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The article undertakes a theoretical analysis of mass media as a means of mass communication, which is a vital factor in the socialisation and well-being of humanity. The article aims to conduct a theoretical analysis of the role of mass media as a crucial factor in socialisation and well-being, to identify its impact on the human psyche, mass consciousness, and behaviour. The article also aims to assess the level of media literacy in Ukraine, investigate both the positive and negative aspects of the influence of mass media on mental health and emphasise the importance of psychosocial support through mass media in crisis situations. The study uses theoretical methods (content analysis, comparative analysis, generalisation, and systematisation) as well as an analysis of empirical data on the level of media literacy in Ukrainian society. It has been found that communication in the internet space should be aimed at immersing individuals in the media environment and oriented towards self-realisation and consumption tools. It has been noted that mass media exert a certain influence on the human psyche, mass consciousness, behaviour, and thoughts, which affects the process of socialisation. The conducted analysis of scientific research showed that the media literacy level among people in Ukraine is increasing. In Ukraine’s information space, electronic means of information transmission dominate. At the same time, it has been emphasised that information can control individuals, affect their psyche, and stimulate their thinking, actions, and deeds. It has been asserted that the process of information transmission is purposeful. It is determined that mass communication is not limited to specific videos or texts as tools of information transmission. It has been found that personal development is an uninterrupted process and continues even in complex and extreme conditions that exist in Ukraine now. It has been established that the crisis is a source of a person’s development. It has been shown that mass media is a useful tool for psychosocial support. One of the most important approaches to psychosocial aid via mass media is the dissemination of helpful information and skills that can help people with various mental states, problems, etc. It has been emphasised that mass media can provide information about professional aid, the availability of useful resources to support mental health, and whatever. It has been found that mass media cannot replace professional psychotherapy or counselling, especially in severe cases. It has been highlighted that mass media can have both positive and negative effects on mental health, particularly causing stress, anxiety, and depression. It also has been noted that mass media have a greater impact on the psyche of teenagers than adults. It has been claimed that the positive impact of mass media includes their ability to effectively and diversely disseminate information, increase the level of users’ education, provide new forms of entertainment and facilitate relaxation, as well as ease communication and establish new communicative connections. On the other hand, mass media can manipulate the psyche and public opinion, and spread fake news and disinformation, leading to a destructive impact on the psyche and developing dependence on them. It has been concluded that media have a significant influence on society, especially on children and youth, hence media literacy becomes essential for effective interaction with mass media and adequate behaviour in the information environment. In the modern world, where media play a crucial role in society and social issues, media literacy becomes an important competence for professionals in the field of psychosocial work. This professionally important quality encompasses understanding media systems, critical thinking, the ability to analyse social problems, readiness to communicate with media, and selfassertion in the media space.

Control systems and audiovisual technologies have a bilateral alliance that enables the structuring of a fear-based social discourse. If the terrible real event that unsettles the population has always been a key resource for commercial exploitation in the film industry, similarly, filmic strategies operate as an imaginary model for the recreation of the actual event. The social narrative is shaped under the constant threat of the other that induces a feeling of collective terror carefully managed by political power and mass media. Films have participated –and still do– in this process of staging of reality; however, it also warns of the danger inherent to its media status.

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 1998.

The second part of this special issue aims to continue to contribute to the debate on the impact, possibilities and challenges that artificial intelligence is bringing to the mass media, media groups and audiences. This new issue draws together five constructive academic articles that address the innovations in this steadily expanding field from different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Specifically, it provides an overview of the integration of automated tools in film editing, explores the regulatory frameworks and policies related to deepfakes in five American states, reflects on the ethics of artificial intelligence, examines how these tools have transformed production routines in the publishing industry and investigates artificial intelligence-generated television presenters in southern Asia. We invite our readers, whether academics or professionals, to join us on this journey of discovery, challenges and, ultimately, opportunity.

Objective/context: This article examines the use of emotional argumentation patterns of social forgiveness and non-forgiveness regarding Gustavo Petro’s past in the M-19 movement in the context of the 2022 Colombian presidential elections. Methodology: An inductive media framing analysis of selected Colombian newspapers was carried out. The frames analyzed exemplify the relevance different newspapers have attributed to Petro’s past in their pre-election coverage. Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates that those frames that project a negative view of Petro’s past carried especially marked patterns of non-forgiveness and an accompanying delegitimization of his person and political ambitions. The negative portrayal in a particular newspaper presented clear patterns of emotional argumentation of politically ideological opposition to Petro in contrast to the media landscape in general. The other newspapers analyzed, however, revealed a predominantly neutral pattern of argumentation that paid attention to Petro’s past but did not use it judgmentally against him. In relatively few cases, the argument of social forgiveness was even used in his favor. The results show that, especially for the ideological opposition to Petro, reference to his past in the M-19 was considered a legitimate means to undermine his political ambitions. However, considering the general overall coverage of the newspapers, Petro’s past was of marginal importance. Originality: This analysis provides insights into how Colombian media framed the past of the current Colombian president in the M-19 during the 2022 presidential campaign, potentially influencing public opinion-making processes. The results can serve as a reference for more comprehensive analyses to better understand the role of forgiveness and non-forgiveness in the context of political discourses in post-conflict states.

