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Introduction: The paper "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" (Mollusks of Cocos Island) published in the Revista del Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1935) is the translation to Spanish of one of the last works of Paul Biolley Matthey (1862-1908), Swiss naturalist that lived in Costa Rica. This article was one product of a malacological research carried out during a scientific expedition organized by the 'Instituto Físico- Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica' (IFGN) in 1902 to Cocos Island, at a time when the country claimed its sovereignty both in this territory. Objective: To analyze the contributions of the article "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" from the Social History of Science approach. Methods: Most of the researches that have applied this approach in Costa Rica analyze processes of institutionalization of scientific disciplines. The methodology used in these works was very useful for the analysis of the Biolley article, together with the information of historical data provided by other texts about Cocos Island and the development of scientific research in Costa Rica from a temporal perspective. In addition, tables were made to synthesize the classification of the species and genera studied by Biolley in Cocos Island to identify their provenance and the habitat in which they lived. Results: This study of Biolley constitutes a text of interest from the point of view of the Social History of Science, due to the descriptions it offers of the physical conditions of the territory of Cocos Island, of the different species of mollusks located in them and to the exchange of information with national and foreign scientists that show the participation of Biolley in scientific networks. Conclusions: The analysis of the information with the Social History of Science approach, concludes that the compilation of the flora and fauna permits a greater knowledge of the natural resources of the explored territories, in order to colonize them and integrate them into the economic dynamics of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. However, attempts colonize Cocos Island failed given the distance between this and the continent, in addition to the topographic conditions that prevent the permanent establishment of human populations and their productive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplomat, Egyptologist, writer and historian, Eduard Toda is remembered as the man who rescued the Algherese dialect of Catalan from oblivion and who helped rebuild the monastery libraries of Escornalbou and Poblet. On the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of his death, this paper reviews Toda’s book collecting activities, his general love of books and his outstanding work as a benefactor of libraries, which together contributed to enriching our country’s book heritage. The paper then turns to Toda’s relationship with the school for librarians the Escola de Bibliotecàries, which was founded thanks to his donation of a number of book collections to the Library of Catalonia. As recorded in the archives of the old Escola, this relationship was based on a number of different activities: Toda’s trips to Escornalbou, which also provided an opportunity for cultural study; his organization of periods of residence for student librarians at Poblet to help rebuild the monastery’s library; his creation of classes in book restoration in degree courses in librarianship; and the creation of a workshop for restoring library materials, which for many decades helped to link the Escola and the Library of Catalonia. Finally, as the article shows, Toda’s ties with the Escola de Bibliotecàries were reinforced by the mutual affection existing between him and the school as well as by the activities he organized with its students, which gave the school its singular nature as a place of study during the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how the homo oeconomicus has evolved from utility at work to consumption and then to the mystification of profit in a context of financialization and long-term crisis. Thus, a semantic slippage occurs, which distorts the achievements of capitalism, such as individualism and self-interest, for a libertarian belief -alien to liberalism, to Bentham's utilitarianism and marginalism- in which it is not possible to define social utility, nor the connection between the "rationality" of individual decisions and social choices. Usefulness is confused with profit in the primacy of today's business mentality and is often reflected in individual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the end of the colonial period the east coasts of the General Captaincy of Venezuela were the setting of an intense movement of ideas, papers and people, as well as of conspiracies and confrontments (both armed and unarmed). In that context emerged the figure of Francisco Isnardi, who would soon be imprisoned for alleged intentions to conspire. The study of this case of treason, especially of the suspect's library, which was confiscated, allows us to present a set of problems regarding the diffusion of enlightened values in Tierra Firme during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el impacto de la Primera Guerra Mundial en la España neutral.

