.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between resources and performance, and the invariance of the HEalthy & Resilient Organizations model (HERO) depending on physical exercise. Moreover, the study examines whether there are differences in the perception of these variables based on workout and gender. The sample consisted of 319 employees (156 sedentary and 163 non-sedentary employees). The results show that engagement mediates between resources and performance in both groups, which demonstrates the invariance of the model. Additionally, the findings revealed that, generally speaking, non-sedentary people are more empathetic and more absorbed in their job tasks and, specifically, that non-sedentary men are more empathetic and more vigorous at work than sedentary men. No differences were found between sedentary and non-sedentary women. Finally, regarding gender differences in variables, women are more empathetic and have better performance than men.

Objective: To analyze gender-related differences in patient and care characteristics and in toxicology findings in suspected cases of drug facilitated crime (DFC)., Methods: Observational cross-sectional study of all patients in suspected DFC cases attended in the emergency department of Hospital Clínico San Carlos and of their blood or urine samples analyzed by the National institute of Toxicology and Forensics in Madrid between March 1, 2015, and March 1, 2023. We analyzed variables from patient records and the toxicology reports according to gender., Results: A total of 514 suspected DFC episodes were studied; 101 (19.6%) were proactive crimes, 61 (11.9%) opportunistic, and 352 (68.5%) mixed. The median (interquartile range) age was 25 years (21-34 years), and 370 (72%) were women. Eighty-three percent of the patients had amnesia, and 48% of the cases involved sexual assault or robbery. Toxicology identified substances in 78% of the patients (alcohol, 53%; street drugs, 37%; and/or psychopharmaceuticals or opioids, 23%). Independent variables associated with female gender in the multivariate analysis, according to adjusted odds ratio (aORs) were age less than 25 years (aOR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.75 4.24; P < .001); physician-referred emergency (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.12-2.80; P = .03); robbery (aOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.15-0.41; P < .001); alcohol-positive test result (aOR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.21-3.00; P = .01); and a drug-positive result (aOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.64; P < .001). Police and a forensic physician intervened in 13% of the cases, and in such cases the victim was more likely to be female (aOR, 3.97; 95% CI, 1.41-11.13; P < .001). Toxicology identified the presence of an unknown substance in 39%, and a woman was less likely to be involved in such cases (aOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.67; P < .001)., Conclusions: The majority of victims of DFCs were female, and the crimes were mixed, involving involve alcohol, psychopharmaceuticals or street drugs. Female victims were more likely to be under the age of 25 years, be referred to the emergency service by a physician, be attended by a forensic physician for sexual assault, and have an alcoholpositive toxicology report. Women were also less likely to report a robbery or have a toxicology report identifying drugs or an unknown substance.

A gender difference has been found in motor competence using several instruments. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) seems to be one of the most developed instruments for children’s motor coordination assessment, allowing the identification of developmental coordination disorders. Our study aimed to systematically review the differences in the motor performance between genders in studies using only the MABC. Five databases (Scopus, EBSCO+Sport Discus, Web of Knowledge, B-ON and Pubmed) were systematically investigated and studies were included if the MABC tests was a central objective and gender was a considered factor. Five authors independently assessed the eligibility of the studies. A systematic review of electronic databases and reference lists has identified nineteen peer-reviewed studies that meet the inclusion criteria. Results revealed that gender differences in performance were consistent across studies, since boys had more success and ease in activities involving gross motor skills, and girls did better activities involving fine motor skills. Differences in balance were not conclusive as the results on this parameter were mixed. This systematic review highlights the magnitude of gender differences on motor competence as evaluated by the MABC. Resumen Se ha encontrado una diferencia de género en la competencia motora utilizando varios instrumentos. La Batería de Evaluación del Movimiento ABC (MABC) parece ser uno de los instrumentos más desarrollados para la evaluación de la coordinación motora de los niños, lo que permite la identificación de problemas evolutivos da coordinación motriz. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar sistemáticamente las diferencias en el rendimiento motor entre los géneros en los estudios que utilizan solo el MABC. Se investigaron sistemáticamente cinco bases de datos (Scopus, EBSCO+Sport Discus, Web of Knowledge, B-ON and Pubmed) y se incluyeron los estudios si las pruebas MABC eran un objetivo central y el género era un factor considerado. Cinco autores evaluaron de forma independiente la elegibilidad de los estudios. Una revisión sistemática de bases de datos electrónicas y listas de referencias identificó diecinueve estudios revisados por pares que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados revelaron que las diferencias de género en el rendimiento fueron consistentes entre los estudios, ya que los niños tuvieron más éxito y facilidad en las actividades que involucran habilidades motoras gruesas, y las niñas realizaron mejores actividades que involucraban las habilidades motoras finas. Las diferencias en el equilibrio no fueron concluyentes ya que los resultados en este parámetro fueron mixtos. Esta revisión sistemática resalta la magnitud de las diferencias de género en la competencia motriz evaluada por el MABC.