This study presents a content analysis of headlines featured on the front pages of Colombia’s two most prominent newspapers during the COVID-19 health emergency. The objective was to examine the framing strategies employed by El Tiempo and El Espectador during their journalistic coverage of the initial phase of the pandemic. Criteria for analysis included informational tone, thematic approaches, grammatical structures in the headlines, information sources, coverage scope, and media perspective. Regarding interpretative frameworks, both newspapers predominantly adopted a negative approach towards the crisis and the structural impact the pandemic had on the country, especially within a context marked by uncertainty and tension. Primary themes were associated with economic and social aspects. The most prominent terms in the headlines during this period were linked to the pandemic, Covid-19, and the virus, concepts that consistently maintained a significant presence in the media agenda of the studied outlets.

Educating the Senses: Pepe Zúñiga and Mexico City’s Rebel Generation seeks to track the feelings, desires, and expectations shaped and nurtured by educating institutions in the generation of Mexico City youth that came of age from early 1960s and undertook a massive student rebellion of 1968. The story is told through the memories and experiences of painter Pepe Zúñiga. It particularly focuses on his interaction with the mass media (radio, music, film) as well as theater. The methodology combines extensive and deep oral interviewing complemented by primary and secondary sources.

Las poblaciones humanas, en sus movimientos migratorios, ya sean forzados o no, de ida y vuelta o en direcciones múltiples, han transportado hábitos y costumbres, creencias y valores de un espacio a otro, a la par que modificado los paisajes y usos del mismo. En estos procesos de apropiación, transformación y resignificación simbólica de los espacios, recursos y conocimientos se generan conflictos entre los usos tradicionales, los valores, intereses, perspectivas y cosmovisiones de los actores sociales implicados. En este punto el simbolismo supone un ámbito de desafío inserto en las interrelaciones culturales, donde pueden producirse fuertes impactos en la asignación de nuevos usos del territorio y sus recursos desde el sincretismo, el hibridismo y la transculturación. Para esta investigación se trabajó con sujetos portadores que forman parte de diversas comunidades religiosas en distintos lugares de las islas, priorizando el uso de metodología cualitativa, la observación participante, la entrevista en profundidad y la etnografía digital, desde donde analizar las múltiples dimensiones y miradas presentes en esos procesos de interacción.

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest ukazanie stopnia nasycenia treściami związanymi z niepełnosprawnością oraz sposobów jej prezentacji w serialach, programach telewizyjnych i filmach najczęściej oglądanych przez dzieci i młodzież. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Głównym problemem badawczym jest określenie, jak często podejmowana i jak prezentowana jest tematyka niepełnosprawności w analizowanych przekazach medialnych. Zastosowaną metodą była analiza zawartości treści. PROCES WYWODU: Analiza tematyki niepełnosprawności w przekazach medialnych obejmuje odniesienie się do pojęcia niepełnosprawności, wskazanie znaczenia mass mediów w postrzeganiu osób z niepełnosprawnością oraz wyniki badań. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Tematyka niepełnosprawności pojawiała się w analizowanych przekazach sporadycznie. Dominującymi sposobami prezentacji niepełnosprawności jest przedstawienie jej jako źródła cierpień, niesamodzielności i zależności lub przeszkody pokonywanej przez ponadprzeciętne jednostki. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Stereotypowy dyskurs medialny dotyczący osób z niepełnosprawnością może być obiektywną przyczyną ich marginalizacji. Istnieje potrzeba odpowiedniego oddziaływania edukacyjnego w celu budowania pozytywnego postrzegania tej kategorii osób, które może obejmować prezentację odpowiednich treści oraz edukację medialną w tym zakresie.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze aspects related to the professional identity of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic usingnews media as a source. Method: Qualitative, and retrospective document study with 51 reports from Folha de São Paulo from March to December 2020. Data was organized using ATLAS.ti, with Thematic Content Analysis and discussion from the theoretical perspective of Claude Dubar. Results: Three categories were formed: Identity captured by the images reflected on the text; The identity symbolized by the support of nurses to those who need care; and The identity symbolized by the support of nurses to those who need care. Conclusion: Despite the fact that the image of nurses is still mistakenly apprehended, the way they provide care, their commitment to the population, and their scientific mindedness ensured visibility and enabled a more empowered and secure identity for their role in society.

The article considers some aspects of the use of social and political discourse in teaching English. In the article, social and political discourse means all the messages that are related to social and political issues. The new trends of modern media development are considered. Some aspects of use of mass media in education have been considered. In particular, special attention has been paid to the main peculiarities of mass media as a source of educational content. The didactic potential of newspapers, radio, television and the Internet have been shown. It has been demonstrated that the use of politically charged lexicon (not only politically correct words and expressions but also pejorative once) broadens students` outlook and trains them to work in different social and political conditions. For example, euphemisms should be used in the modern political communication in order to avoid conflicts. It has been proved that newspaper texts can help us study history of the countries of the languages being learnt. The difference between the quality press and tabloids has been explained. A table of headlines is given to illustrate historical events in the USA and the world. The activity of English mass media in facilitating English learning has been considered. It has been demonstrated that some materials issued by the BBC are aimed at familiarizing the audience with the English language. E.g., the English Express project contains video materials and some brief data about the English grammar as well as tests. The author has emphasized that media often contain wrong, biased or fake information. Fake news is considered as a threat to the stability of communication. It is shown that the students should try to verify all the messages they use in their activities. All types of communication on the Internet and wherever else should meet both legislation and ethical principles. Special attention is paid to blogs as alternative sources of information. The authors of blogs express different opinions and they do not have to follow any editorial lines. It has been shown that working with webpages increases the level of media literacy of the students. Special attention is paid to the sources created intentionally for language exchange, e.g. Interpals and Duolingo. It is underlined that the students should not only perceive but also create media content. The use of Facebook, Youtube, Wikipedia, Livejournal etc. can facilitate the publication of the students` achievements. The author has paid attention to activities that can be done using media materials, e.g. project work, simulations and others.