“‘The Spectre of Marburg’ wanders around the Operative Aesthetics. Luis Juan Guerrero, ‘Evolutive’ Reader of Heidegger”. This paper aims to analyse the reading of Martin Heidegger’s thought offered by Luis Juan Guerrero in his Operative Aesthetics. I claim that “The Origin of the Work of Art” plays a central role in the work of the Argentinian philosopher. However, this does not mean that Guerrero is not an original author or that he is a mere commentator of the German philosopher. On the contrary: the Argentinian philosopher offers a productive reading of Heidegger which allows him to build his own and authentic philosophy. By focusing on Heidegger’s essay on art and on the first volume of the Operative Aesthetics, this paper analyses three essential issues: the concept of tool, the world-earth relationship, and the bond between history and truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes various intellectual practices tied to the use of public and private documents in the practice of history in Argentina over the second half of the nineteenth century. Starting from the "question of limits," this essay analyzes the work of bibliophiles Manuel Ricardo Trelles and Juan Martín Leguizamón, both of whom tried to historically reconstruct the territorial unity of Argentina. it shows how this work lies at the crossroads of antiquarian studies, History, and Natural History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the particularities of the educational policies of the Popular Unity. To answer this question, the context has been recreated and the main issues and conflict of these policies are explored. This objective is original because most of the investigations on this regard have studied the logic of the groups that fought to govern the country, have highlighted the differences between the educational projects of past governments or have evidenced the controversies surrounding the Unified National School. To achieve this answer, the study carried out an exhaustive review of the main primary and secondary sources in this matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an argument about the reasons for the exclusion of Spanish women and their literary production in relation with the rest of the Group of '27 literary canon. In order to evidence the marginalization of these authors and demonstrate their absence in the cultural Spanish landscape, the article begins with an explanation of the historical and sociopolitical context of Spain during the early decades of the 20th century. Afterward, this paper presents a conceptualization of literary canon as a starting point to approach the polemic associated with the --commonly referred to as-- Generation of '27 as well as the configuration of poetry as a characteristic genre in comparison to the other literary work, and the role that critics and history played in the conformation of the canon of the '27 movement. Finally, it is concluded that women were not part of the modernization attempts in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century for different reasons: relegation of them to the domestic sphere, the high representation of men in the Group of '27, the significant role of anthologies and magazines in shaping the canon, and the repression caused by the dictatorship of the Franco regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since the beginning of its republican life, the development of biological sciences in Costa Rica has been strongly influenced by hundreds of foreign naturalists and scientists who have carried out exploration, research, and publication activities in relation to its biodiversity. Objective: To better understand their contributions, in this paper we take an historical tour, with emphasis on the last century and a half, regarding the motivations that attracted these people to Costa Rica, as well as their specific scientific contributions. Methods: Six criteria were followed to address this issue: a) whether they were residents or itinerants; b) if they had a frequent relationship with Costa Rica; c) if they collected specimens; d) the type of publication; and e) whether to implement teaching or institutional management. Results: Therefore, the information is organized into six large sections, structured chronologically as follows: the first inventories of the biodiversity of Costa Rica (1513-1842), the recognition of biological sciences in Costa Rican culture (1839-1848), the insertion of biological sciences in Costa Rican culture (1854-1886), the institutionalization of the biological sciences in Costa Rica (1886-1900), Costa Rica as a mecca for biological explorations (1900-1957), and the training of professionals in biological sciences (1940-2021). Conclusion: This periodization allows us to contextualize the contributions of those naturalists or scientists in time, as well as to better visualize the economic, social and political events and circumstances that conditioned their scientific work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the elements that characterize the teaching of Mathematics in the Ave María Schools, founded and run by Andrés Manjón in Granada between 1889 and 1923. He stood up for a peculiar model of integrated education, based on Christian values, and he also developed his own methodological principles, similar in many ways to those of the emerging École Nouvelle. The selection and analysis of several sources has allowed us to set his teaching of Mathematics within this pedagogical framework and has suggested us the idea that the strategies used by Manjón in order to teach Arithmetic and Geometry could be innovative at that time and, perhaps, valuable from the point of view of contemporary Didactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the pathogenic spirochetes, Leptospira. The disease has a significant impact in several regions of the world; the WHO classifies it as an emerging public health problem due to the epidemic potential that it can have; mainly, because it is related to hydrometeorological conditions. Symptoms include sudden fever, severe headaches, muscle pain, nausea, and chills. Leptospirosis is considered a neglected disease that is associated with populations living in vulnerable conditions in urban and rural environments. Many cases of leptospirosis are related to specific occupations, such as agriculture and animal management. The impact on animal health is reflected in economic losses and risk situations intertwine the humananimal-ecosystem triad. Leptospirosis has been present since ancient times and even today, it is observed that its incidence remains in force. The lack of clinical suspicion its non-specific symptoms, and the limited availability of timely diagnosis among physicians, make it an unknown disease. In this paper, a systematic review of the literature from PubMed, Scielo, Latindex and Google Scholar is presented, and it describes the historical view of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Yucatan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a recentralization of Merleau-Ponty's political thought in order to give account, not only of a local aspect of his philosophy, but rather of a privileged interpretative key to understand the author's work as a whole. In this sense, we will argue in favor of the existence of an intimate relationship between phenomenological reduction and the internal logic of revolutionary processes. According to our reading, this relationship leads to the author's critical thinking of history and being-in-the-world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta una conferencia dictada por Marta Acevedo el 11 de mayo de 2011 en el coloquio "Cuarenta años de feminismo en México", celebrado en la Casa de las Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, en la cual la autora ofrece una revisión histórica del movimiento feminista en México.