Over the last two decades several sociological contributions have gradually shown a new interest in gender analysis of volunteering. Available statistical data indicate that this field of participation, although crossed by complex and contrasting dynamics, tends to strongly replicate the symbolic boundaries of gender order. Thus, we observe a structural gender-based division of tasks and power’s roles that men and women play within organizations. The conceptual overlapping between voluntary (unpaid) work and care that can occur in women’s volunteering stimulates to explore the symbolic foundations of these gender inequalities. The purpose of this article is to investigate the social construction of gender through the women’s ways of “doing” and “conceiving” voluntary work, focusing on variable articulations of ontological complicity between structures of male domination and women volunteer’s habitus. Using a qualitative approach, volunteer women’s narratives are analysed to examine the links between conceptions of volunteering, meanings of care and perspectives on gendered leadership in voluntary organizations. The findings of this exploratory analysis, showing different sets of meanings related to the experience of women’s volunteering, suggest to further investigate the links between styles of volunteering (collectives and reflexives) and practices by which gender is created and recreated through social participation.

This work presents a survey on gender identity – conducted on a sample of about 4,000 Italians – which explores the differences between genders regarding embodiment, that is the consciousness we have of our body, the awareness of “having” a body and “being” a body, and the relationship between these differences, age, and political orientation. The debate nature vs. nurture, that is whether the differences between genders are more related to genetic heritage or to the influence of the environment, is millennia old and it is outlined with mentions from ancient Greece to the French Revolution and positivism, also to the different waves of feminism, and finally to the contemporary contributions of neuroscientists. In order to study empirically, on a large number of cases, the influence of gender on conceptions and desires about one’s own body, trying to circumvent “social desirability”, an original tool was used. This tool consists of a battery of twenty-eight self-anchoring scales which, unusually for a survey, explore the desire to possess bodily faculties peculiar to animals and plants, or to natural events, which human beings do not possess or which they possess in a reduced form. Therefore, no direct questions are asked about value options or attitudes; nor are social meanings offered, as “non-social” objects are asked to be evaluated. The choices of the subjects and the relationships with the mentioned properties (age and political orientation) are analyzed and interpreted.

Introduction: Gender differences, which are socially and culturally created, determine how women and men will perform and the more appropriate activities for each person. As cultural and social aspects emphasize the differences in men’ and women’s roles, culture and gender stereotypes may influence the difference in the probability of success of business headed by men or women. The objective of this article is to explore whether the impact of the determinants of micro-businesses continuity varies between men and women in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Mexico. Method: We use hierarchical modeling with Bernoulli distribution using the sex of the micro entrepreneur as a variable in the second level. Results: Results indicate that sex moderates the effect of schooling, having the micro-business to exercise his or her career or profession, if the micro-entrepreneur is willing to change the business activity to a job with similar income, but with access to social security, and if the micro-business is in the manufacturing sector. Discussion: Women entrepreneurs can feel disadvantaged as entrepreneurs or make choices that emphasize traditional gender roles. As a consequence, the social and cultural restrictions faced by women restrict their participation and performance in the business world.

Abstract Recognizing the importance of assessing the risk of antisocial behavior, this study aimed to characterize the risk factors for the occurrence of antisocial behavior, seeking to understand if there are differences between boys and girls. Eighty-five cases of children referred by the promotion and protection system due to the display of antisocial behaviors were reviewed. A total of 65 were boys and 20 were girls, aged between six and eleven years. Data collection was performed using the Portuguese version of the risk assessment instruments Early Assessment Risk List for boys and for girls. Gender differences were assessed, with boys exhibiting a higher risk level for antisocial behavior, adopting more serious behaviors (e.g., impulsive behaviors). Girls engaged in less serious behavior (e.g., disrespect). By characterizing the most prevalent risk factors, the results of this study may contribute to the identification of intervention priorities.

Introducció. Les emocions tenen un paper fonamental en l’aprenentatge de llengües estrangeres, ja que els aprenents estan en procés d’adquirir no només una llengua, sinó també noves estructures de pensament i nous elements culturals. Mètode. En aquest estudi, setanta estudiants de Mongòlia i onze professors van respondre entrevistes semiestructurades. Les dades es van analitzar calculant els percentatges en les respostes segons el gènere dels estudiants. Per analitzar les respostes del professorat, es va aplicar una anàlisi narrativa. Resultats. Les dades suggereixen que els i les estudiants mostren emocions diferents durant l’adquisició d’un idioma estranger, segons si són nois o noies. Es va constatar que tots dos grups percebien els sentiments dels educadors similars a les seves pròpies emocions, i creien que un bon o mal professor podia alterar el seu èxit en l’aprenentatge. L’estudi mostra com els professors experimentaven diverses emocions positives, però el seu entusiasme disminuïa fàcilment quan els estudiants no els corresponien. Els professors percebien i entenien les emocions dels estudiants, però no sempre eren capaços de tenir-les en compte, o no hi estaven predisposats. Discussió i conclusió. Aquesta investigació revela que tant estudiants com professorat consideren que les emocions són fonamentals a l’aula. Les emocions positives sempre semblen estar condicionades pel comportament de l’altra part. No obstant això, la validació de les possibles emocions negatives es considera una gran eina motivadora capaç de transformar les actituds negatives en positives.

