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Background: Daily stress in preschool children is associated with mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. However, the assessment of this construct is challenging, as multiple informants are required. Method: The aim of the present study was to adapt and validate the Preschool Daily Stress Scale to a parent version, as well as to obtain confirmatory analysis of the child version. Participants were 515 parents of preschoolers for the validation and reliability of the Daily Stress Scale in its parent version. For the confirmatory analysis of children’s version, 397 preschoolers participated. Results: The results showed that the Daily Stress Scale in its parent and children version has the same pattern of five stress factors: Fantasy and Fears, Conflict with peers, Conflict with siblings, Scholar Stress, and Parent Conflict. Conclusions: The Preschool Daily Stress Scale is valid and reliable and can be useful for both clinical and research purposes.

The present study aimed to examine how parents’ psychological characteristics and positive beliefs about multilingualism predict children’s emotional well-being in 51 multilingual families with an immigrant background. Parents were interviewed to assess their beliefs about multilingualism and completed a battery of questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety, psychological distress, parental competence, quality of life, and acculturative stress. They also completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which assessed their children’s socio-emotional and behavioral characteristics. The results from regression analyses showed that parents’ depressive symptoms were significant concurrent predictors of children’s conduct problems. In contrast, higher acculturation stress was associated with more emotional problems and better prosociality in children, although the stronger predictor for the latter variable was parents’ self-efficacy. Positive beliefs about bilingualism were not related to children’s well-being. The discussion highlights the importance of targeting parents’ depressive traits and acculturation stress as possible risk factors for children’s emotional and behavioral problems. Conversely, fostering parental self-efficacy may promote children’s prosociality.

The article’s author presents family catechesis as one of the possible forms of catechising children. The foundations of family catechesis are found in the New Directory for Catechesis where it is clearly stated that catechesis starts in the family. In Slovenia, the family catechesis was born “from the bottom-up”, at the request of a group of parents. In the beginning, it was an alternative option, but today it is considered equal to other forms of catechesis. Children and young people, who participate in this catechesis together with their parents, may receive the sacraments of first Holy Communion, Confession, and Confirmation. After ten years of experience, the results are positive and open new catechetic ways and possibilities. This is a new approach, a new method, for which the Directory for Catechesis says: “Catechesis does not have a single method, but is open to evaluating different methods, engaging in pedagogy and didactics and allowing itself to be guided by the Gospel necessary for recognizing the truth of human nature” (Directory for Catechesis no. 195).

La sociedad y los gobiernos continúan minimizando el grave problema de salud pública de las agresiones sexuales contra niños, niñas y adolescentes, así las investigaciones evidencian su alta prevalencia y grave impacto en la vida de las víctimas y sus familias que quedan resquebrajadas y enfrentando grandes dificultades para reorganizar sus proyectos de vida. Las necesidades de los niños y niñas de contar con un apego los lleva a adaptase para sobrevivir a cualquier costo en familias con padres violentos así les destrocen su vida. Esta es una de las razones por las que la cultura del incesto se ha venido reproduciendo de generación en generación. La cultura del incesto es el conjunto de imaginarios, normas, regulaciones, roles y prácticas en la familia y sociedad que buscan normalizar el supuesto derecho de un varón adulto sobre los pensamientos, sentimientos, decisiones, el cuerpo e incluso las partes más íntimas de la vida emocional (su sexualidad) de otra persona, dejándola degradada y humillada viviendo con una falsa vergüenza, culpabilidad y sentido de impotencia durante su vida. Esta ha sido una estrategia muy efectiva para reproducir las relaciones de dominancia-subyugación entre hombres y mujeres en todos los aspectos de la sociedad. Dos factores descomponen a una sociedad: el silencio ante la comisión de delitos y la complicidad para que queden impunes, arropados en redes de corrupción social y gubernamental. En ningún otro delito estos dos factores están tan presentes como en los cometidos encubiertamente en las familias impregnadas por la cultura del incesto.

ABSTRACT Objective: to map scientific evidence about perceptions, beliefs, knowledge and attitudes of parents or legal guardians of children under 5 years of age regarding routine childhood vaccination. Methods: a scoping review, conducted in accordance with the JBI framework. The searches were carried out in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS databases. A total of 5,535 studies were returned and 77 were selected, which met the inclusion criteria. Results: perceptions related to interaction with healthcare professionals and services, with family organization and structure, with social interaction and public policies, cultural, religious and personal beliefs, knowledge about vaccination schedule, vaccination and immunization process and sources of information are the main factors mapped and which can positively or negatively influence parents’ or legal guardians’ attitudes towards vaccinating children. Conclusions: the findings allow us to identify factors related to parents’ perception and beliefs about childhood vaccination.

Online sexual grooming (a manipulative process in which the perpetrator locates a young person and creates an abusive relationship with the child that involves sexual exploitation) poses significant challenges to parents. This study examined how parents of adolescent victims of online sexual grooming experienced guiding their children through the event. This qualitative study, conducted in Israel, was based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 parents who guided their adolescents who had been subjected to online sexual grooming. Results indicate that the parents reported a spectrum of emotions, from insecurity and guilt to a sense of control and satisfaction in managing the situation. Also, the reluctance of some parents to engage with the education system indicates potential trust issues. The study demonstrates the urgent need for targeted interventions to equip parents and educational professionals with the necessary knowledge for prevention and effective response to online sexual grooming. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.

The word "school" has never been so commonly used as it is today. But do we really think about what it means? What reality(s) lie(s) behind this apparently neutral term? Originally encompassing a wide range of different meanings, the noun gradually became confined, in the wake of the Renaissance and the French Revolution, to common or public education, associated with simultaneous teaching. Older, more traditional forms of child-rearing, more domestic in nature, have steadily declined. The consequences of this anything but trivial phenomenon are numerous for individuals, families, societies and even the Church. It's important to be aware of them, to be conscious of them, and to take stock of them, which is what this two-part post hopes to contribute to.