This article deals with the experience of creating the figure of editor of gender in the Argentinian media. This figure emerged on the scene in June 2019 with the appointment of Mariana Iglesias as editor of Clarín, one of Argentina’s most important commercial newspapers with a nationwide circulation. Today there are ten female editors of media outlets of various kinds in Argentina. They receive the support of a society with a strong awareness of the rights of women and groups of sexual diversity, but they still face multiple challenges and resistance from certain quarters.

This article compares eight studies on the media treatment of the LGBTI group within the framework of Mèdia.cat, the Critical Media Observatory. The main objective is to develop a new and original project for the introduction of the LGBTI perspective in the world of journalism. This should allow a critical reflection on the cisheterocentrism of media discourse and the treatment of the reality of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transsexuals and intersexuals (LGBTI) and will help to identify strategies to address the situation.

This article deals with the experience of creating the figure of editor of gender in the Argentinian media. This figure emerged on the scene in June 2019 with the appointment of Mariana Iglesias as editor of Clarín, one of Argentina’s most important commercial newspapers with a nationwide circulation. Today there are ten female editors of media outlets of various kinds in Argentina. They receive the support of a society with a strong awareness of the rights of women and groups of sexual diversity, but they still face multiple challenges and resistance from certain quarters.

The newsrooms of university media (UM) outlets have become a key environment for learning through journalism. However, amid such a transformation, it is necessary to reflect on the future of these spaces. This research employs a Delphi survey to consult a group of experts with the goal of reaching a consensus on the current and prospective situation of UM in Ecuador. The results identify a number of factors that shape these environments, which face a future that appears marked by networking, media convergence, and the growing importance of virtual newsrooms. In conclusion, in the face of an environment marked by a need for change and ever-dwindling financial resources, we recommend strengthening collaboration with other agents.

Digimon llegó a España en los 2000, convirtiéndose en una popular serie de consumo infantil-adolescente. Ambientada en un entorno digital habitado por monstruos digitales: el Digimundo; explota tropos asociados a sistemas mítico-creenciales clásicos y los exporta a la actualidad, estableciendo un ejercicio sincrético y vínculo con lo tecnodigital. Así, alimentándose de tecnomitos contemporáneos, emergen realidades míticas híbridas, reflejo de nuestra actitud frente a nuevas experiencias digitalmente mediadas. A partir del análisis de contenido de 253 capítulos, que conforman cinco temporadas de la serie, se comprende cómo lo mítico se transforma e hibrida en mass media actuales, utilizando el anime como contexto para estos procesos.

Referência do artigo comentado: Braga, J. Escândalo e corrupção: da recriação do invisível nos mass media. Trans/Form/Ação: revista de filosofia da Unesp, vol. 44, n. 1, p. 125-144, 2021.

ABSTRACT – The research examines the methods in which social protest is criminalized through the media, as symbolic systems for the construction of reality that favor the control and reproduction of the social order. Based on the case study of the feminist demonstration on March 8, 2020, in Spain, the framing made by the newspapers El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, ABC and La Razón in their informative productions are analyzed. The observation period is between March 7 and June 21, 2020, when the first alarm state declared by the Spanish Government to fight the Covid-19 pandemic ended. The results show that beyond the editorial and ideological lines of these media, the feminist protest was mainly demonized by the framing identified in the texts, through the construction of a general idea of responsibility in the spread of the virus. RESUMO – A pesquisa examina os métodos de criminalização do protesto social que se exercem por meio da mídia, como sistemas simbólicos de construção da realidade que favorecem o controle e a reprodução da ordem social. A partir do estudo de caso da marcha feminista de 8 de março de 2020 na Espanha são analisados os enquadramentos feitos pelos jornais El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, ABC e La Razón em suas produções informativas. O período de observação vai de 7 de março a 21 de junho de 2020, quando terminou o primeiro estado de alarme declarado pelo governo espanhol para o combate à pandemia de Covid-19. Os resultados mostram que para além das linhas editoriais e ideológicas desses meios de comunicação, o protesto feminista foi demonizado principalmente pelo enquadramento identificado nos textos, por meio da construção de uma ideia geral de responsabilidade na disseminação do vírus. RESUMEN – La investigación examina los métodos de criminalización de la protesta social que se ejercen a través de los medios de comunicación, como sistemas simbólicos de construcción de la realidad que favorecen el control y reproducción del orden social. A partir del caso de estudio de la marcha feminista del 8 de marzo de 2020 en España, se analiza el encuadre realizado por los diarios El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, ABC y La Razón en sus producciones informativas. El período de observación es entre el 7 de marzo y el 21 de junio de 2020, cuando finalizó el primer estado de alarma declarado por el Gobierno español para combatir la pandemia de Covid-19. Los resultados muestran que más allá de las líneas editoriales e ideológicas de estos medios, la protesta feminista fue principalmente demonizada por el encuadre identificado en los textos, a través de la construcción de una idea general de responsabilidad en la propagación del virus.