As research in recollection of stimuli with emotional valence indicates, emotions influence memory. Many studies in face and emotional facial expression recognition have focused on age (young and old people) and gender-associated (men and women) differences. Nevertheless, this kind of studies has produced contradictory results, because of that, it would be necessary to study gender involvement in depth. The main objective of our research consists of analyzing the differences in image recognition using faces with emotional facial expressions between two groups composed by university students aged 18-30. The first group is constituted by men and the second one by women. The results showed statistically significant differences in face corrected recognition (hit rate - false alarm rate): the women demonstrated a better recognition than the men. However, other analyzed variables as time or efficiency do not provide conclusive results. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation between the time used and the efficiency when doing the task was found in the male group. This information reinforces not only the hypothesis of gender difference in face recognition, in favor of women, but also these ones that suggest a different cognitive processing of facial stimuli in both sexes. Finally, we argue the necessity of a greater research related to variables as age or sociocultural level.

Abstract: In this study presupposition is examined from the point of view of the type of information assumed by advertisers (Levinson 1983; Goddard 1998) and the functions they fulfi l in achieving persuasion in nutritional advertising. Thus, 25 headlines from 5 health and fi tness magazines (2012) have been classifi ed according to the type of covert information. The results indicate that there are gender differences as regards this form of inferential information as well as the linguistic items that trigger these presuppositions. Whereas commercials addressed to men are more competitive, those addressed to women appeal more to their emotions. Resumen: Este trabajo examina la presuposición desde el punto de vista del tipo de información inferencial (Levinson 1983; Goddard 1998) y las funciones que esta desempeña en los anuncios publicitarios de revistas nutricionales. De este modo 25 encabezados extraídos de 5 revistas de salud y fi tness (2012) se clasifi can según el tipo de información asumida por el publicista (Hardin 2001). Los resultados indican que hay claras diferencias de género con respecto al uso de la presuposición así como de los elementos lingüísticos que dan lugar a estas presuposiciones. Mientras que los anuncios dirigidos a hombres son más competitivos, los orientados al sector femenino optan por la apelación de las emociones.

We study gender differences on cognitive functioning among older adults living in poverty. The data come from the Survey of Health and Wellbeing of the Elderly (ESBAM) which is the baseline survey to evaluate the Peru’s social pension program Pension 65. The results show that females are better off than males regarding episodic memory, but worse off in mental intactness. We do not find gender differences in the overall measure of cognition, but regional differences matter in favour of urban localities. The sizeable associations of education and quality of childhood nutrition with later-life cognition confirm the long-term impacts of early life developments on current outcomes, particularly in the case of females. Therefore, policies aimed at improving early childhood development are expected to have a positive impact in the quality of old-age.

This study aimed at evaluating the internal consistency of the Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire and analyze its factor structure. Specifically, it sought to evaluate the suitability of one-factor and multifactorial models, and to verify the extent to which scores of antisocial behavior vary according to gender. We counted with two different samples of school adolescents. They answered, among other measures, the Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire and demographic questions. The results indicated that the multidimensional model composed of five independent factors was more suitable than the one-factor model as well as the model with five factors of first order and a higher order factor. The male participants had higher scores on aggression, theft, conduct against the rules and vandalism. No significant differences were found for problems with drug abuse. We conclude, therefore, that the antisocial behavior is adequately represented by a multidimensional structure comprising acts of different types and gravities, and that these are more likely in males than females. Keywords: Antisocial behavior, dimensionality, factorial structure, gender differences.

Resumen Durante la adolescencia se presentan diferencias de género en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (cvrs). Objetivo: metaanalizar, desde el enfoque de género, la cvrs del adolescente según el kidsreen -27. Metodología: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis. Se evaluó reproducibilidad y se realizaron las pruebas Q, Begg, Funel Plot, Galbraith, Influencias, ForestPlot y metaregresión. Resultados: se incluyeron 11 investigaciones con 11.619 adolescentes sanos y enfermos. Los puntajes de “actividad física y salud” y “estado de ánimo y sentimientos” fueron mayores en los hombres; mientras que “apoyo social y amigos” y “entorno escolar” en las mujeres. En la vida familiar y el tiempo libre no hubo diferencias por género. En la metaregresión para sanos y enfermos permanecieron las diferencias para el género masculino. Conclusión: se generó evidencia que soporta la necesidad de incluir la perspectiva de género en la planificación, administración de los servicios de salud e identificación de las necesidades asistenciales de adolescentes./ Abstract During adolescence, gender differences occur in the perception of health related quality of life (hrqol). Objective: to metaanalyze, from a gender perspective, the perception that adolescents have of hrqol according to the kidscreen-27 questionnaire. Methodology: A systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis were performed. Reproducibility was assessed and the following tests were performed: Q, Begg, Funel Plot, Galbrait, sensitivity analysis, ForestPlot and metaregression. Results: the study included 11 investigations with 11.619 healthy and sick adolescents. Scores in “Physical activity and health” and “Mood and feelings” were higher for men; while “Social support and friends” and “School environment” were higher for women. No differences were found between genders in “Family life and leisure”.The differences remained for the males In the meta-regression for healthy and sick individuals. Conclusion: this study generated scientific evidence supporting the need for a gender perspective in the planning, management of health care services and identification of the health care needs of adolescents.

