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This article presents an argument about the reasons for the exclusion of Spanish women and their literary production in relation with the rest of the Group of '27 literary canon. In order to evidence the marginalization of these authors and demonstrate their absence in the cultural Spanish landscape, the article begins with an explanation of the historical and sociopolitical context of Spain during the early decades of the 20th century. Afterward, this paper presents a conceptualization of literary canon as a starting point to approach the polemic associated with the --commonly referred to as-- Generation of '27 as well as the configuration of poetry as a characteristic genre in comparison to the other literary work, and the role that critics and history played in the conformation of the canon of the '27 movement. Finally, it is concluded that women were not part of the modernization attempts in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century for different reasons: relegation of them to the domestic sphere, the high representation of men in the Group of '27, the significant role of anthologies and magazines in shaping the canon, and the repression caused by the dictatorship of the Franco regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper seeks to argue that the Popular Unity represents an important progress regarding the Mapuche people, by incorporating it into its political program; by furthering the Agrarian Reform which increased the amount of land given to the Mapuche; and by promoting the participation of the Mapuche in the elaboration of Indigenous policies. However, it did have a peasant class bias and also an assimilation component, its extreme institutionalism, perhaps unintentionally, attempted against mapuche's interests. At the end, it could not transform the structural relationship of domination of the Mapuche by the Chilean State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the emergence of smes in Costa Rica from an economic-historical perspective, during the years of 1950-2018. This periodization corresponds to the political structure of each period, according to the business development and the context to be studied during the import substitution development models (1948-1979) and the economic liberation (1982-2018). From the study, it is highlighted that, although at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century the number of smes increases, they face greater business challenges, because the State's economic policy is more inclined to globalized markets, aspects in which the previous enterprises do not have competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review the construction and representation of modernity in Papel Periodico Ilustrado, in its social environment and inside the National Museum of Colombia. Representations about this late 19th century publication and its link in the museum with curatorial script in the last decade of the 20th century are introduced. The documentary review demonstrates meanings about the nineteenth century nation and the construction of a historical narrative from the written and visual plane in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along this paper I study two cases of land occupations at the banana enclave zone of Sarapiquí from 1980 to 2009, in order to know the state's role in political processes of agrarian conflict. The analysis of the peasant's narratives -on land occupation, public negotiation, collective action, discursive and organizational dispositions- problematizes the notions of state's "absence" and/or "abandonment", leading to the conclusion that the state can be absent in its institutional forms when it is understood within the welfare ideal, but selectively present when it comes to judicialization, criminalization and repression; also, is shown that state is found where is least looked for: in peasant's organizational practices and daily desire for legal recognition. Structural adjustment promoted state's institutional reduction, however, reduction wasn't absolute, and this study concludes that such withdrawal occurred in redistributive policies, not in the repressive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to approach the development of the Costa Rican germanophile press during the Great War. The general objective is to analyze the Costa Rican newspapers that showed sympathy for the german cause between 1914 and 1918. The work is focused in the characteristics of the papers, the published propaganda and the relationship with the ally-oriented newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]