Este artículo pretende mostrar un análisis de la capacidad educativa de los programas de televisión en España más allá del mero entretenimiento, la tabla de valores que presentan y su efecto en la sociedad a la que se dirigen. Para obtener estos resultados se han analizado 360 emisiones representativas de los programas de televisión. Esta muestra se ha extraído de los programas emitidos por Antena 3, desde el 1 de enero de 1992, fecha en la que comienzan a registrarse oficialmente las emisiones y sus datos de audiencia, hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2015, en horario de máxima audiencia, denominada Noche1, que comprende la franja que va de las 20:30 h a las 24:00 h. Los 360 programas que conforman la muestra se agrupan en 6 categorías: concursos, culturales, deportes, entretenimiento, ficción e información y 25 subgéneros con el fin de poder inferir resultados. El análisis del contenido y la estadística descriptiva concluyen que la capacidad básica de los contenidos audiovisuales radica en entretener, pero hasta un 82,2 % de los casos analizados también tiene capacidad educativa y/o cultural y el 14,7 % también informan. Además, todos los contenidos analizados aportan valores a la sociedad que los consume, aquellos que más valores transmiten son los programas de información y los que menos son los programas de ficción. Para obtener estos resultados se ha partido del estudio realizado por Marín, 1993. Siguiendo esa taxonomía de valores, los valores más transmitidos por la muestra son en orden descendente los informativos, los deportivos, los culturales, los concursos, el entretenimiento y, por último, la ficción.

The article considers some aspects of the use of mass media in teaching English to students of nonlinguistic specialties. In particular, special attention has been paid to general didactic principles and their interpretation. We have tried to substantiate the use of mass media in teaching English in terms of these principles. It has been demonstrated that the use of mass media contributes to the combination of education with upbringing, in particular, environmental, patriotic, aesthetic education. The need to diversify media sources for training students in accordance with their specialties has been proven. It is suggested that the student should gain experience of independent acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities for his or her further independent study. It has been proven that a student assimilates educational material better when he or she is an active subject of cognition. It is important to use atypical, paradoxical, comical moments in the educational process. It has been suggested to combine information perceived through different senses. It has been demonstrated that work with Internet websites contributes to the expansion of media literacy. Training should be organized on the basis of methodological pluralism. Any part of media material should be discussed from a critical point of view. Students should analyze media content from a scientific point of view as well. It has been proven that work with media materials should be carried out systematically. In our opinion, it is possible to use tables and databases in order to systematize knowledge about the Englishlanguage media discourse. It was emphasized that media materials are important not per se, but as a tool of the educational process. Therefore, there is no need to memorize the specific data, but the main aspects of the journalistic style are worth remembering. So, after reading a lot of newspaper headlines, students will learn the peculiarities of their writing in English. It is better to use the mass media that is in the public domain. This will make students acquire knowledge earlier and eliminate the need to purchase materials. The oral speech should be clear and understandable. It is necessary to take into account the psychological characteristics of memorization (visuals, auditory and kinesthetics, i.e. the perception of material in different ways). In addition, the individual needs of each student should be taken into account, and from this point of view, the tasks should be flexible (if possible). The assignments depend on age, specialty and interests of the student. Learning English as the first or second foreign language also matters. Some students have already graduated from some other high school, and this factor also should be taken into consideration. In our opinion, the implementation of all the considered principles is necessary, therefore, one should strive for the best and most efficient use of all available means, methods and forms of teaching English, including the latest media technologies. The article uses systemic, comparative methods, document analysis method, case study, etc.

This article is devoted to the characteristics of modern media texts, their varieties and importance of their study by translators and interpreters. Reporting information by mass media reflects the current state of public and state systems and relations between them. Since modern Western media are sponsored and controlled by large political parties, associations and corporations, and the authors of texts and messages act as conductors of the ideology of these organizations, in modern media texts a purely informative function (impartial news reporting) is increasingly combined with the intention of influencing the audience with the goal of using both purely linguistic and some extra-linguistic means ‒ to form in the addressee’s mind a certain picture of the modern world, at the behest of the ruling elites. In this light, knowledge of socio-political terminology (SPT), as well as of scientific, technical and humanitarian terms, which inevitably penetrate the media, provided that these terms acquire the status of social or political significance, is of particular importance for translators. On becoming generally known, the terms of various branches of scientific knowledge form, within SPT, special microfields which embrace the concepts of statehood, authorities and public order, administrative-territorial structure of the country, its social structure, systems of party and public associations, organizations; cultural life of society; rights and obligations of society members, international relations, institutions, state associations, their political systems, etc. Translators who track and assimilate the vocabulary of these microfields on a regular basis find it much easier to cope with the translation of pertinent texts. In this article particular attention is paid to the English-language newspaper information style: the headlines of publications, lexical and syntactic features of media texts, the modern tendency of mixing the official style with the colloquial one, means of achieving imagery, etc. The article notes an increasing use of evaluative and expressive vocabulary for certain pragmatic purposes. It also emphasizes that for the successful conduct of interpreting activities, translators need to pay special attention to the assimilation and knowledgeable acquisition of set expressions, clichés, their translation equivalents and analogues ‒ all to the point of automaticity.