Infertility refers to those states that significantly affect the psycho-emotional status of a person, causing the state of chronic stress. In turn, chronic stress can lead to the development of stress-induced infertility. The aim of the study was to identify features of the reproductive setting of men and women who are patients of assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs in connection with reproductive behavior. Material and methods. Under supervision, there were 233 women and men who needed infertility treatment using ART methods, and 142 fertile women and men who had already had births, and applied for pre-gestational preparation before planning another pregnancy. Methods of psychological testing are used. Results. It has been established that the reproductive setting of infertile men and women is uncertain (contradictory); in it there is a discrepancy and ambivalence in the content of affective, cognitive and conative components. Reproductive testing of individuals having children is definite (harmonious); there is consistency in the content of affective, cognitive and conative components. There are gender differences in the components of the reproductive setting, both infertile and those with children. There is a connection between the type of reproductive setting and the personality characteristics, the relation to the spouse, the motives for the birth of the child. Conclusions. The reproductive settings of infertile men and women who are patients of the ART are different from those of mothers and fathers with newborn babies and require psychological correction.

Bathroom graffiti (N = 989) were collected in three higher education institutions localized in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, and classified into seventeen content categories, with the objective of investigating gender differences in this type of human expression. The analysis used to detect the main differences was the Chi-Square test, with the help of the statistical software SPSS. The most representative male gender categories (p £ 0,05) were presence, sports, insult, and humor. On the other hand, the most representative female gender categories were religion, philosophy, and romanticism. The results through this independent research indicate that public bathrooms are considered to be places for the expression of social groups imaginary, as well as for the representation of popular culture.

Teaching and Gender Differences in 8-12 Year Old Students We present the first results of an extensive study concerning gender differences that are found in school learning. We illustrate them also in order to promote more adequate teaching methods. We analyse nine points of differences between boys and girls in learning and in school behaviour, that should be taken into account in the first cycle of education and that are derived from international studies carried out in Western countries: movement and physical activity within the regular classroom curriculum, cognitive skills, emotions and feelings, relationship with the authority, relationships with peers, metacognitive skills, commitment and perseverance in working, reaction to failure, self-esteem. To assess the results of these studies and to guide teachers firstly in designing and then in reporting their teaching practices that take gender differences into account, we analyse the spontaneous teaching actions of 44 teachers – with students aged between eight and twelve years – who claimed to be attentive to the enhancement of specific feminine and masculine traits in their teaching activities. We identified a total of 24 indicators of gender differences that teachers should consider, partially changing their teaching activities, if they want to give equal opportunities for school achievement to both boys and girls.

Objectives: The ratio of the index finger (2D) to the ring finger (4D) is different in males and females. This ratio (2D:4D) has been investigated in a variety of diseases, including autism, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the 2D:4D ratio in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder and to detect any differences in that ratio between participants with obsessive compulsive disorder and a healthy control Material-Methods: The study included 30 children and adolescents diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder between ages 7-17 and 90 age-sex matched controls. After the psychiatric evaluations; finger lenghts were measured with a digital compass. Main results: Girls with obsessive compulsive disorder had greater 2D:4D ratios in their right and left hands than the control group. Although there was no statistically significant difference, the 2D:4D ratio in the right hand was greater in the obsessive compulsive disorder group than in the control group. Conclusion: With relation to obsessive compulsive disorder, some differences were detected in 2D:4D ratios of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder and control groups but there were no statistically significant results except for that of girls with obsessive compulsive disorder. Further studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between obsessive compulsive disorder and the 2D:4D ratio. Objetivos: La proporción entre los dedos índice y anular es diferente en las mujeres y en los hombres. Esta proporción ha sido estudiada en varias enfermedades como el trastorno de ansiedad, el trastorno de la concentración y la hiperactividad. El objetivo de este estudio era investigar la proporción entre los dedos de índice y anular en los niños y adolescentes que tienen trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y determinar si existía alguna diferencia entre los participantes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y los del grupo sano. Material y métodos: En el estudio fueron incluidos 30 niños y adolescentes que tenían entre 7 y 17 años de edad con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y 90 individuos sanos de igual edad y sexo como el grupo control. Después de las evaluaciones psiquiátricas, la longitud de los dedos fue medida con calibre digital. Resultados: Las niñas y adolescentes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo tenían una proporción mayor entre los dedos índice y anular en las manos derechas e izquierdas que el grupo control. Aunque no había una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, la proporción entre los dedos índice y anular en la mano derecha era más grande en el grupo de trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo que el grupo control. Conclusiones: Algunas diferencias fueron detectadas en la proporción entre los dedos índice y anular en los pacientes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y los del grupo control, pero no había resultados estadísticamente significativos excepto las niñas y adolescentes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. Se requieren más estudios para entender completamente la relación entre el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y la proporción entre los dedos índice y anular.

