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The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of economic openness on wage dispersion. To this end, using a fixed effects panel model, we evaluate the impact of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as productivity and education, on wage dispersion in 14 economic subsectors in Mexico during the period 1999-2021. The main findings show that: i) increasing exports tend to diminish wage dispersion; ii) the flow of FDI seems to increase wage dispersion; iii) productivity and the heterogeneity of the productive network are determining factors in the dynamics of average wages. In this context, it is important to implement a variety of industrial and labour policies to effectively absorb the dynamic advantages associated with economic openness, such as the reduction of wage dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates, using a panel data model, that mainly firm-specific (microeconomic) versus macroeconomic variables affect the long-run profitability of a group of banks in Mexico in the pre- and COVID-19 periods. Interbank deposit, deposit rate, bank size, size of non-performing loan portfolio, delinquency, operating expenses, traditional deposit, salary, unemployment, and interest rate have statistical influence on bank profitability, but this relationship changes in the COVID-19 period. These results can be useful in the decisions of the different areas of banks, as well as for the design of public policies aimed at maintaining the stability of the banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the worker-employer conflicts in one of the representative companies of the mining industry in Mexico in the context of the great depression of the world economy of 1929, based on the study of the group's files documentary of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration belonging to the General Archive of the Nation corresponding to the company ASARCO in the period 1927-1932. The study carried out contributes to broaden the understanding of the way in which the crisis affected the working conditions of mining workers, as well as the way in which the State, through the Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, acted in conflicts between the capital and labor in the context of the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The General Health Law in Mexico was reformed in 2019. Since that moment the re-centralization began. Part of these process were the following actions: the Health Welfare Institute creation; the Popular Insurance disappearance; the coordination agreements signature between the national and the subtnationals governments, and the medicines consolidated purchase. These actions produced consequences in organizational functioning. Through the staff perception, this paper seeks to investigate these consecuences in a pimary healthcare organization in Nezahualctoyotl, Estado de México. Findings shouw that: 1. Second and third level hospitals were regionalized; 2. Contracts to treat diseases like cancer were eliminated; 3. Less existance of medicines and medical supplies; 4.Staff hired with fixed-term contract were given a regular contract. The re-centralization is usefull to study the health system changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main axes of the criminal process for adolescents is the application of alternative forms of justice, which are regulated in the National Law of the Comprehensive Criminal Justice System for Adolescents in two forms of alternative solutions: Reparatory Agreement and Conditional Suspension of the Process. In this paper, some reflections are presented as a result of the work carried out between 2021 and 2022 in the areas in charge of applying the Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in criminal justice for adolescents in Mexico City, the State of Mexico and in Chiapas. Interviews were conducted with the facilitators (in the three entities) and with adolescents who participated in criminal mediation processes (State of Mexico). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Startup have become a very important factor in the global innovation process. Startup have ceased to be an aimless company with high uncertainty. The concept has taken a turn and today these types of firms are young companies founded to develop a unique product or service, bring it to market and make it irresistible and irreplaceable for customers and that are based on innovation, addressing the shortcomings of existing products or creating entirely new categories of goods and services, thereby disrupting ways of thinking and doing business rooted in entire sectors. That is why this paper presents an analysis of the global participation of startup and how in Mexico the Fintech sector has become the favorite of this type of companies. According to IDB (2020), startups are facing the new normal by implementing online activities, such as courses, webinars and support channels (66%). Much less frequent, however, are other actions of greater proximity to entrepreneurs, such as online accompaniment (18%), mentoring (5%) or the management of public support to alleviate the companies (3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the recent recognition in Mexico in the Federal Labor Law of the right to digital disconnection, as part of teleworking, explaining its scope, objectives and implications; likewise, the limitations of this right are commented, with the support of the doctrine and references of comparative law, in addition to the difficulties for its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the way in which, within the agro-export model that has been developed in the framework of neoliberal restructuring, the processes of valorization and accumulation of capital are sustained in conditions of extreme exploitation of the labor force that violate, with the consent of the State, the most elementary precepts of labor legislation; conditions whose persistence has been expressed in recent decades in various forms of resistance that, in the case of the San Quintín Valley in Baja California, have led to the formation of an independent union with which new perspectives are opened in the struggle for rights class interests of agricultural workers in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonprofit sector in Mexico has a limited size and scope, despite of the urgent need faced by millions of citizens that do not have access to the most basic needs. Although Mexicans are regarded to be supportive and generous, they tend to engage in philanthropic activities and volunteering only sporadically and through informal means. Therefore, the