The word "school" has never been so commonly used as it is today. But do we really think about what it means? What reality(s) lie(s) behind this apparently neutral term? Originally encompassing a wide range of different meanings, the noun gradually became confined, in the wake of the Renaissance and the French Revolution, to common or public education, associated with simultaneous teaching. Older, more traditional forms of child-rearing, more domestic in nature, have steadily declined. The consequences of this anything but trivial phenomenon are numerous for individuals, families, societies and even the Church. It's important to be aware of them, to be conscious of them, and to take stock of them, which is what this two-part post hopes to contribute to.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the meaning attributed by parents to the extended and permanent survival of childhood cancer. Method: qualitative narrative inquiry, developed with parents of adolescents and young adults who survived childhood cancer. Recruitment and data collection involved virtual and in-person approaches. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed according to reflective thematic analysis. Results: a total of ten parents were included in the study. Two thematic narrative syntheses were constructed: “Times of war”; and “Time of uncertain peace”, with their respective sub-themes. The cancer diagnosis marks the beginning of times of war in the parents’ lives. They experience cancer treatment as “highs and lows” with potential threats to their children’s lives. After that, “Time of uncertain peace” are reached, and the balance of the family unit is reestablished. However, the fear of recurrence makes the family peace uncertain, and its maintenance requires constant vigilance and attention to the signs and symptoms of a possible new battle. Conclusion: the results highlight the experience of being a parent of a childhood cancer survivor and can be applied to develop models of care centered on the survivors’ family.

Resumen: Objetivo: Explorar las necesidades, motivos y limitaciones hacia la alimentación saludable y hacia material digital desarrollado, así como identificar pautas para su diseño como estrategia dirigida a familias mexicanas. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo de observación del fenómeno por grupo focal. Emplazamiento: Centro público de educación primaria en la ciudad de Querétaro, México. Participantes: Menores de nueve a 11 años y padres, madres o cuidadores con hijos en centro de educación primaria. Método: Se realizaron 12 sesiones con tres grupos de escolares y dos sesiones con padres, madres o cuidadores siguiendo una guía de entrevista. Durante la sesión se presentaron diversos materiales digitales previamente creados con sustento en la teoría social cognitiva. Las sesiones se videograbaron, previo consentimiento de participantes o de sus tutores y se transcribieron para su análisis. Se realizó una codificación por puntos de análisis y se confirmó la saturación de información. Resultados: Los escolares indicaron motivarse ante el material digital que promueve el juego y experimentación, principalmente en familia. La principal barrera percibida fue la resistencia al cambio por los cuidadores principales. Los padres de familia manifestaron motivación y necesidad de material explicativo sobre enfermedades y sus barreras fueron de tipo económico y de tiempo. Conclusiones: El material digital basado en la teoría social cognitiva diseñado para mejorar la alimentación, puede ser una buena estrategia en el proceso de educación alimentaria si considera las circunstancias que vive la población objetivo. Es recomendable incluir elementos afectivos y conductuales para lograr un aprendizaje significativo en los miembros de los hogares. Abstract: Objective: To explore the needs, motivations, and limitations related to healthy eating and digital materials, as well as to identify patterns for their design as a strategy aimed at Mexican families. Design: A qualitative observational study of the phenomenon through focus group sessions. Location: A public primary education center in the city of Querétaro, Mexico. Participants: Children aged 9 to 11 years and parents, mothers, or caregivers with children in primary education. Method: Twelve sessions were conducted with three groups of students and two sessions with parents, mothers, or caregivers using an interview guide. Various digital materials, developed based on social cognitive theory, were presented during the sessions. The sessions were recorded with the participants’ or their guardians’ prior consent and transcribed for analysis. Coding was performed for key points of analysis, and information saturation was confirmed. Results: Students expressed motivation towards digital material that promotes play and experimentation, especially within the family context. The main perceived barrier was the caregivers’ resistance to change. Parents expressed motivation and a need for explanatory material on diseases, with economic and time-related barriers. Conclusions: Digital material based on social cognitive theory, designed to improve nutrition, can be an effective strategy in nutritional education if it considers the circumstances of the target population. It is advisable to include affective and behavioral elements to achieve meaningful learning within households.

Abstract: Reading anxiety can hinder involvement and performance. This study aimed to present the adaptation and validity evidence of the Reading Anxiety Scale (RAS-20) for parents and guardians. A total of 240 parents and guardians with children aged from eight to 12 years ( M = 9.73; SD = 1.41) took part in the study. A sociodemographic and health conditions questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Reading Anxiety Scale (RAS) version for parents and guardians were applied. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated good adjustment rates for the three dimensions assessed by the scale (enjoyment, independence, and difficulty). Convergent validity evidence supported the hypothesis of anxiety as a specific phenomenon, different from general anxiety. The RAS-Version for parents and guardians showed adequate psychometric properties and can contribute to the development of interventions in the clinical, family, and school context.

Background: Stigma toward child and adolescent mental health problems among parents has been understudied, despite its importance. Method: Sociodemographic variables, stigma associated with mental health problems in childhood and adolescence, myths about suicide, familiarity with mental health, and seeking professional help were assessed in a cross-sectional study in a Spanish sample (N = 268). Descriptive analyses, mean difference and regression models were carried out. Results: The results reveal medium levels of stigma, the presence of myths about suicide and average familiarity with mental health. Mothers and a higher level of education, showed lower levels of stigma and fewer myths about suicide. A regression model explains the 44% of the variance with myths about suicide, stigma and familiarity with mental health as predictors of seeking professional help attitudes. Conclusions: Stigma, myths surrounding suicide, and parental unfamiliarity with mental health may act as barriers to appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Practical implications and recommendations are discussed.