Objective: To review the scientific literature on pharmaceutical advertising aimed at health professionals in order to determine whether gender bias has decreased and the quality of information in pharmaceutical advertising has improved over time. Methods: We performed a content analysis of original articles dealing with medical drug promotion (1998-2008), according to quality criteria such as (a) the number, validity and accessibility of bibliographic references provided in pharmaceutical advertising and (b) the extent to which gender representations were consistent with the prevalence of the diseases. Databases: PUBMED, Medline, Scopus, Sociological Abstract, Eric and LILACS. Results: We reviewed 31 articles that analyzed advertising in medical journals from 1975-2005 and were published between 1998 and 2008. We found that the number of references used to support pharmaceutical advertising claims increased from 1975 but that 50% of these references were not valid. There was a tendency to depict men in paid productive roles, while women appeared inside the home or in non-occupational social contexts. Advertisements for psychotropic and cardiovascular drugs overrepresented women and men respectively. Conclusions: The use of bibliographic references increased between 1998 and 2008. However, representation of traditional male-female roles was similar in 1975 and 2005. Pharmaceutical advertisements may contribute to reinforcing the perception that certain diseases are associated with the most frequently portrayed sex.Objetivo: Revisar la literatura científica sobre publicidad farmacéutica dirigida a los profesionales sanitarios para determinar si han disminuido los sesgos de género y ha mejorado la calidad de la información a lo largo del tiempo. Metodología: Análisis de contenido de artículos originales sobre publicidad farmacéutica en revistas médicas (1998-2008), en relación con criterios de calidad como: a) número, validez y accesibilidad de las referencias bibliográficas utilizadas; b) consistencia entre los sexos representados en la publicidad de fármacos y la prevalencia de la enfermedad. Bases de datos: PUBMED, Medline, Scopus, Sociological Abstract, Eric y LILACS. Resultados: Los 31 artículos revisados, publicados entre 1998 y 2008, analizan la publicidad en revistas médicas en el periodo 1975-2005. El número de referencias bibliográficas aumentó desde 1975, pero el 50% no eran válidas. Hay una tendencia a la representación de los hombres desempeñando roles productivos remunerados, mientras que las mujeres aparecen dentro del ámbito doméstico o en contextos no laborales. La publicidad para tratamientos psicótropos sobrerrepresenta a las mujeres, y la de tratamientos cardiovasculares a los hombres. Conclusión: La frecuencia de referencias bibliográficas aumenta entre 1998 y 2008, pero los roles de género representados en 2005 son similares a los de 1975. La publicidad farmacéutica puede contribuir a reforzar la percepción de que ciertas enfermedades se asocian con el sexo más frecuentemente representado.

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los factores determinantes del nivel de satisfacción laboral de los asalariados en España, haciendo especial hincapié en las diferencias de género y de nacionalidad. Para ello, se estima un modelo de respuesta múltiple ordenada, utilizando los datos de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo, para el periodo que abarca desde 2006 a 2010. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, después de controlar por las características personales y laborales de los asalariados, se obtiene un diferencial positivo en la satisfacción laboral en favor de las mujeres, mientras que no se evidencia la existencia de un efecto diferencial entre los asalariados nativos e inmigrantes. Por otro lado, la estabilidad laboral, la implicación del trabajador con la empresa, un buen clima empresarial y la conciliación entre la vida laboral y familiar afectan positivamente en la satisfacción laboral, mientras que los desajustes formativos y de horas de trabajo influyen negativamente en el bienestar del trabajador. || The aim of this paper is to identify the explanatory factors of job satisfaction of employees in Spain, with special emphasis on gender and nationality differences. For doing that, an ordered multiple answer model will be estimated, using data from the Living Standards Quality in the Job corresponding to years 2006 to 2010. The results show that, after controlling by personal and employment characteristics of employees, there is a positive differential in job satisfaction level in favor of women. However, there is none of evidence that there is a nationality difference in job satisfaction. More- over, the job stability, employees involvement in their companies, a good business climate and conciliation between career and familiar life affect positively to job satisfaction, but the mismatch in training and in working hours influence negatively to satisfaction of employees.

This paper relates some considerations resulting from a thesis study in Biological Sciences held at Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Bauru Campus. Considering the perceptual act endowed with simultaneous actions of the cognitive apparatus and the individual's life history as the merleau-pontyana phenmomenon tells us, the work aimed to identify how boys and girls in elementary school realize a natural savanna. The study was realized with the extension project "Walking and learning at the cerrado” in the Center for Memory and Dissemination of Science and Technology (CDMCT) of Postgraduate Education for Science in the same institution. Classes were held in these practical activities, monitored by undergraduate and graduate students, and, the project focuses on students from public and private schools in Bauru and region, and other visiting groups. Data collection was performed using the representations in the form of free drawings of students of their environment after the activity. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the results allowed us to highlight differences in the way in which genders perceived and thus represented the fragment of cerrado vegetation. The male drawings contained a larger amount of non-living elements, whereas the representations by women, besides their botanical details, often drew on animals and people. The framework of the drawings by the boys took the nearest way, whereas by the girls more often considered the representations and the entire context of the site visited. So, we emphasize the need for further discussions within the perception of the environment to consider differences in the representations of boys and girls within the context of the teaching of natural sciences, seeking, however, to avoid unsubstantiated preconceptions that may cause any degree of discrimination.