This study presents a typology of theatre audiences that contemplates the impact of the mass media and other influential agents on the decision to attend the theatre, an aspect that has not been examined in previous research. The study is based on a survey of 210 spectators in three theatres in the city of Valencia. The application of various multivariate statistical techniques made it possible to identify a typology with four profiles of theatregoers: informed-alternative; documented-receptive; distant-independent; and conventional-commercial. This typology reveals that members of the theatre audience are differentially influenced by the media, the thematic content of the representation, the prestige and notoriety of the director and actors, and the intensity with which they search for information and consult opinions and reviews in the media

Objective: This article analyzes the citizen mobilizations that demanded a definitive peace agreement between the Colombian government and the FARC, between October and November 2016. To that end, these expressions of social protest are compared with previous social mobilization events during the negotiation stage. This analytical exercise aims to identify the visibility, resonance and legitimacy that these forms of social mobilization received from some of the main Colombian media. Methodology: Based on a mixed approach methodology which simultaneously combines and integrates qualitative and quantitative data, we utilize different conceptual references that have drawn attention to the close relationships of social movements and the media. For this purpose, a database was built in which news events about the peace process were recorded between January 2013 and December 2016. From that set of news, we chose those that referred to the mobilizations for or against the peace agreements. This information was systematized from a matrix in which the news events were typified, distinguishing the informative bias between negative, neutral or positive, as well as typifying the actor or actors involved in the news and the bias attributed to each one. Conclusions: The information analyzed establishes that the citizen mobilizations in favor of achieving a definitive peace agreement, in October and November 2016, had a more visible and favorable media positioning, and at the same time, were more effective or legitimate than the other cycles of protest experienced during the negotiation process. In this way, the article provides evidence that accounts for the media impact of such mobilizations in the public opinion process around peace agreements in Colombia. Originality: By analyzing and describing the new forms of collective action that have emerged in Colombia in recent years, from innovative conceptual and methodological references, it is possible to identify how repertoires of action have been transformed, as well as the demands and mobilization strategies of social movements, all of which account for the effectiveness of these expressions of mobilizations for peace compared to previous forms of collective action

El trabajo analiza algunas de las dimensiones centrales del proceso de reconfiguración de la experiencia del espacio impulsada por los mass media a fin de ponerlas en diálogo con las reflexiones sobre la espacialidad del Dasein desarrolladas por Heidegger en Ser y tiempo. A tal efecto, considera en primer lugar los análisis de Anthony Giddens y John B. Thompson sobre la transformación que el progresivo desarrollo de la comunicación de masas supuso para múltiples prácticas sociales anteriormente definidas por la presencialidad y la localidad. En segundo lugar, y de la mano de autoras como ‪Panayiota Tsatsou o Terhi Rantanen, se revisa la tesis de que las nuevas condiciones de la comunicación masiva no disuelven sino que reformulan el sentido de “localización” y la experiencia espacio-temporal del “lugar”. Finalmente, estas reflexiones previas son puestas en diálogo con algunas de las nociones fundamentales desplegadas por Heidegger en Ser y tiempo a la hora de considerar la espacialidad del mundo y del Dasein.

As a ‘nation’ competition represented by ‘songs’, The Eurovision Song Contest establishes continuous contaminations between both terms, which expose the complexities of the production of cultural identity through the spectacle. Due to its longevity and international audience, we will analyse it from an interdisciplinary frame (Aesthetics, Cultural Studies, Anthropology and Ethnomusicology) to value the image and design of the Contest as an identity machinery, focusing on one of the participating countries, Portugal. Its unsuccessful but long trajectory (50 years of participation, since 1964) and its overwhelming victory in 2017 illustrate the history of the country through its songs in a narrative that exposes the maxims of this spectacular society of prospective and messianic roots: that of perseverance and final reward. We will conclude with an analysis of the consequent celebration of the contest in Lisbon in 2018 unravelling its aesthetic, cultural and medial dimensions.

La aparición de los niños en la literatura occidental es un fenómeno reciente. La verdadera patria. Infancia y adolescencia en el relato español contemporáneo recoge los trabajos de diez autores que ofrecen un panorama teórico e historiográfico centrado en la presencia de los niños en la literatura española actual y en su evolución durante los últimos 30 años a través de las obras más representativas.

This paper some of the 650 periodicals, published in France between 1939 and 1975, by Spaniards exiled during Franco’s regime. Often short lived, the newspapers, reviews and bulletins were essentially political, even if in most of them Spain’s history and culture are very often referred to.

The article focuses on two main struggles the Neapolitan language had to deal with in the 20th century. In the introduction, the text presents George Steiner’s theory which argues that people all around the world use so many languages because one of the language’s principal function is to protect the culture and identity of its community against foreigners. In this article, this theory is applied on the Neapolitan and used to rationalize the fact that this southern Italian language survived in the last century against all the odds. Two major threats are stated. The first one was the Fascist era, during which the regime tried to abolish all the dialects and make all citizens speak proper Italian. One of the means to achieve this was a school reform which was supposed to make children switch fluently from their dialect to Italian. The second major threat was closely connected to the expansion of mass media. Neapolitan speakers were slowly acquiring the language used on television, which they often did not fully understand. In consequence, the Neapolitan language was separated from its oral tradition and, according to the Neapolitan playwright Annibale Ruccello, became superficial. In the end, the article claims that Neapolitan is still alive, illustrating this point with the quotation of the linguist De Blasi.

Se recorre la historia de la noción de opinión pública en cinco etapas que van desde su presentación en el XVIII con la Ilustración a los nuevos modos de los social media, pasando por la institución de la opinión pública en la prensa liberal del XIX, las cuestiones de la manipulación de finales del XIX y principios del XX y su condición de lugar de la democracia en la segunda mitad del XX.