Following the authorization the use of COVID-19 vaccines in babies age six months through children four years old in the United States, some individuals (parents, pediatricians, and communicators) framed COVID-19 vaccination as an issue of access, while many others expressed hesitancy and some resisted recommendations from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this context, this study aimed to explore: 1) divergent reactions to the authorization of COVID-19 vaccine use in children aged six months to four years; and 2) opposing logics underlying attitudes towards pro-vaccination, anti-vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines. To achieve this, a digital ethnography was conducted, involving monitoring of 5,700 reactions to a series of eight infographics published on social media by the John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and participant observation in an online focus group over a one-year period, from December 2021 to December 2022, consisting of 18 mothers. The findings suggest that healthcare professionals should consider different notions of “risk” when interacting with patients, especially those who are hesitant to vaccinate.

Background: The Inventory of Parental-Peer Attachment (IPPA) is an internationally recognized measure to assess the attachment of adolescents to their parents and peers. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the IPPA in a sample of Spanish adolescents with behavioural problems. Method: The sample was composed of 294 Spanish adolescents (53% girls) with behavioural problems. The IPPA mother, father, and peer versions, along with other related measures, were administered. Results: The 25-item scale, distributed into three factors, was confirmed for both the mother and father versions but not for the peer version. The IPPA showed adequate values of reliability ranging from .79 to .86. Validity was demonstrated through correlations with emotional intelligence, antisocial behaviour, and aggressiveness. Conclusion: The three-factor version of the IPPA is a useful, reliable, and valid scale to assess the attachment of adolescents with problematic behaviours and their parents.

Context: The current study focuses on the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines among parents of children aged 6-11 years, based on a review of the Health Belief Model (HBM) behavioral theory, Indonesia. Aims: To investigate the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines among parents of children aged 6-11 years in Indonesia based on a review of the HBM behavioral theory. Methods: A national, cross-sectional was conducted in June-August 2022. The self-administered online questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 400 parents. Results: A total of 400 participants completed the questionnaire, of whom 87.3% received vaccination for their 6–11 years old children. Participants who had adequate information about the COVID-19 vaccine (OR = 27.543; Cl 95% =3.514–215.901) were among the most amenable to vaccinating their children. The results indicated that the HBM construct explained 83.9% (R square = 0.839) of the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. However, there are still some parents who reject vaccines due to lack of information, on parental knowledge of vaccine adverse events, and sources of information used by parents, among others. Conclusions: Parents of children aged 6-11 years old in Indonesia are accepting to receive COVID-19 vaccinations. However, there are still some parents who refuse vaccines. The urge to act construct contributed significantly to the vaccine acceptance variable, and those who had received enough information about the COVID-19 vaccine were more amenable. Therefore, the government of the Republic of Indonesia’s efforts must be directed toward increasing parents’ vaccine awareness and tackling the constructs of the Health Belief Model through a well-designed vaccination campaign.

Febrile seizures in children are an alarming experience for parents. This study aimed to assess the psychological functioning of parents of children when they were being admitted for treatment of febrile seizures in the hospital, the importance of which is clear, since parents are the primary custodian of their children. This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 110 participants whose child had been admitted for a febrile seizure to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from September 2020 until June 2021. The depression, anxiety, and stress levels were determined based on a validated Bahasa Melayu questionnaire of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). In addition, multiple logistic regression was used to determine the associated factors related to the participants’ psychological functioning. The mean age of children with febrile seizures were 21 months old, and most children showed features of simple febrile seizures (71.8%). The prevalence of anxiety, stress, and depression were 58.2%, 29%, and 23.6%, respectively. Using multiple logistic regression, child age, family history of febrile seizures, family history of epilepsy, and length of stay in the ward were found to be significantly associated with anxiety when adjusted for other variables. Otherwise, for depression and stress, no significant associated variables were found when adjusted for other variables. Anxiety was highly reported by participants when their children were admitted for febrile seizures. Several factors impacted their anxiety, including the lower the child’s age was, participants with no family history of febrile seizures before, and the longer duration of hospital stay. Therefore, further study and intervention on reducing the parent’s anxiety could be emphasized in the future.

Objective: to analyze the needs of adolescents experiencing parental cancer. Method: an exploratory and descriptive qualitative study. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews in 2021. The convenience sample was composed of adolescents aged 14-19, with parents with oncological disease in the treatment phase, followed in a Portuguese oncology hospital. Data processing was carried out using content analysis. Results: from the analysis of the 13 interviews, five domains emerged: Coping with the disease; Knowledge about the disease; Previous experiences with the oncological disease; Experiencing parental cancer; and Somatic changes. The results show that adolescents experiencing parental cancer have emotional, educational and psychosocial needs. Conclusion: this study allowed us to understand adolescents’ needs, understanding the difficulties experienced and the challenges that the experience entails. The results will support the design of a nursing intervention program for the dyad experiencing parental cancer.

Physical activity in nature is one of the major recommendations prescribed by health professionals to bring benefits in all areas, being satisfaction of doing it of the main determinants to ensure that this is achieved. However, parenthood status may affect practice and levels of satisfaction with physical activity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, that assesses satisfaction with physical activity in the natural environment in parents of preschoolers. Reliability testing, as well as exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, were conducted. The findings revealed a single-factor structure made up of 16 items with high reliability and good and exceptional goodness-of-fit values. Therefore, the instrument can be considered as a free, easy-to-use and quick tool to analyze the satisfaction levels of preschool parents when it comes to physical activity in nature.

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the communication needs of the parents of children with cancer from the perspective of the semantic values of the morphological units used and integrated into sentence structures or sentence segments (with response status to open questions) and from the perspective of the factual analysis of the percentages of closed questions. We believe that the results we have reached, processed with interdisciplinary tools of psycholinguistics, morphology, syntax and semantics of the Romanian language and psychological analysis, can provide data that can contribute to the identification of the best strategies for ensuring emotional well-being and increasing the quality of life of families where there is a child with cancer.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to synthesize scientific evidence on vaccine hesitancy in children under five years of age and its associated factors. Methods: a scoping review, conducted according to the methodological structure proposed by the JBI. Searches were carried out in the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Scientific Electronic Library Online and PubMed databases, including gray literature. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included, without temporal delimitation. Editorials, studies that did not address vaccine hesitancy in children under five years of age and were not aligned with the objective and research question were excluded. The sample consisted of 18 articles. Results: misinformation, concern about adverse effects, distrust about efficacy, affliction regarding administration simultaneously, and insecurity in relation to the laboratories were the reported reasons. Conclusions: strategies are needed to combat the lack of information about immunobiological agents, as misinformation was the main factor in parents’ vaccine hesitation.