Objective: The aim of the study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) in Spanish population (FCQ-SP), its factor structure and internal consistency. In addition, the relationships between the FCQ-SP and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Irrational Food Beliefs Scale (IFBS), and the Eating Disorders Inventory-3 (EDI-3) were analysed in order to explore the validity of the FCQSP. Possible gender differences in the food choice pattern were analysed. Methods: The sample comprised 255 women and 50 men, ranged from 25 to 64 years. In order to get a better interpretation of the results associated with changes based on the age, the participants were grouped in four age intervals (25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64). All the participants were relatives of secondary and high school students in three schools of Seville and Cordoba. Results: The factor analysis yields the seven following factors: mood, health and natural content, sensory appeal, weight control, convenience, familiarity, and price. The internal consistency was determined by means of the Cronbach's α coefficients, which ranged from 0.70 to 0.83 for the different components. With regards to the food choice profile, sensory appeal was the most motivating factor to choose food, followed by price and weight control. With respect to gender differences, women showed higher scores than men in all components except in the case of price. Discussion: The FCQ-SP has adequate psychometric properties to be applied to Spanish population, and it is useful to explore the consumers' motivation with regards to food choice.Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Elección de Alimentos (FCQ) en población española, su estructura factorial y consistencia interna, además de las relaciones entre el FCQ y el Cuestionario de Salud General (GHQ), la Escala de Creencias Irracionales sobre los Alimentos (IFBS) y el Inventario de Trastornos Alimentarios-3 (EDI-3), con el fin de explorar la validez del FCQ. También se analizaron las posibles diferencias de género en el patrón de elección de los alimentos. Métodos: La muestra estuvo formada por 255 mujeres y 50 hombres, con edades entre de 25 a 64 años. Para interpretar los resultados asociados a cambios en función de la edad, se establecieron cuatro intervalos de edad (25-34, 35-44, 45-54 y 55-64). Todos los participantes eran familiares de estudiantes de secundaria y bachillerato en tres escuelas de Sevilla y Córdoba. Resultados: El análisis factorial revelo siete factores: estado de animo, salud y contenido natural de los alimentos, atractivo sensorial, control del peso, comodidad, familiaridad y precio. La consistencia interna se determino mediante los coeficientes α de Cronbach, que variaron desde 0,70 hasta 0,83 para los distintos componentes. El atractivo sensorial fue el factor mas motivador para elegir los alimentos, seguido por el precio y el control del peso. Las mujeres mostraron puntuaciones mas altas que los hombres en todos los componentes excepto en el caso del precio. Discusión: El FCQ tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para ser aplicado en población española, siendo útil para explorar la motivación de los consumidores en la elección de alimentos.

A matched group design by age and grade level compared the results of two previous single experimentsdone in two different countries, Colombia and Costa Rica, on the phenomenon of bullying. The purpose was to identify theaggresor’s behavior to make and compare their profile and the explore the variable of gender in this issue. The study consistedof 824 male and female participants, ages of 12 to 16, grades 6th to 8th,, anonimously answered the Paredes, Lega, VernonQuestionary for Bullying Detection. The results of a two-way MANOVA showed that there were main effects in genderand country, and a significant gender and country interaction.

This contribution analyzes social construction of infamy, beginning from stereotype as an image coming not from direct information but rather from a social construction, assumed as true. Psychological researches highlighted that may be easier for an individual to remember information related to social knowledge instead of look at them with a critical eye, so learned scripts will be enriched with new confirmations, undervaluing inconsistent statements. This process may lead to stigma, referred to unusual and unwanted aspects of labeled people, so to made him/her as an avoided person. Gender differences are analyzed: the first offense ascribed to women is to refuse compliance with role expectations. Women have more coercive norms in playing family and social roles, and so greater possibilities to be stigmatized as deviant. Social attitudes seem not to be affected by modernity or new ways of communication, that even may be used to increase their believableness.

This study explores gender differences in two dimensions of socialstatus in the group, social preference and perceived popularity in a sample of 274 adolescents from 11 classes of 3 and 4 of the ESO (119 boys, 155 girls) from two schools in the province of Seville. First, put on the two dimensions of status with various personal attributes, and secondly, we analyze gender differences associated with the relational structure. The results show correlation patterns that differentiate the social preference and popularity, as well as different correlational patterns by gender for each of the dimensions analyzed.

Son numerosas las investigaciones que desde hace más de dos décadas han investigado posibles influencias de género en el comportamiento en la empresa y en los estilos de dirección. Sin embargo, en el análisis no se han contemplado los aspectos institucionales y organizativos, que juegan un papel relevante en el comportamiento y en el trabajo de los directivos. Atendiendo a lo anterior, este trabajo muestra las implicaciones organizativas que tiene la forma institucional Cooperativa de trabajo asociado (CTA) y cómo afectan al trabajo directivo. Asimismo, y desde una perspectiva de género, se investigan en CTAs valencianas las capacidades directivas vinculadas a diferencias de género. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la naturaleza del trabajo que realizan las directivas (mujeres), así como su visión del trabajo directivo responde a un estilo directivo contemporáneo, y tienen un mayor “encaje” con el contexto organizativo de la CTA caracterizado por relaciones entre iguales. / In the last two decades, much research has been done regarding gender differences and leadership styles. This paper presents some of the organizational implications of cooperative firms (Coops) and how their characteristics affect the leadership style of managers. Also, from a gender perspective, we study the management style associated with gender differences in Coops in Valencia (Spain). The results suggest that the nature of the work done by women managers, and their vision of management, responds to a more contemporary leadership style, and fits better in the organizational context of coops, which are characterized by equal relations.

Affective responses play an essential role in the process of teaching-learning Mathematics. The «math anxiety» has focused a large number of investigations. In this paper, using the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Anxiety Subscale, we have analyzed the math anxiety levels of beginner university students. We have done this study in a global way and classifying the subjects by gender and by the fields of knowledge of their degrees. Overall, subjects have an anxiety below the neutral value, which is good. Women have a significantly greater anxiety among men. There are also significant differences between fields of knowledge. Students from technical degrees are the ones who show less anxiety. Students of health degrees recorded the highest values.