The purpose of this paper is to present and base the theoretical-analytical proposal called psychosocial understanding of the configuration of subjectivities, from a complex, relational, socio-historically situated, intersubjective and symbolic epistemological position. In this framework, it is postulated as an alternative to the deterministic and essentialist views that have characterized the theoretical productions in this field. This proposal, which should be considered provisional and open to later revisions, is inspired by the historical-cultural perspective of Fernando González Rey. First, the problematic individual-society relationship and the reductionisms derived from their consideration as antinomic poles are analyzed. In a second moment, some details about the psychosocial understanding of subjectivities are advanced, particularly the power of the concept "configuration" as an epistemic operator. Finally, a conceptual scheme is offered that articulates the proposed analytical dimensions and categories and reflects on the ethical-political projections of this discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the connection between Humanism and history within the thought of the Lutheran humanist P. Melanchthon. His education, undertaken before his arrival to Wittenberg, and his work as the designer of the reformist educative system, link him with the historical and philological humanist tradition, which synthesises this dual aspect: the philological humanism and the historical humanism, both reciprocally boosting the quest of an earthly humanity. From the point of view of Reform, along with Humanism, history is an ethical task that concerns the earthly human life and a theological task that leads to understanding the historical facts as transcendent commands. The qualitative break-up with the previous era relies upon linking humanhood with history, with civilised life, with education following some classical scheme, etc. According to Humanism as historic-philological humanism, the discovery of the human being would be the discovery of his historical reality, backing until Classical Antiquity. This conception of the human being shows itself as a philosophy of the human being that lets us glimpse a Philosophy of History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author approaches the issue of method as seen in the research of Michel Foucault, who creates a history of the present, articulates archeology with genealogy and develops a set of tools for his genealogical research. This paper discusses two of those tools: the dispositif and the focus of experience. The author concludes that: (1) the concept of dispositif, which includes discursive and non-discursive practices, is a powerful tool for the genealogist who writes the history of the present; (2) every dispositif has a strategic role, and (3) the concept of focus of experience makes it possible to analyze the problems of knowledge/truth, power and subjectivation in the various areas of problematization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues the origins of research in chemical sciences at the University of Orient, and the first chemical degree course in Cuba. The peculiar origin of the career, as a consequence of the orientation to research towards basic science, promoted by Dr. H. Harry Szmant from whiting the career of Industrial Chemical Engineering, is demonstrated. The creation, purposes and evolution of the Chemical Research Center at the Universidad de Oriente are analized. It is argued that the early decision to organize the Chemistry Conference in 1964, the first on the country, arose from identifying the need to divulgate the results and promote exchange among scientists, It is shown that this event served as platform for the creation of the Cuban Society of Chemistry and the Cuban Journal of Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of blood transfusions is exciting. In Mexico this practice began in the XIX century and from this time the advances and contributions of researchers and clinicians were decisive for its development and implementation in the clinical practice. The aim of this paper is to make a brief review of the history of blood transfusion in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 1950s the signifier "community" was not used to designate indigenous political frameworks; however, forty years later it was widely used. This paper focuses on characterizing and situating the emergence of the "indigenous community" as a political subject within the framework of inter-ethnic relations in the northwest of Chubut. We suggest that the "indigenous community" is configured as the signifier of an articulation between local supra-family frameworks and political, economic, demographic and legal transformations that took place since the 1960s and crystallized during the democratic restoration in the 1980s. We appeal to history and ethnohistory, ethnography, and document and newspaper review to support our hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 19th century, at least, the biblical exegesis experienced a dramatical change. In this context, the johannine group, viewed through the own text of