This work aims to know the perceptions that teenagers construct about the parenting adopted by their parents and their school socialization. This study used a qualitative approach, because it used the semi-structure interview as data recollection techniques. The research subjects are middle school teenager students between the ages of 12 and 15 that make up two study groups: teenagers with school reports of having school socialization issues, and teenagers who don’t. The conclusions show that characteristics from parenting style contribute to the child’s learning regarding the way in which he or she relates. All of this prooves the importance of aspects such as discipline, communication and affection in the family dynamic as elements referring to the teenager’s socialization. Therefore, characteristics of teenagers with their parents influence in the emotions and thoughts that guide the teenagers’ behavior in other social contexts such as school

Recently, sleeping status has attracted attention for its relationship with oral health. In the present study, we have investigated the association between early childhood caries and sleeping status. A multicentre observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 332 preschoolers (aged 3–6 years) and their parents in Chitose, Japan. Dental caries and sleeping status were assessed in the children and the sleep quality and health literacy of the parents were also assessed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used in order to investigate the effect of the sleeping status of the parents and their children on dental caries. Among the children, the prevalence of dental caries experience was 12.7%. The children without caries slept significantly longer and their parents had a better Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score than those with caries experience. The sleeping status and the numbers of caries in the children were significantly correlated. Health literacy was better in those without caries experience. Parents’ PSQI was significantly positively correlated with the numbers of caries in the children (r = 0.19, p = 0.0004). The children’s sleep durations, screen time, and parental smoking status were independently associated with early childhood caries. Poor sleeping status of children and their parents is related to dental caries among preschoolers.

This study aimed to determine the consequences of parents staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of parental violence against children. The researcher used a descriptive-analytical technique in this study, and the sample consisted of 350 children who were abused by their parents. The researcher designed a questionnaire to identify the most common forms of parental violence (physical, sexual, verbal, economic, and psychological) against children as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that parents staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a high prevalence of risks of parental violence against children, at 79.84%. Verbal violence ranked first at 21.3%, followed by psychological violence at 21%. Physical violence came in third place at 20.5%, economic violence at 18.7%, and sexual violence at 18.5%. One of the most important recommendations of this study is the necessity to take a set of serious measures, such as strengthening family values between parents and children, in order to strengthen the family unit in times of crisis, in general, and during the COVID-19 crisis, in particular.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to identify in the scientific papers the variables associated with parental stress of premature babies’ parents through the graph analytics technique. Methods: This is a Systematic Literature Review performed in the CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Medline, PsycInfo and Web of Science databases. Results: The search yielded 12 articles that were submitted to the data graph analytics technique for analysis and visualization through the NodeXL Program. Among the variables reviewed, the following stand out: parental psychological distress, risk factors, maternal characteristics, child characteristics, environmental characteristics, parent-infant relationship, and intervention. The main symptoms associated with parental stress were depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress. Conclusion: The implementation of interventions aimed at the baby and the family’s well-being can minimize the conditions faced.

ABSTRACT We sought to answer which procedures have been used to train parents within the mental health field, how often the behavior skills training (BST), as well as its components, is used, and how effective such procedures are. In order to do so, a systematic literature review, using the Education Collection ProQuest database, was conducted. The search terms used were “behavior skills training”, “parents”, and its correlates in Portuguese. Papers published between 2010 and 2019 were analyzed, focusing on parent training procedures and their effects. Among the 28 analyzed papers, 4 of them used BST. The remaining studies used some of its components. Twenty-four studies were effective on changing parent behavior. Issues that still require more empirical investigation are discussed.

Objective: to analyze, in scientific productions, the reasons that lead parents and family members of children to vaccine hesitancy in the context of control of immunopreventable diseases. Method: integrative review using the following informational resources: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences, Nursing Database, Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. A time cut-off from 2016 to 2021 was used. Results: Twenty-four articles comprised the final sample, and two categories emerged: Un(knowledge) about vaccines; and In(decision) and lifestyle. Conclusion: this study contributes to professional practice, encouraging health units' managements to establish strategies for interventions with the hesitant. Vaccine refusal or delay in vaccination should be considered by these professionals a window of opportunity to approach parents and family members.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to assess attitudes, concerns, information and knowledge about vaccines among parents of preschool children attending kindergartens in a city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil, using a self-administered questionnaire. Methods: Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study of knowledge and attitudes regarding vaccination among parents of children aged up to 72 months from public and private schools, between 2018 and 2019. Results: Among the 2,528 questionnaires, 1,261 were answered and grouped by respondents’ educational level. According to information, 96.6% of the children were up to date with vaccines. The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 5.0%. The lower the educational level, the lower was the income, the larger the number of household members, and the greater the lack of knowledge about vaccines. The higher the educational level, the lower was the vaccine hesitancy, and the greater the dissatisfaction with the information received. Conclusions: Generally, parents consider vaccines to be important for preventing diseases and to be safe, with their benefits outweighing the risks. Positive comments were accompanied by doubts, concerns, hesitancy, and inconsistencies. The level of educational attainment makes a difference in the access to information, medical care provided by pediatricians, and the feeling of obligation to vaccinate. Parents have vaccinated and still intend to vaccinate their children, but ensuring adequate levels of vaccination coverage will be a post-pandemic challenge.