Objectives: Research on the influence of body shape model on adolescent males is scarce. The current study aimed to assess this influence among adult males involved in intense physical activity and to determine its relationship to eating behaviour. Possible variations between 1998 and 2008 were also analysed. Method: A total of 950 males (672 in 1998 and 278 in 2008), all aspiring professional soldiers, were studied using the Questionnaire of Influences on Body Shape Model (CIMEC-V) and the Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), as well as by assessing their physical/sporting activity and body mass index (BMI). Results: Scores on the CIMEC-V were significantly correlated with the EAT-40 and BMI. As regards physical activity the only positive correlation referred to gym-based exercise. A cluster analysis revealed two subgroups with respect to physical activity, BMI, and scores on the CIMEC-V and EAT-40. One of them scored higher on these three variables and they also had a BMI > 25. The comparative study of data from 1998 and 2008 showed significant changes in some variables. Conclusions: Generally, the results differ considerably from those reported for younger samples (which would suggest a lower risk of disordered eating behaviour). However, there is a higher risk group in which the influence of body shape models, physical activity and eating behaviour are related to greater body volume. The influence of the body shape model on males has increased, especially as regards the influence of friends and in terms of behaviours aimed at weight loss.Objetivos: La investigación sobre la influencia del modelo estético corporal en varones adolescentes es escasa. El presente estudio analiza tal influencia en varones con intensa actividad física y su influencia en la conducta alimentaria. También fueron analizadas las posibles variaciones entre 1998 y 2008. Método: Un total de 950 varones (672 en 1998 y 278 en 2008), aspirante a soldado profesional, fueron evaluados usando el Cuestionario de Influencia del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) y el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT), así como evaluando su actividad físico-deportiva y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Resultados: Las puntuaciones del CIMEC correlacionaron significativamente con el EAT-40 y el IMC. En cuanto a la actividad física, la única correlación positiva fue la referente a la actividad física en el gimnasio. El análisis de conglomerados mostró dos grupos con respecto a actividad física, IMC y puntuaciones del CIMEC-V y EAT-40. Uno de ellos puntuó más en esas tres variables, presentando un IMC > 25. La comparación de datos de 1998 y 2008 mostró cambios significativos en algunas de las variables. Discusión: Los resultados difieren considerablemente de los recogidos en muestras de menos edad (lo que podría indicar menos riesgo de alteraciones alimentarias). Sin embargo, hay un grupo de mayor riesgo en el que la influencia del modelo estético corporal, la actividad física y la conducta alimentaria están relacionados con un mayor volumen corporal. La influencia del modelo estético en varones ha aumentado, especialmente la de los amigos y la relacionada con conductas dirigidas a perder peso.

Este estudio analiza empíricamente las actitudes relacionadas con la ciencia a través de tres dimensiones (imagen de la ciencia y la tecnología, ciencia escolar y preservación del medio ambiente), por sexo y edad, en una muestra de estudiantes españoles desde cuarto grado en adelante. La evolución de las actitudes hacia la ciencia escolar con el tiempo exhiben un perfil común de fuerte descenso global (son más positivas en los primeros grados de la escuela y van disminuyendo al aumentar la edad). Las actitudes hacia la ciencia escolar exhiben un gran descenso con la edad, mientras la imagen de la ciencia o el medio ambiente no están tan deterioradas; según el sexo, chicos y chicas exhiben patrones de descenso diferenciados. Se discuten algunas implicaciones de los resultados para la educación científica en la escuela y las vocaciones científicas, así como las limitaciones del estudio.An empirical analysis of the deterioration of the science related attitudes across students' age and sex is presented. The attitudinal factors embrace a group of variables on the image of science, environmental preservation and some aspects of school science and have been analyzed in a sample of students across several ages starting at the fourth grade. The decline mainly affects the attitudes toward school science, while the attitudes towards the image of science or the environmental preservation do not exhibit this deterioration. The time evolution of the students' answers demonstrates the global decrease of attitudes across age and gender: the first grades display the best attitudes, then they significantly decrease as the age increase; moreover boys and girls display different profiles of attitudinal decay across time. The implications of these results for school science education and the limitations of the study are discussed.

Objetivo: Analizar la calidad percibida en un hospital de tercer nivel desde la perspectiva de género. Métodos: Análisis de los cuestionarios de satisfacción a los/las pacientes ingresados/as durante octubre y noviembre 2003-2005 con el test de la T de Student-Fisher y la prueba de 2. Resultados: De los 2660 cuestionarios, 44,7% fueron de hombres, 55,55 ± 17,3 años, y 53,3% de mujeres, 48 ± 18,4 años. El 36% tenía estudios primarios, 18% formación profesional y el 22% universitarios. Los hombres conocían las normas de hospitalización y el nombre del médico/a mejor que las mujeres (p < 0.0001). Las mujeres se consideraron mejor informadas sobre su enfermedad que los hombres (p < 0.05). Ambos grupos volverían a elegir el mismo centro. Conclusión: Las diferencias en la calidad percibida entre ambos sexos sugieren que el género debería contemplarse en sistemas organizativos centrados en los cuidados del paciente. Objective: To analyse the perceived assistance quality of third level hospital inpatients, carrying out an essay that takes in account only the gender of the surveyed. Methods: Descriptive analysis of surveys of the inpatients between October and November 2003-2005 with the T of Student-Fisher and the 2 tests respectively. Results: From 2660 surveyed, 44,7% were men aged 55,55 ± 17,3, and 53,3% were women aged 48 ± 18,4. 36% had a primary school degree, 18% professional and 22% university studies. Men were considered better informed than women about hospitalization rules and knew better the name of their doctors (p < 0.0001). Women were better informed about their illness (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the choice of the same centre for the future. Conclusions: The perceived assistance quality is influenced by gender, so it should be taken into account in organizing systems oriented to satisfying the patient needs.