Ha llegado el momento para la filosofía occidental de reflexionar sobre los efectos provocados por la invasión técnica que tuvo inicio en el siglo XIX. ¿Qué representa la técnica hoy? ¿Quién es el ser humano después de la invasión de los elementos técnicos en su vida? Mi investigación analizará la relación entre individuo y los medios técnicos bajo un punto de vista crítico. En el primer volumen de la Obsolescencia del Hombre, Günter Anders revela el nuevo peligro tecnológico. Su obra conecta teoría y praxis, colocando entre paréntesis la vía contemplativa de la filosofía y privilegiando un pensamiento conectado con un posible cambio para la existencia de la humanidad dado por la toma de consciencia del problema técnico.

The article analyzes the organizational process and execution of the IX Mar del Plata International Film Festival of 1968. It outlines the objectives that General Juan Carlos Onganía’s dictatorship pursued with this festival, which had, until 1968, been organized by private entities. The tensions that arose between the government alliance and cinematographic groups is also discussed. Originality: Until now, historiography has emphasized the strong cultural repression of the Onganía dictatorship. Without denying this perspective, the analysis of this selective opening experience at the film festival brings to the fore new perspectives on how dictatorships used cultural and media policies as an internal consensus building strategy and as a tactic to legitimize the government internationally. Conversely, the cultural arena is seen as a territory for political disputes within the framework of authoritarian governments. Methodology: The research was conducted mainly from the analysis of multiple printed publications of the time. Conclusions: This paper proposes understanding this cultural experience as a process aimed at improving the image of the government abroad through cinematography. However, this attempt by the dictatorship failed because, from the moment that the strategy was launched, the festival became politicized and it was transformed into a terrain of disputes between different factions within the government as well as between the government and the world of cinema.

This paper aims to offer an interpretation of theconditions and implications of the memory culturethat has characterized, since the eighties, the rela-tions that Western societies maintain with their past. Drawing on the philosophy of history, but using conceptual tools from other fields, we interpret the limits of this emphasis on the past based on the peculiarities of the material media that have en-abled it. This thesis rejects the understanding of this memory boom either as an attempt to establish a premodern relationship with the past or as a mere reaction to the crisis of the future, evidenced in the late the 20th century. Rather, we construe it as a movement to counter the application of an obsolescence pace, which is characteristic of the current western model of informa-tion consumption, to our past.

Esta obra agrupa once investigaciones que abordan distintas cuestiones que condicionan de alguna manera los mensajes vertidos en los distintos medios de comunicación. Aspectos como son la libertad del mercado comunicacional, la ética del Periodismo en torno a la presentación mediática de la muerte en la contemporaneidad, el control cibernético en el contexto islámico, la Primavera Árabe representada a través de las caricaturas y los derechos de la infancia en el marco de los medios de comunicación.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the processes of producing messages and interacting with the media by professional nursing associations. Methods: Qualitative, descriptive study based on semi-structured interviews with managers of five professional nursing associations in Portugal. The data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Results: Regulatory and union associations use public relations services and refer more strategies for interacting with journalists. Professional specialization associations interact less frequently and prefer social media for publishing their messages. Voluntary work and the reduced professionalization of the communication of specialized associations favors a nursing retraction stance towards the media. Final considerations: Organizational and cultural factors may help to explain nursing’s limited access to the media. The use of renewal, cooperation, and education strategies will help overcome some of the limitations experienced by these associations.

The aim of this work is to analyze the process by which psychoanalysis categories joined scientific and popular culture in Francoism. To do so, we will start with the criticism and reinterpretations that different experts did on Freud’s theory to adapt it to the new political-social context. This analysis will allow us to show how reappropriation and signification of a progressive and modern theory was achieved based on the doctrinal principles of national-Catholicism. From here on, we will analyze the incorporation of psychoanalytic language and ideas into several mass media, confirming the consolidation of psychoanalysis as a cultural framework in Spain.

The on-going pandemic of COVID-19 has threatened the lives of all the populations across the world as everything, ranging from economic to social have since come into a standstill. Social media such as twitter has been used more frequently to disseminate essential information regarding the pandemic. This study aim to explore if social media or mass media are relied on when seeking information about COVID-19, and subsequently establish the effectiveness of using social media as a health communication tool to create awareness of COVID-19 among members of the public. The researcher adopted a cross-sectional study design in which 500 questionnaires were distributed and filled via survey monkey. The overall findings have shown that people used social media more than mass media in seeking information about COVID-19. Twitter handles as well as other digital social media platforms such as Facebook are effective means of communication in the contemporary society and can, therefore, be effectively and efficiently used by healthcare organizations and various government institutions to create awareness on how to control the pandemic through hand washing, wearing of face mask, and keeping social distance. The paper has ended by recommending aspects for future studies on the same topic.

ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the content of Youtube™ videos related to nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: a qualitative study that examined 47 videos on Youtube™ posted between 11/03 and 11/04 2020, which were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: four categories emerged: “the role of nurses in care production during the pandemic”, which addresses the management of services and individual care; “Overview of the pandemic from the perspective of nurses in different countries”, presenting experiences and encouraging physical distance; “Tributes and motivation to mobilize the category”, in addition to targeted tributes, calls for nurses to claim their rights; “Criticisms and demands to improve working conditions”, which highlights the insecurity of care provision settings. Final considerations: nursing work conditions in different countries, recognition of the importance of professionals during the pandemic, and claims of the category to improve working conditions were the main content found on Youtube™.