John, becomes a subject of common study. In this paper, we analize some important authors who contributed their personal vision to the life and situation of the group of believers that appear in the johaninne writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a state of the art of the international Digital Humanities landscape with the aim of outlining and highlighting some of its key points within the huge existing bibliography. In doing so, it aspires to act as a guide for humanists who wish to initiate themselves in this research field, and to serve as a continuation and update of previous works by other researchers. To this end, it is divided into two sections: a first one including an approach to the definition of Digital Humanities, its main characteristics, and a presentation of the most relevant organizations and associations encompassing the research community; and a second section containing a brief history of the discipline, which focuses on its main milestones from its origins to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word Teotihuacan has been spoken countless times since it was recorded on European paper, in the first third of the 16th Century. It is the name by which the material remains of the most influential archaeological culture of Central Mexico (from the Classic period) are known; however, its etymology is unclear since, throughout history, it has presented several connotations that have resulted in a confusing understanding of its symbolic content. In this paper, we have undertaken the task of identifying reliable historical sources and graphic records, which have allowed us to develop a proposal for a more approximate equivalence to the physical reality, including the monuments and the urban layout of the site, with the aim of bolstering the idea that Teotihuacan could be referenced by way of its direct relationship with solar movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 26 April 1986, one of the most important events in the history of nuclear energy took place: the Chernobyl accident. This historic event marked the decline of the Soviet Union, an environmental agenda and new geopolitics of the world. It has been portrayed in literature, film, photo-reportage and documentary, among others. This paper seeks to analyse and contrast the HBO series Chernobyl (2019) and Svetalna Alexievich's Voices from Chernobyl (1997), specifically the relationship between reality and literary and filmic reconstruction. For this purpose, we use a descriptive-argumentative logic and a visual analysis with a mixed methodology. The analysis reveals a conflictive relationship between the two works, since the testimonies recorded in the book are easily recognisable in the series, although the latter has never specified that they are based on the book. Among the conclusions, the narrative structure carrying ideology (which seeks to strengthen a collective imaginary over the commonly accepted biases about the Soviet Union and its model of socialism), carried out with remarkable art direction, stands out. Finally, the series comes at a time of widespread debate in civil society about the use of nuclear energy, just as the end of the current model of fossil fuel-based energy generation for society and heavy industry approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the so far unnoticed relation between Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote and the life and works of Spanish novelist Francisco Umbral. In spite of having written numerous texts on canonical Spanish authors, Umbral actually paid limited attention to Cervantes. The purpose of the paper is to establish the few yet significant affinities that Umbral expressed towards Cervantes and the main character of his novel. In order to demonstrate this complex link, the paper compares the character of Alonso Quijano to Umbral as a public figure himself. In both cases, there is a constant negotiation between fact and fiction, which leads us to problematize, according to Ian Watt, the concept of "myth" as a paradigm of modern individualism. The second part of the paper examines the metaphors of history that Umbral discovers throughout his reading of Don Quixote. Finally, the third section reflects on the similarities between Quijano and Umbral as both heroes and polemicists. Conclusions show that Umbral's interpretation is symptomatic of a shared perspective of Miguel de Cervantes' novel among late 20th century Spanish writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to consider Martin del Barco Centenera's Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata (1602) as a blending of history and fiction, in the context of an epistemic revolution that took place during the European Renaissance Era and the preceptive reading of Aristotle's Poetics in Italy and Spain. This paper exposes how this epic poem was elaborated with evidentially modalizations and other rhetoric resources to provide a credible testimony and its moralizating point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay aims to contribute to the discussion on the presence of a Political Theology in Populism. Starting from this presupposition, links are drawn between