Introducción: el género pudiera entenderse como el conjunto de características sociales, culturales, políticas, psicológicas, jurídicas y económicas asociadas a las personas en forma diferente de acuerdo con el sexo. Las desigualdades de género se van acentuando en la vejez, lo que tiene un efecto claro en la salud de las personas mayores. El enfoque de género en esta investigación, propone llamar la atención sobre determinados aspectos de la realidad en los que se producen inequidades que frecuentemente son ignoradas y que afectan la salud de ancianos y ancianas en el municipio Guanabacoa. Objetivos: identificar las diferencias de género según condiciones de vida, en el grupo de 65 años y más en el municipio Guanabacoa, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2006 y febrero de 2007, y determinar los factores modificables que contribuyen a la disparidad de género, en el consultorio que resulte más afectado por inequidades de género. Métodos: en una primera etapa se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el que se clasificaron de forma opinática 3 territorios según condiciones de vida, y se seleccionó dentro de ellos un consultorio por muestreo simple aleatorio. Se identificaron las diferencias de género a través del indicador sintético construido en la Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública denominado «Índice de igualdad de 65 años y más» (II 65 y más); y en una segunda etapa se realizó una técnica de discusión grupal con actores sociales de esta comunidad para identificar los aspectos de la vida en los cuales se pueden disminuir las diferencias de género. La matriz de priorización permitió identificar de esos aspectos de la vida cuáles son los más modificables mediante una estrategia de intervención educativa. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias entre mujeres y hombres en los 3 consultorios en todos los aspectos de la vida estudiados. En el consultorio con condiciones de vida favorables, las diferencias de género fueron menores, y se correspondió con el «Índice de igualdad 65 años y más» (II 65 y más) con valor más elevado, opuesto totalmente al consultorio de condiciones de vida desfavorables, en el que se registraron las mayores diferencias de género y el «Índice de igualdad 65 años y más» (II 65 y más) fue el menor. Los aspectos de la vida que marcaron la mayor diferencia en este último consultorio fueron: labores en el hogar, jubilación, maltrato y salud.Introduction: Gender could be known like the social, cultural, politic, psychological, legal and economic features set associated with persons in a different way according to sex. Gender inequalities increase with age affecting the elderly health. The gender approach in this research proposes to attract the attention on determined features of reality where there are inequalities frequently ignored and affecting the elderly (men and women) health in Guanabacoa municipality. Objectives: To identify the gender differences according to life conditions in 65 age group and more in this municipality from January, 2006 to February, 2007, and to determine the modifiable factors contributing to gender disparity, in the consulting room more affected by these inequalities. Methods: In a first stage, a descriptive study was conducted to classify in a debatable way three territories according the life conditions selecting among them one by randomized simple sampling. Gender differences were identified through synthetic indicator designed in Public Health National School called "Equality Rate of 65 years old or more" (II 65 and more); and in a second stage we made a group discussion technique with community social representatives to identify life features in which it is possible to decrease the gender differences. Priority matrix allowed us to identify among those life features those more modifiable by means of a strategy of educational intervention. Results: There were differences among women and men in the three consulting rooms in all study life features. In consulting room with favorable life conditions, gender differences were minor corresponding with the above mentioned rate (II 65 and more) with a higher value in opposition to that consulting room with unfavorable conditions, where the greater gender differences were registered and the above mentioned rate (II 65 and more) was the smaller. Life features marking the great difference in this last consulting room were: home tasks, retirement, ill-treatment, and health.

Until relatively recently, the task of driving a vehicle was almost exclusively one for men. Only in the last fewdecades have women taken en masse to driving. This review analyses the driving behaviour of men and women andattempts to establish whether women are better or worse drivers than men. It is paradoxical that according to the stereotype,women are less skilful at carrying out manoeuvres such as parking. However, it is said that women are more cautious at thewheel. The statistics show that men tend to be over-represented in traffic accidents although women are said to getdistracted more easily, for example by looking at themselves in mirrors. This study discusses to what extent women’sdriving patterns differ from those of men, how they have changed in recent decades and what the future predicts, taking intoaccount the accident data of these groups. We contrast the popular belief, which portrays women as bad drivers, with datacompiled from the literature on evolutionary and constitutional differences and the differing vulnerability of the twogenders. We analyse whether differences exist in the frequency of driving between men and women, evaluating thecharacteristics, types of journey, accident data and, among other issues, styles of driving: caution vs. aggression at thewheel.

This paper is a brief summary of the seminar Work in Progress carried out in the University of Murcia regarding the historigraphy of the daily life during the Neoassyrian Empire. The methodology is analysed here, considering a bibliometric study as starting point and moving towards further levels of detail, focussing in one issue at the end: the situation of the Assyrian Women during the Neoassyrian Empire. Finally the paper includes some of the most outstanding conclusions of this investigation.