This article asks whether attitudes towards the moral obligation to care for parents is a gender issue that is generalisable to all European countries, or whether different models of the welfare state and provision of assistance to older people are factors that modify the views of informal carers. To this end, the article analyses the European Values Study as applied to five countries which, according to previous correspondence, represent different cultural models: Norway, Germany, Russia, Italy and Spain. The article provides an analysis of each of these countries in order to identify the impact of sociodemographic variables (sex and living together with parents), as well as a comparative analysis aimed at identifying differences and similarities among different models of welfare (Scandinavian, former communist, Central European and familialist). The aim is to determine whether the associated factors have an individual character, with a strong gender impact, or rather a cultural character, with the welfare model providing a strong associated impact. The analysis reveals that in the case of opinions gathered in different European countries, the model of welfare appears as the most influential associated factor. Similarly, it can be said that despite the existence of strongly familialist welfare models in southern Europe, Spain moves towards a greater resemblance to central European countries on this issue.

The traditional school system has not met the needs of students for many years. Parents, in order to allow their children to move away from the rigid class-subject-hour system, established schools. The founders of alternative schools can be citizens, parents and teachers, religious communities as well as other legal entities. These are the so-called free schools, civic educational initiatives, reform pedagogical attempts, educational boarding schools, etc. The aim of this paper is to present the pedagogical concepts and ideas of schools in the Republic of Croatia whose founders are parents. The paper presents the basic pedagogical principles and aspects of teaching Waldorf and Montessori pedagogy based on educational pluralism, a brief overview of partnership between parents and schools in Croatia and the educational model of primary Catholic schools “Ružičnjak” and “Lotrščak”. The observed schools are located in Zagreb and have only one goal - to adapt the school to the child. An effort is made to provide each student with an individual approach. The starting points are the child’s needs and interests. These are the schools where students have freedom of choice. The goal of upbringing and education is the holistic development of the child. The emphasis is on active learning methods and abandoning didactic scenarios in which the child is only a passive observer.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to map and summarize the existing scientific evidence on parents’ transition experience to exercise the caregiver role of a child with 1DM, identifying gaps in knowledge of this experience. Methods: a scoping review was carried out based on JBI methodology, in two databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. Results: we included 31 articles. From the studies, constitutive elements of parents’ transition experience to caregiver role of a child with 1DM were found, which focused on the nature of the experience, the feelings and emotions experienced, the hindering conditions, the facilitating conditions, the strategies used by parents and the results or effects obtained. Final considerations: the transition process’ characterizing elements were identified, but not a theoretical explanation of it. Additional research should be carried out in order to allow a deeper understanding of this process.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the experience of parents regarding prenatal diagnosis of orofacial cleft in their children. Methods: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach, carried out in a Brazilian public tertiary hospital between January and March 2019. Parents who were accompanying their children during hospitalization for primary surgeries and who had received the diagnosis of malformation during pregnancy were included in this study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, which were audio-recorded and transcribed in full. To prepare the results, Content Analysis was used in the Thematic modality. Results: The sample had 17 participants: 16 mothers and one father. From the speeches, three categories were unveiled: dealing with the unknown, assimilating the diagnosis, and positive and negative implications of prenatal diagnosis. Conclusions: We learned how complex and conflicting it was for parents to receive the diagnosis of malformation in their children, and that family and professional support was essential to the process of assimilation and coping. The findings point to the need for planning and implementing interventions, protocols and/or public policies aimed at assisting these parents in this period.

Background: This study examines the dimensionality of the parent version of the Scale of Sensed Parental Competencies (ECPP-p). The sample was composed of 227 parents (n = 227; M = 35.34, DE = 7.22) from Lima Metropolitan. Method: The structural analysis was conducted with confirmatory factor analysis using the estimator WLSMV according to the ordinal nature of the items on the scale. The original structure evaluated of five correlated dimensions: school involvement, personal dedication, shared leisure, counseling and guidance and assumption of the role of father or mother was confirmed. Results: An adequate fit was obtained to the model of five factors, X2 = 406.47, CFI = .96, TLI =0.95, RMSEA =0.068. The internal consistency coefficients were adequate for each of the dimensions ( w >0.80) ( α >0.70). Conclusion: The ECPP-p is an instrument that presents evidence of internal structure and reliability in the study sample.

This study presents five themes which were highlighted by Maltese educators and parents when reflecting on their experience of sustaining the education of their students and children during the COVID-19 pandemic. By capturing these voices, the study seeks to gain insight into how these educators and parents reflected on their practice and daily experiences and how this has impinged on the educational experience of the students.

Introduction. The Internet and social media have revolutionized access to information on health and parenting issues. Virtual consultations are spreading worldwide, are increasing, and represent a challenge for professional practice. Objective. To characterize the use of the Internet and social media by mothers and fathers as a source of information on the health and parenting of their children. Population and methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study in an outpatient pediatric center in the City of Buenos Aires to determine the online consultation habits of caregivers of healthy children or children with health problems. Results. Two hundred-one surveys were analyzed, and the answers were predominantly from mothers of healthy children; 70.6% search online for health and parenting topics; 80% consult more than once a month. Although 36% of the families use the information to complement the medical consultation, 95% would not replace the pediatric consultation with the online search. The participants are not in the habit of following official pages, nor do they tend to verify the veracity of the contents. The search topics are related to the child's age, and satisfaction with the information results are modified according to whether the child is healthy or has a health problem. Only 4.7% responded that the search always answers their questions. Conclusions. Caregivers frequently seek online parenting and health information, but the sources are not always reliable. Although consultation with pediatricians is not displaced, we need to know the impact of online information on health decision-making. Pediatricians can intervene and guide caregivers to safe sources., (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría.)