authors who have studied the processes of Modernity, the problem of Rationalism, the crisis of Liberalism, the rise of totalitarianism, as well as the question of convictions, Political Theology and Populism. The aim is not to provide a definitive interpretation about a problematic that arouses reactions and interpretations as diverse as they are contradictory. The rather modest aim of this paper is to look at the ways in which rationalism has attempted to undermine its "other side", also profoundly modern, and at the impact of this undermining on politics and theory, where Populism is effectively presented as a manifestation of this process and, consequently, as a Political Theology, generally with practical and immediate aims. It is thus considered that the study of the articulations between Populism and Political Theology could serve the rationalist tradition not to neglect the dramatic and highly conflictive origin of the political, which populism uses to intervene in public life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a comparative study that seeks to identify conceptions of the importance of four types of formal content in history teaching (periods of history, cross-cutting themes in history, history of places, and national historical processes) among a group of Colombian (M = 764) and Spanish (N = 648) students in the last year of compulsory education in the cities of Bogotá and Murcia, respectively. A descriptive approach was followed based on a closed-ended questionnaire relating to historical consciousness, with item responses measured on a Likert scale. The results support the idea that the interest shown by students in the formal content proposed is an indicator that calls for a critical review of the structure and organization of history curricula in the two contexts studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with El samurái de la Graflex, by Daniel Salinas Basave. The analysis focuses on the representation of a historical character of Japanese origin: Kingo Nonaka, whose figure represents the irruption of a culture that contrasts with the attitudes and ideosyncrasy of revolutionary Mexico. Non-aka concentrates elements that form the image of a Japan in transition towards modernity. Between meditation as a method for diving and fluency with a camera, Salinas Basave follows Nonaka in his wanderings and allows the reader to appreciate details of the history of the first half of the twentieth century from a perspective "alien" to the Mexican one, while building a space for reflection on writing and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review the feminist movement, thought and politics that have taken great strength among Latin American women, mainly young women, who have taken to the streets raising their voices to view the violence they suffer daily in all public and private Spaces in which they operate. This chronology seeks to give an account of how feminist theorizations have influenced the consolidation of an explanatory baggage about women's reality. A look at what happened in Mexico with feminism is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes recentfindings on indigenous navigation in northern Colombia. Using the notion of "indigenous navigation" does not discriminate between pre-Columbian and historical times. This notion is very useful to see continuities in material culture. Since this is an ongoing research, historical, ethnographic and, to a lesser extent, archaeological sources are being used to understand the general elements of indigenous navigation in this part of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is focused on the interrelationships between Working Memory (WM) executive processes and fluid intelligence with reading comprehension, and their common ability to predict academic achievement in History. Twenty six secondary school students participated in this study. The results indicate that cognitive variables correlate with each other and with academic performance. The regression analysis showed that reading comprehension constitutes the most important higher-order cognitive ability that best predicts academic performance in this curricular subject. Likewise, the study reveals the utility of WM measures in educational environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of the COP (Spanish College of Psychologists) was of enormous significance in establishing the identity of psychology in Spain. The organization, aimed at organizing and representing the profession, has not stopped growing, despite the serious internal and external issues it has had. This article presents a legislative and documentary review, particularly based on its representative publication, Papeles del Psicólogo/Psychologist Papers. We analyze the second stage of the COP, that of professionalization, decentralization, and reorganization as the Spanish Psychological Association, taking into account its role in the internal and international projection of the discipline as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a call for papers on the topic of digital history and the use of Internet in historical research, to be published in a future issue of the journal.