Objectiu: La crisi sanitària per la COVID-19 ha posat de manifest la centralitat de la informació en les situacions que fan necessària una adaptació a circumstàncies noves i potencialment perilloses. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és documentar el comportament informacional d'una mostra de persones residents a Espanya durant el confinament per la COVID-19. -- Metodologia: Es va fer una enquesta autoadministrada amb 95 persones durant la darrera setmana del confinament més estricte, enquesta en què es posava l'accent en condicionants laborals, familiars i de salut. Es van fer preguntes als participants sobre les raons per a fer servir els mitjans de comunicació tradicionals i els socials, l'ús de la informació procedent d'institucions, les característiques de la informació que havien valorat com a útil, diferents dimensions del comportament quant a la informació durant el confinament i sobre l'impacte que va tenir en diverses dimensions relacionades amb el consum d'informació. -- Resultats: Els resultats indiquen que els mitjans de comunicació tradicionals es van fer servir principalment per a comprendre l'epidèmia i aprendre a protegir-se, mentre que els mitjans socials van exercir la seva funció més destacada en l'entreteniment i van permetre, en un grau més elevat, un cert nivell de participació, encara que només per a una part deles persones enquestades. La quarta part de la mostra no va utilitzar en cap moment la informació oficial procedent de les institucions, mentre que un percentatge semblant ho va fer per mitjà de canals més informals, com el telèfon i les xarxes socials. Es va valorar com a més útil la informació procedent de fonts autoritzades, que afavorís la comprensió i fos complexa. La gran majoria de les persones enquestades van sentir l'obligació d'estar informades i van consumir més informació que habitualment. Objective: The health crisis caused by COVID-19 has highlighted the key role of information in situations that require adaptation to new and potentially dangerous circumstances. The objective of this study is to trace the information behaviour of a sample of people residing in Spain during the COVID-19 lockdown. -- Methodology: During the final week of the strictest period of lockdown, a self-administered survey emphasizing issues regarding work, family, and health was completed by 95 participants. They were asked about their reasons for using traditional and social media, the use they made of information from institutions, the characteristics of the information they considered useful, different dimensions of their information behaviour during lockdown, and the impact of lockdown on their information consumption. -- Results: The results suggest that respondents used traditional media mainly to understand the epidemic and to learn how to protect themselves, and made more use of social media for entertainment; social media allowed a certain level of participation, though onlyamong somerespondents. A quarter of the sample did not use official information provided by the institutions at any time, while a similar percentage did so through more informal channels such as the telephone and social networks. Information from authorized sources was valued as more useful. The vast majority of the respondents felt an obligation to keep up-to-date with events and consumed more information than usual.

Objetivo: La crisis sanitaria por Covid-19 ha puesto de manifiesto la centralidad de la información en las situaciones que requieren una adaptación a circunstancias nuevas y potencialmente peligrosas. El objetivo de esta investigación es documentar el comportamiento informacional de una muestra de personas residentes en España durante el confinamiento por Covid-19. -- Metodología: Se realizó una encuesta auto administrada con 95 personas durante la última semana del confinamiento más estricto, haciendo hincapié en condicionantes de tipo laboral, familiar y de salud. A los participantes se les preguntó acerca de las razones para utilizar los medios de comunicación tradicionales y los sociales, el uso de la información procedente de instituciones, las características de la información que habían valorado como útil, diferentes dimensiones del comportamiento en información durante el confinamiento y acerca del impacto del confinamiento en varias dimensiones relacionadas con el consumo de información. -- Resultados: . Los resultados apuntan a que los medios de comunicación tradicionales se utilizaron principalmente para comprender la epidemia y aprender a protegerse, mientras que los medios sociales desempeñaron su función más destacada en el entretenimiento, permitiendo en mayor medida cierto nivel de participación, aunque solo para una parte de los encuestados. La cuarta parte de la muestra no utilizó en ningún momento la información oficial procedente de las instituciones, mientras que un porcentaje parecido lo hizo a través de canales más informales como el teléfono y las redes sociales. Se valoró como más útil la información procedente de fuentes autorizadas, que favoreciera la comprensión y compleja. La gran mayoría de los encuestados sintió la obligación de estar informados y consumió más información que habitual. Objective: The health crisis caused by COVID-19 has highlighted the key role of information in situations that require adaptation to new and potentially dangerous circumstances. The objective of this study is to trace the information behaviour of a sample of people residing in Spain during the COVID-19 lockdown. -- Methodology: During the final week of the strictest period of lockdown, a self-administered survey emphasizing issues regarding work, family, and health was completed by 95 participants. They were asked about their reasons for using traditional and social media, the use they made of information from institutions, the characteristics of the information they considered useful, different dimensions of their information behaviour during lockdown, and the impact of lockdown on their information consumption. -- Results: The results suggest that respondents used traditional media mainly to understand the epidemic and to learn how to protect themselves, and made more use of social media for entertainment; social media allowed a certain level of participation, though onlyamong somerespondents. A quarter of the sample did not use official information provided by the institutions at any time, while a similar percentage did so through more informal channels such as the telephone and social networks. Information from authorized sources was valued as more useful. The vast majority of the respondents felt an obligation to keep up-to-date with events and consumed more information than usual.