The main purpose of this cross-sectional study, carried out with deaf parents and blind parents, is to analyze the association of coping strategies, life satisfaction, well-being, and generalized self-efficacy, compared to a group of parents without a sensory loss. The Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced, Satisfaction with Life, Generalized Self-efficacy, and Psychological Well-Being scales were applied. Results indicate that: (1) deaf parents and blind parents search for social support, use avoidance, and turn to religion more than those without a sensory loss; (2) deaf parents are more satisfied with life than blind parents and those without a sensory loss; (3) deaf parents and blind parents perceive themselves as less efficacious than those without a sensory loss; (4) deaf parents and blind parents report lower psychological well-being (autonomy and personal growth) than those without a sensory loss, except for self-acceptance. Searching for social support and turning to religion are negatively associated with life satisfaction in deaf parents and those without a sensory loss; further, these coping strategies (together with avoidance) affect the psychological well-being of deaf parents and parents without a sensory loss. Future research could investigate deeper into the effects of these dimensions on well-being and the styles of parenting in these families.

Introduction: Eating behaviors acquired in childhood tend to be perpetuated in adulthood, so adherence to a healthy diet from an early age becomes important to prevent the onset of the occurrence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the food consumption of students in the third cycle of basic education and their parents and its relationship with weight status. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study. Data from 358 students and 318 parents living on Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal) were included in the study. A questionnaire was developed to collect sociodemographic, dietary habits and anthropometric data, this was applied between May and June 2015. A food frequency questionnaire was used, and weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index. A descriptive analysis of the variables under study was performed and the Mann–Whitney’s test was used to compare the means between groups. Results: A high prevalence of pre-obesity/obesity (students: 33.0%; parents: 62.4%) was found. Vegetables are consumed most often by parents while fruits, fast food and sweets are consumed more frequently by students. Normal weight students reported a higher frequency of soy, olive oil, sunflower oil, and sweets compared with overweight students, on the other hand overweight parents reported a higher frequency of consumption of milk, pork, fatty fish, potatoes, vegetables, citrus fruits, and sunflower oil, compared with normal weight parents. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of pre-obesity/obesity found, as well as the high frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods, it is recommended that health promotion measures be taken in these schools.

The purpose of this literature review is to identify patterns and to discuss key perspectives from empirical studies published from 2000 until 2021 that explore mediated learning strategies in families with children with disabilities. An inductive thematic analysis resulted in four key perspectives: (1) mediator’s gender, attitudes, and knowledge, (2) home environment and cultural considerations, (3) activities and evaluation tools, and (4) mediation with toddlers for enhancing language development. Overall, this study revealed (1) a lack of peer-reviewed articles that discuss, investigate, examine, or debate the Mediated Learning Experience with children with disabilities in home environments; (2) a limited emphasis on the father’s role as mediator; (3) the need for considering cultural aspects, and (4) the importance of using mediation in free play and everyday situations. Based on the findings, new lines of future research are suggested.

Abstract The diagnosis and treatment of a life-threatening disease have adverse consequences on child development and impact the family. This study aimed to investigate bereavement due to the impact of bodily and psychosocial changes resulting from Bone Marrow Transplantation from the perspective of adolescent patients and their parents. This is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional study. Nine dyads (patients and mothers / fathers) were included. Data collection took place through semi-structured audio-recorded interviews. The thematic analysis made it possible to elaborate three categories: losses due to illness; new losses experienced with treatment; learning to appreciate the gains of adverse experience. The results show that transplantation has repercussions that transcend the physical dimension and include social harm, changes in body image, and loss of friends. However, once the radical journey of transplantation is over, the participants positively connoted their experience, identifying benefits that go beyond health recovery, such as emotional maturation, improvement of self-esteem, and the ability to socialize.

The aim of this research was to investigate the opinions of parents at different stages of parenthood, about the myths of authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting in the context of their own upbringing and social expectations. Considering the influence of one’s own parents, the way of growing up and the influence of wider society and social norms, the initial assumption of the research was that the way of growing up, as a family factor and social norms, as a social factor, define parents’ opinions on myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting. Twelve respondents participated in the research; a qualitative method of semi-structured interview was used. The results of the research showed that family factors, such as the way of growing up and the parenting style, but also social factors such as the social environment and media, influence parents’ opinions of myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting. Also, it was found that parents differ in their opinions on the myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting, depending on the stage of parenthood they are currently in.

The way that parents support their children´s musical experiences are influenced by the social and cultural context. It is known that the frecuency and the kind of stumuli that is received by the children under two years is key for their further development. The main goal of this study was to explore the beliefs and reasons that push parents to enroll their children in early childhood music classes, and the possible relationships of these motivations and beliefs to the parent-child musical interactions at home. The results showed that the main reason why parents decided to support their children´s musical education was the perceived benefits that music could bring to their children. Additionally, this positive point of view it seems to be related to the frecuency that these parents and children engage in musical interactions.

Background: An increasing number of parents report problems with feeding their children to dieticians. Failure to expand the diet or sudden discontinuation of a variety of foods makes them increasingly worried about their child's monotonous diet and mealtime behavior The aim of this study was to assess parents' awareness of food neophobia and the attitudes and behaviors associated with it. Material and method: The study was carried out using a questionnaire-based indirect survey technique using a web form (CAWI). A total of 224 adults (parents of preschool children) participated in the study. The research tool was an anonymous survey questionnaire consisting of three parts. In the last part, a scale concerning neophobic behavior was used. The study group consisted mainly of mothers - 78.3% (n=159); fathers - 21.7% (n= 44). Results: In the study group, no child scored several points indicating a very high probability of neophobia. A high probability is possible in 28 children (13.79%), a possible predisposition to the occurrence of food neophobia exists in 66 children (32.51%), while 109 children (53.69%) do not present a predisposition to food neophobia. Conclusions: The study did not show children's behaviors reported by parents that could indicate a very high probability of food neophobia in their children. Moreover, the results of the questionnaire of neophobia scale indicate that this problem in the studied population concerns about 10% of the examined children.