"There is no such Revival. Around the Philosophical Disquisitions on Alienation in the late Twentieth Century". The following paper proposes to give arguments to relativize the extensive account that the concept of alienation lost theoretical attention in the field of philosophy during the eighties of the last century, and that a revival of the study of the concept occurred in the nineties. The conclusion is that there was no such loss of attention, but that furthermore, the presumed premises in the discussion concerning alienation from the nineties up to the present were delineated during the eighties. This conclusion has two supporters: the type of approach regarding alienation carried out by analytical Marxism and the philosophical incursions into the concept in the context of North American sociology. Based on this, the text offers a systematization of the history of the philosophical study of the concept in two sections or stages. And it concerns itself with two -and not three- stages because, for what was argued, philosophy did not stop talking about alienation in the eighties, although it did so to a much lesser extent than before (specifically, during the sixties and seventies, considered the boom in the philosophical treatment of alienation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze the role played by ideology in regard to the historical implementation of human rights, questioning whether this implementation has fulfilled an eminently ideological function. The reflection will pass through the vision of two scholars who have held one of the most interesting contemporary philosophical discussions: Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault. At first, the Althusserian theory of ideology will be outlined, in order to defend that human rights have operated as an "ideological apparatus", questioning the individual from an immanently capitalist context. Then, we will verify that Michel Foucault was very critical of the Althusserian approaches. The notion of a transcendental subject will be crucial in such criticism, since in the Foucaultian perspective there are never subjects that are constituted prior to effective dynamics of power. In Foucaultian analysis, ideology will no longer occupy an essential place. The contributions of Slavoj Žižek will also be, by the way, decisive throughout this discussion. Finally, some critical reflections will be drawn to think about the emancipatory possibility of human rights in the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a contextualization of the history of ska music in Costa Rica, which has a narrow link with the "third wave of ska" at a worldwide level and the development of other music genres in the decade of the 90's in the country. During this period the participation of groups with young people from the neighborhoods from the south of San José Downtown and other parts from the Great Metropolitan Area it's a big highlight. In a sense of discussion, the researchers show a series of annotations that try to find guidance to study of ska music in the country, from its historical context to its importance at a social level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1954, 28 national football associations from all over Europe met in Basel, Switzerland, to create a continental organization. Renamed as Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) in October 1954, in less than ten years it became a major actor in European football, a leading role which it continued to play in the decades that followed. How can the creation of this organization be explained during the Cold War, when Europeans were divided? What were the main sources of inspiration for the advocates of UEFA? From a globalized perspective, this paper addresses these two questions by focusing on the role played by South American football administrators in this process. This research is primarily based on documents from the FIFA archives, in particular the minutes of both the Executive and Emergency Committees and the Congresses, as well as mail correspondence. These documents have been cross-referenced with other archives of national associations and a careful review of L'Equipe and France Football, newspapers with international scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze Brazilian athletes' participation in the South American Olympic Games held in 1907 in Montevideo/Uruguay through the publications published by the press in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The sources selected for this purpose were the following newspapers: Correio Paulistano, Jornal do Brazil, O Paiz and O Século. There is evidence of various tensions in the incipient Brazilian sporting sphere, which implied definitions of amateurism and professionalism, as well as disputes over the sporting protagonism between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In conclusion, the article points out that, even in this scenario of tensions, the Brazilian press tried to produce its first sports heroes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on a fieldwork carried out in the lands of a former rural property in Northeastern Brazil. I consider the history of this property as told by its old inhabitants, who still live there. I intend to demonstrate that the content as well as the social dynamics of their narrations leave out the experiences and the accounts of women. Also, the categories of social sciences that I take to the fieldwork are predominantly associated with masculine experiences. In this paper I explore the marginalized narratives that fall outside the history of this place. In these, specific gender experiences emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of the Spanish Psychological Association (Spanish acronym, COP) was of enormous significance in the establishing of psychology in Spain, and in the creation of its identity. Since the publication of the 1980 Law of Creation [of the COP], this organization--aimed at regulating and representing the psychology profession--has not stopped growing, despite the serious internal and external issues it has had. The Spanish Psychological Association has gone through different stages over the past 40 years, which reflect and help us to characterize the short history of Spanish psychology, in particular the history of its delimitation with respect to other professions. This article presents an extensive legislative and documentary review, particularly based on its representative publication, Papeles del Psicólogo/Psychologist Papers. We analyze the complicated early years, up to 1993, under the direction of Carlos Camarero and Adolfo Hernández, a phase marked by the internal configuration of the organization, a serious challenge for the profession, and the fight to approve the