fundamental problem faced by the sector is the lack of institutionalization and a poor legal and fiscal environment. The current paper analyzes the origins of the sector in Mexico to identify some of the underlying factors that have influenced it and that have limited its correct development. Then, it evaluates the current status of the sector and enumerates some of the causes that are preventing current organizations from expanding and serving an increased clientele. Finally, it proposes a set of solutions, aimed to eliminate the superfluous legal and fiscal restrictions, as well as to motivate an enhanced cooperation between the government and civil society in order to provide people with the necessary relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the characteristics of the labor issues included in North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), recently signed between the United States, Canada and Mexico. The background of the subject, the novelties of the treaty, the new international procedures in labor matters and, in general, the commitments assumed, as well as the scope and implications that these could have are reviewed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper exposes the importance of the labor defense attorney's offices, their regulation, structure, evolution, as well as the role they play in the access and impartation of labor justice. The idea is developed that these prosecutors materialize the exercise of certain human rights. The implications of the latest labor reforms in Mexico in these public institutions are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars establish the presence of the dutch disease in Mexico produced by the increase in oil prices in the first decade of the 21st century. In this context, the aim of this paper is to measure the impact of the volatility of the exchange rate (mexican peso-usdollar) influenced by volatility of mexican crude oil price, using a garch model and statistical daily information from 2010 to 2016. The results indicate that the volatility of exchange rate is not impacted by volatility of oil price but on speculation factors on itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the current food problem, the strengthening of capabilities within agro-industries is a very important strategy; these organizations are vital to agri-food value aggregation processes and economic spillovers in productive territories. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated analytical framework, from localized agrifood system approach, for the identification of the technological capabilities and innovation level in agro-industrial organizations. The present proposal was developed based on the case study of eight agro-industrial amaranth companies located in Mexico City, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the efficiency of the Mexican agricultural sector in the context of apec, taking into account the "bad outouts" that occurred during the period 1980-2015. The establishment of mechanisms that improve the efficient use of resources to generate greater added value and at the same time reduce CO2eq emissions in the sector, are essential so that Mexico can aspire to higher levels of development. In order to measure efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, was used, and in order to assess the evolution of productivity the Malmquist-Luenberger index was calculated. The results show that during the entire length of the period studied the Mexican agricultural sector was more efficient than order APEC contries. However, its productivity worsened due to the need for technological improvements that allow a displacement of the production possibilities frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the application of patents (P) in Mexico as a mechanism of technological spill to the host country. Part of a contemporary and theoretical framework that relates both variables and identifies the convenience of multinational companies to manage or safeguard knowledge. Subsequently through the Granger causality, it is shown there is no bidirectional or unidirectional causality in our country between both variab [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In search for a satisfactory answer to the question: How much debt is appropriate for a particular company? Researchers had development a whole wealth of literature that addresses the problem using different approaches. Research on financial structure and its impact on the corporate value of the companies began with the contributions of Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller which laid the foundations of the new approach of modern finance and has allowed the development of new regulations aimed at theories search for an optimal financial structure. This paper proposes a mathematical algorithm based on the Bellman's Optimality Principle, which allows companies to determine the proportion of debt and optimal capital so that its weighted average cost of capital is minimized, which is equal to maximize its market value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluate the Mexican pension model supported by the law of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) of 1997, the study review the theoretical aspects of the pension model. The principal aspects of the retirement condition are analysis by a set of scenarios with a deterministic and stochastic approach, the variables uncertainty are modelated with a stochastic process, the analysis use the Monte Carlo simulation with the projection of thirty years. The evaluation shows the Mexican pension model satisfies the ideas of Modigliani in the life cycle theory and the precepts of the Overlapping Generations Model. One of the relevant result is that the pension model partially are self-sufficiency by the population, since an important part of the workers cannot save enough incomes to support their minimum pension and hold the liability to the State. Workers with a higher income who achieve savings that can guarantee a pension higher than a minimum wage should reduce the standard of living to adapt it to the level of income in the retirement phase that corresponds to approximately a fifth of the income that was had at the retirement time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the authors found evidence that the level of Mexico's public debt is cointegrated with the wages of the manufacturing sector. In particular, there exists a negative relationship in both the short and long term. The results suggest that the country's public debt has contributed to the concentration of income in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]