Introduction: Preschool age is a critical period for learning healthy habits and, in the face of technological advances, innovative ways to improve health have emerged. This study aims to compare interventions that use Information and Communication Technologies tools in comparison with traditional approaches, targeted to parents, to improve healthy diet and weight in preschoolers. Specifically, to know its effectiveness, which tools have been used and the main success factors in the interventions. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, SpringerLink and Cochrane Library databases. The protocol was registered (PROSPERO ID. CRD42021251037). Intervention studies to promote healthy diet and weight in preschoolers and one or both parents were included. The authors assessed risk of bias separately assigning scores with specific tools such as PRISMA or CONSORT. The results were synthesized in Excel tables according to the results sought such as the use of technology, characteristics of the intervention, weight results, and healthy eating. Results: A total of eight studies were included. Two studies showed positive effects, for both: healthy diet and Body Mass Index. Most of them used mixed tools, with predominant use of traditional approaches. The most frequent technological tool was telephony and, as a traditional approach, direct contact. The success factors seemed to be fictional characters to inspire healthy behaviors, home settings and daily dose of intervention. Conclusions: Mixing both types of tools was effective in the studies, although the low use of Information and Communication Technologies in the interventions was reflected. In addition, the results increase the evidence that they may be more effective in reducing the consumption of non-recommended food groups and in overweight or obese children.

Abstract The cognitive and emotional development of adolescents is affected by how they perceive their parents’ upbringing, or parenting style. This study aimed to verify the relationship between the perception of parenting styles by adolescents who committed transgressive acts and compare it to that of adolescents without such a history, also searching for associations with the moral emotions of pride, shame, and guilt. In total, 219 adolescents in conflict with the law and 243 non-offender adolescents participated in the study. They answered questionnaires containing sociodemographic questions and scales that assess moral emotions and parenting styles. The Chi-square and t-test were used to verify significant correlations between the demandingness dimension of the perceived parenting style and the practice of transgressive acts. Results revealed that the demandingness dimension and two guilt factors can act as protection against transgressive acts, especially in male adolescents.

Introducción. La obesidad es una enfermedad de interés para la salud pública, con alto índice de prevalencia en el mundo, la cual trae consigo problemas de salud que ponen en riesgo la vida de las personas que la padecen. El estado nutricional de un menor está determinado por características sociales, culturales y económicas que se pueden ver influenciadas por las costumbres arraigadas durante la niñez. De acuerdo con lo anterior, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer las creencias y hábitos que tienen los adolescentes y sus padres frente a la obesidad en la ciudad de Armenia, Quindío. Metodología. Investigación cualitativa de enfoque fenomenológico, realizada por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas en la que participaron 7 padres y 7 adolescentes. Resultados. Según los padres, la mayoría de adolescentes invierten su tiempo en aparatos electrónicos, dejando a un lado la realización de ejercicio y los estilos de vida saludable. Un participante consideró a los padres o tutores encargados del cuidado de los menores como responsables de la alimentación. Discusión. En las percepciones de los padres y los adolescentes frente al tema de la obesidad se encontraron coincidencias en las diferentes respuestas de ambos grupos. Conclusión. Los adolescentes se encuentran con libertad para acceder a tecnologías virtuales, tanto en sus colegios como en sus hogares; sin embargo, según la literatura, el juego físico posee un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del niño, así como el papel de los padres dentro del desarrollo nutricional de los menores, el cual es factor determinante, puesto que el comportamiento de los niños suele modelarse de la observación y la adaptación. Introduction. Obesity is a disease of interest for public health with a high rate of prevalence in the world, which brings health problems that put at risk the lives of those who suffer from the disease. The nutritional status of children is determined by social, cultural and economic characteristics that may be influenced by habits acquired during childhood. According to the above, the present research aims to find out the beliefs and habits of adolescents and parents regarding obesity in the city of Armenia, Quindío. Methodology. Qualitative research with a phenomenological approach, conducted through semi-structured interviews with seven parents and seven adolescents. Results. According to the parents, most adolescents spend their time on electronic devices, forgetting about exercising and healthy lifestyles. One participant thought that children’s parents or guardians are responsible for their diet. Discussion. Similarities in perceptions of obesity were found between the parents and adolescents in the answers of both groups. Conclusion. Adolescents are free to access digital technology in both their schools and homes. However, according to the literature, physical play has an essential role in child development, as well as the role of parents in children’s nutritional development. This is a determining factor as children’s behavior is usually modeled through observation and adaptation. Introdução. A obesidade é uma doença de interesse para a saúde pública, com alta taxa de prevalência no mundo, o que traz consigo problemas de saúde que coloca em risco a vida de quem a sofre. O estado nutricional de uma criança é determinado por características sociais, culturais e econômicas que podem ser influenciadas por costumes arraigados durante a infância. De acordo com o exposto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer as crenças e hábitos que os adolescentes e seus pais têm em relação à obesidade na cidade de Armênia, Quindío. Metodologia. Pesquisa qualitativa, com abordagem fenomenológica, realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, na que participaram sete pais e sete adolescentes. Resultados. Segundo os pais, a maioria dos adolescentes gasta seu tempo com dispositivos eletrônicos, deixando de lado a realização de atividade física e estilos de vida saudáveis. Um participante considerou os pais ou tutores de menores como responsáveis pela alimentação. Discussão. Nas percepções de pais e adolescentes sobre a questão da obesidade, foram encontradas coincidências nas diferentes respostas dos dois grupos. Conclusão. Os adolescentes têm a liberdade para acessar tecnologias virtuais, tanto em suas escolas quanto em suas casas. No entanto, de acordo com a literatura, os jogos físicos têm papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da criança, assim como o papel dos pais no desenvolvimento nutricional de menores, o que é um fator determinante, uma vez que o comportamento da criança costuma ser modelado a partir da observação e adaptação.