master's degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the technical and social dynamics of publishing the magazine El Heraldo Seráfico, which, after August 1915, was totally undertaken in a Capuchin workshop. Following the model proposed by historian Robert Darnton, this paper seeks to answer the following research questions: What motivated the foundation of this typographic workshop? What kind of technology existed therein? What were its main expenditures? What was the editorial hierarchy at the workshop? We conclude that the Capuchins reproduced in Costa Rica an editorial strategy previously and successfully developed in Catalonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper aims at presenting and describing some texts published in the newspapers El Argentino and El Hogar under the pseudonym "Mórdicus", behind which we have identified the figure of Arturo Costa Álvarez. A decisive proof for this identification lies in the finding of a set of manuscripts for unpublished articles also signed by the abovementioned pseudonym among the legacy of this author, preserved by the Biblioteca Pública de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, in a section bearing Costa Álvarez's name. A transcription of these manuscripts is offered in the appendix to the following paper. In the texts signed by Mórdicus, we can see how Costa Álvarez reinforces what his contemporary interventions in magazines, journals and newspapers at that time aimed at -that is, not only to establish itself as an authorized voice in the glotopolitical debate of its time, but also to defend that place against the emergence and advancement, in the 1920s, of the Instituto de Filología, an institution with directors from the Center for Historical Studies from Madrid. He does this from an alternative position, provided by the pseudonym and pervaded with mordacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the colonial times, the Northeastern Venezuela region was featured by the contrast between different ethnic and cultural groups. The reconstruction of these contrasts has required the projection of the theoretical bases of the ethnographic method towards scopes which imply both othernesses in time and in space. This paper illustrates how this method, more than a technique of data collection, is itself a theoretical look that allows the relativization of the analyst's own culture and the approach towards world views that diverge with the observer's point of view. In the first section, the relevance of the ethnographic looks for critiquing the analyst's culture of reference, inside the historical study of the multicultural frontiers, is argued. In the second section, the application of this perspective on the Noreastern Venezuela's frontiers, during the colonial times, is illustrated. In this main section, the focus is on the importance of this look as a resource of cultural self-critique; the approach of other ways of cultural irreflexivities; and the recognition of different ways of social complexity. Finally, this papers opens the reflection around the analytic limits of the separation between History and Anthropology, doubt their potential ethnocentric biases in the study of the past's cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the historical evolution of the cooperation between the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) and Mexico following the signing of their cooperation agreement in August 1975, which remained in effect until COMECON'S demise in 1991. To this end, a brief analysis is made of the antecedents of this international body, which was created within the so-called socialist bloc, and a review is conducted of the body's conception of international cooperation. After covering the historical context behind the mentioned agreement's negotiation, its legal framework, context and scope are reviewed. This paper thereby seeks to contribute to the historical memory of cooperation policy and its international regime, with particular reference to COMECON and Mexico in the period known as the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their discovery, the non-neuronal cells of the nervous system have been called glia, a word of Greek origin that means union or glue, because it was believed that their function was to form a kind of putty, in which neurons are immersed. Thereafter, new cell types discovered by new staining techniques, were also classified as glia, which to this day are still considered as binding cells or glue of nerve tissue. The objective of this paper is to question the inappropriate use of the term glia and to propose a new term to designate non-neuronal cells. Despite the enormous knowledge that is currently available of these cells and the great variety of functions they perform to maintain the proper functioning of neurons and nerve circuits, they still retain the name of glia, an inappropriate name that blurs the true role they play. Therefore, the term "synneuronas" is proposed, from the Greek prefix syn which means with or together with, what would suggest that they are cells that present structural and functional proximity with to neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the basic notions of Reinhart Koselleck's conceptual history, with regard to which he claims that conceptual order permits the constitution of semantic fields that obtain their content from the horizons of expectations and experience in which they are embedded. However, this relation is troublesome, for Koselleck does not explore the ideological grounding of the extralinguistic sphere that determines conceptual order, showing thusly an aspect that affects conceptual history's composition as a discipline that does not question its own foundations. We therefore claim that the notion of semantic control exerted by ideologies, which determine the primacy of specific conceptual meanings over other conceptual contents, allows this issue to be clarified and solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze how the fanbase of a football team is built in a complex process which allows the study of the motivations enthused by this sport in our subjects. In order to answer our working question -What is the process to build a contemporary football fanbase for the University of Guadalajara's team, the Leones Negros?-, this study was conducted using qualitative methodology, interviews with fans, and hemerographic consultation. The team Leones Negros was chosen due to its symbolic value -a relevant source for historic memory among the city's people. Among the findings, the institutional mediation that results in the communication of emotions rooted in the subjects' biography when conforming their identity stands out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]