This paper is a critical essay about image data that will attempt to uncover the characteristics that will allow images to be considered, among all ways or representation, as evidence. From two case studies where videosurveillange images are used, we have reflected on image data inflation, from its original role as a safety tool to its current role as a means of mass media entertainment. To explain the mutation of image data into evidence in a legal domain, we have used concepts of forensic aesthetics by Weizman, image spam by Steyerl and the genealogy of disciplinary images drawn from Tagg. By analyzing these case studies, we have found distinct features that we typically encounter in surveillance images that make them stand out from other contemporary images. Their vague appearance, their conceivable relation with the event, and the feigned absence of subjectivity ensure these types of images and their referent have a very solid connection, even to the point that they are considered the same thing. Image data, with its semiotic surplus value, causes complete confusion between representation and reality. Nevertheless, from our point of view, these images do not prove anything. They are merely a device to predict the past, and they serve essentially as a speculative area to project the wish to see what one wants to see. As experts in image production we have the duty to challenge this dynamic of representation and attempt at least to reveal the mechanisms of producing reality in the scopic regime of post-truth.

El vínculo postmodernidad tecnológica/comunicación humana tiene en los mass-media, la TV, el cine, el internet y sus derivados; en las publicaciones sin censura y en la publicidad, herramientas de distorsión educativa y de salud comunitarias. La postmodernidad impacta en la organización social y en la cultura con su dicotomía de racionalismo vs. irracionalismo. La visión kantiana de la ciencia, la moral y el arte en pro de una sociedad más justa, libre y feliz, se desmorona en el intento de «superar la modernidad». La sociedad cibernética burocratiza e impide la libertad del hombre. Los mass media y la sociedad de la comunicación no han generado una sociedad más «transparente» o consciente de sí misma, sino más compleja y caótica. Las dicotomías sujeto-objeto y público-privado hacen al individuo ajeno a su vida, un elemento de ciencia ficción, inmerso en un proceso virtual que lo desplaza a mundos electrónicos. En el éxtasis de la comunicación el medio predomina con su dispersión sobre el mensaje; el saber científico se orienta al desarrollo tecnológico y al poder, destacando su aspecto lingüístico, que no impide que cada vez más se hable y se escriba peor. El impacto de los mass media impulsa conductas antisociales y una «búsqueda de sensaciones intensas», para aplacar estados emocionales derivados del vacío existencial, de la frustración e insatisfacción vital de ciertas poblaciones. La persistencia de la divulgación enajenante, alienadora de la autoconciencia y falseadora de la realidad, no fomenta el desarrollo de una función personal, vincular y social saludables.

A través del análisis de los vínculos temáticos y formales que posee el relato “Arco Iris de Levedad” de Javier Calvo con la televisión, profundizamos en las estrategias que la narrativa española actual emplea para integrar este medio de masas como referente directo y la reflexión crítica que este ejercicio intermedial trae consigo. El texto seleccionado resulta de especial relevancia ya que pone el foco de atención en un género televisivo alejado tradicionalmente del campo literario, el de los programas-espectáculo donde todo avanza a base de golpes de efecto, morbo y sensacionalismo.

La cuestión sobre los mass media ocupa un lugar fundamental que atraviesa la filosofía y la teoría política de Jürgen Habermas. En un inicio, observamos una marcada evaluación negativa sobre la función sociopolítica de los mass media y su papel en la transformación de la ciudadanía en un cuerpo despolitizado, movilizado periódicamente sólo con fines electorales. Esta visión se desarrolló en un sentido positivo en los trabajos maduros de Habermas, donde los mass media no aparecen simplemente como un poder fáctico que manipula a la ciudada- nía, sino como una de las condiciones que posibilitan el surgimiento de unaÖffentlichkeit (espacio público), articulada en una red virtual siempre presente, de contenidos de comunicación, la cual pone a disposición mensajes e informa- ción en un plexo de contextos multiplicados, sumada a su potencial regulación dentro de las estructuras y sociopolíticas del Rechtsstaat (Estado de derecho).

The present study examines social representations of the threat created by emerging infectious diseases. A free association experiment was carried out in which the stimulus was a news item where the framing of a discourse (human interest vs. attribution of responsibility) was manipulated. Results showed that the human interest discourse sparked off representations linked to vulnerability, while the responsibility discourse produced representations concerning preventive health care promoted by the authorities. Even so, the effect of the discourse was limited and showed that the new information is anchored in previous interpretive schemes. Implications of mass media on health communication are considered.

With drone journalism it is possible to obtain aerial images in situations that are difficult to cover, with perspective, speed, mobility, greater safety for journalists, and at a lower cost. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse the opportunities offered by the use of drones for news production in Spain, where an emerging industry has been detected. This is followed by a debate on the circumstances and causes behind their slow incorporation into newsroom routines, such as the cost of investing in a technology with a short lifetime due to its constant evolution and high accident rates, the technical and administrative complexity involved, the lack of specialized journalists, and restrictive laws which, until only recently, limited filming to rural areas.

During the interwar period, the proliferation of the mass media generated a significant change in the way states deployed their communication strategies. Simultaneously and almost paradoxically, citizens had more channels to assert their rights to receive accurate information, while governments intensified their efforts to control what they listened to, read and saw. Bearing in mind that general context, I summarize and discuss some of the latest historiography on how the Portuguese dictator, Salazar, interacted with the national and foreign media.

This article offers a journey through various texts –from the last fifty years of research– about the role and development of Peruvian soccer and its links with communication studies. The aim is to ponder the role played by sports media in the construction of Peruvian social reality, specifically in the case of football historiography in that country. Through a detailed review of three communication sources (written press, radio and television), we see a marked tendency from the Peruvian academy for the investigation of football and communications, taking as a source the written press and television, omitting the radio. Future research should also focus on visual aspects, new technologies and audiences.