Introduction: The birth of a child is not only one of the most important life events for parents, but also a challenge in dealing with many difficulties associated with the basic stages of development and nursing a newborn baby. Often, insufficient knowledge and lack of skills about the child's development and care, are the cause of considerable difficulties for the parents of the newborn child. Health education is an important element of supporting activities in medicine, especially the education of young parents. It should include knowledge of maintaining hygiene, the use of appropriate care products, protecting umbilical stump, feeding, stimulating the child, as well as the use of vaccines. As many studies show, knowledge of healthy behaviors and parents' skills in newborn care and care determine the child's health in a broad sense.The aim of the study was to analyze the state of knowledge of parents about the newborn period and childcare as well as to analyze educational needs in this area.Material and method: The study involved 80 parents of newborns. The research method used in the work was a diagnostic survey. The survey technique in the form of a questionnaire was used to conduct the research.Results: In assessing the knowledge transferred about neonatal care by medical staff in the maternity ward, male and female responses are mixed. Only 37% of women obtained extensive knowledge, while 63% of women insufficient and in need of supplementation. As many as 70% of the men did not receive any information from the staff, the rest (30%) of the men were given messages, but they were incomplete. The most frequently chosen form of acquiring knowledge by both female and male respondents was to talk to staff (63%) and instruct (43%). For the vast majority of respondents (95%) the concept of newborn is familiarConclusions: However, the knowledge possessed by parents is incomplete. Men are ignored in parental education. Most of the respondents know the rules of childcare. Most parents need to transfer knowledge and skills from specialists.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Processed meat has undesirable effects on overall diet quality especially in children and adolescents because the high consumption could increase the prevalence of obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. This study was carried out to evaluate the processed meat consumption of children (between 6-10 ages) and to observe their parents' attitudes on processed meat consumption and purchasing. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 297 children in the 1st to 4th classes of an elementary school in İstanbul and their parents. Children processed meat consumption and parents’ opinion about processed meat, attitudes during shopping were analyzed. Chi-square, Spearman correlation, Kruskal Wallis (Tamhane) analyses were applied with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results were assessed in 95% confidence interval (CI) and p < 0.05 significance level. Results: The first parents’ attitude during shopping was analyzed expiration date. The price tag on the package was the last attitude. Body Mass Index (BMI) of children and processed meat consumption wasn’t related statistically (p>0.05), but increasing age was statistically related to higher processed meat consumption (p

ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the Preterm Parenting & Self-Efficacy Checklist to the Brazilian Portuguese. Method: A methodological study was carried out with 51 parents of premature infants. Data analysis was based on psychometric and inferential statistical analyses. Results: The instrument content validation by experts obtained excellent agreement (97%) and the semantic analysis by the target population showed good understanding of the terms and ease of use. In test-retest, most participants were female (64.7%); and parents with higher education (47.1%). The instrument showed stability over time, with good internal consistency (α = 0.84). Four factors were generated in the subscales parenting self-efficacy, importance of tasks and self-perceived parental competence (67.0% to 74.2% of the variance). Conclusion: The properties of the Preterm Parenting & Self-Efficacy Checklist – Brazilian Version were maintained, which is a reliable indicator to evaluate the hospital discharge of premature infants.

In many documents, the European Union has set the promotion and development of multilingualism as a goal and commitment. Although many foreign and domestic studies demonstrate the benefits of early foreign language learning/second language acquisition, and thus the development of early multilingualism, the decision to involve pre-school children in various forms of language learning is solely in the hands of parents. Parents who enrol their children in foreign language activities can choose between different private providers – language schools – as there is no foreign language kindergarten in the compulsory programme. Some kindergartens offer language classes, mostly English, given by external providers, but there is a fee for this offer. Since there is no systematically regulated foreign language teaching in preschool in Slovenia, we were interested in the attitudes of parents whose children go to kindergarten towards early foreign language learning and early multilingualism. The results of the research, which included parents of kindergarten children from all statistical regions of Slovenia, show that multilingualism has positive connotations and that parents perceive multilingualism as an added value that should be developed from childhood, as it allows children to learn about other cultures and other languages during a period that is extremely favourable for learning a foreign language, and does not represent any additional effort. At the same time, the results also clearly show that a large proportion of parents understand multilingualism to mean learning English and not necessarily other languages. However, this tells us that it will be necessary to invest quite a bit of effort in informing parents and the public about the real benefits of speaking more languages.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the experiences of parents of children with cancer who come from areas distant from Lima-Peru during the search for cancer treatment for their children. Method: A descriptive-exploratory qualitative approach study. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were carried out. The sample consisted of 18 parents who come from remote areas from Lima who attended specialized hospitals. The qualitative analysis was of thematic content, proposed by Minayo. Results: Three categories emerged: Accessing cancer care in Lima hospitals; Having diverse personal experiences during their child’s treatment; and Reporting the socioeconomic and labor impact during their stay in Lima. Final considerations: Understanding these experiences could help health professionals to implement strategies of socioeconomic support to facilitate access to health services for children with cancer. Hospitals must guarantee the satisfaction of the basic needs of parents.

Objective: To explore the needs, motivations, and limitations related to healthy eating and digital materials, as well as to identify patterns for their design as a strategy aimed at Mexican families., Design: A qualitative observational study of the phenomenon through focus group sessions., Location: A public primary education center in the city of Querétaro, Mexico., Participants: Children aged 9 to 11 years and parents, mothers, or caregivers with children in primary education., Method: Twelve sessions were conducted with three groups of students and two sessions with parents, mothers, or caregivers using an interview guide. Various digital materials, developed based on social cognitive theory, were presented during the sessions. The sessions were recorded with the participants' or their guardians' prior consent and transcribed for analysis. Coding was performed for key points of analysis, and information saturation was confirmed., Results: Students expressed motivation towards digital material that promotes play and experimentation, especially within the family context. The main perceived barrier was the caregivers' resistance to change. Parents expressed motivation and a need for explanatory material on diseases, with economic and time-related barriers., Conclusions: Digital material based on social cognitive theory, designed to improve nutrition, can be an effective strategy in nutritional education if it considers the circumstances of the target population. It is advisable to include affective and behavioral elements to achieve meaningful learning within households., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España S.L.U. All rights reserved.)