Search

This paper addresses the issue of political violence after the independence process in the thoughts of the Mexicans Lucas Alaman and Jose Maria Luis Mora, and the Argentines Juan Bautista Alberdi and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. During the first half of the 19th century, they reflected on the complex situation of their nations, immersed in instability and violence due to the conflicts and hatreds that arose between factions after independence. Based on their main works, the causes of such violence, its characteristics, and the consequences they saw for the order and progress of the new republics are analyzed. In general, from their different ideological perspectives, more liberal or more conservative, the four coincide in their concern for violence and in their ambivalence about the influence of the French Revolution on the Spanish-American nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the first tourists' guidebooks on Spain published between 1840 and 1930. The aim is to highlight the contrast between the socioeconomic vision of the country reflected in the foreign guidebooks aimed at the Anglo-Saxon public, where certain stereotypes maintained a notable weight, and the vision offered by the little-known Spanish guidebooks, aimed at the national tourists, which did give an account of the transformation of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

«Conformidad» is a very old institution in the Spanish criminal procedure system, since it dates back to the 19th century. In recent decades it has experienced a notable increase in its application as a negotiated criminal justice mechanism, as a result of several modifications in the Law of Criminal Procedure that have sought to introduce more space for negotiation in said figure and encourage its use. However, as an unwanted effect, such modifications have made the already convoluted regulation of said institute more complex, which makes it difficult to understand its physiognomy. This paper examines the current state of «conformidad» in the Spanish Criminal Procedure Law. Its scope of application, its requirements, its content, its processing and its effects are reviewed in the ordinary procedure, in the abbreviated procedure and in the fast procedure. A critical analysis of «conformidad» is also carried out from considerations made by the Spanish doctrine based on the complex normative reality and the not always consistent practice of the system, highlighting the fact that said institution generates certain risks for the accused, for the victim and for society. The work ends with some brief conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse a corpus of 137 texts published between 1888 and 1899. These texts are included in one of the most successful Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century: Las Novedades (New York, 1876-1918). In the analysis I will determine the linguistic ideologies and the discursive strategies used for the promotion of Hispanism and Spanish language in a sociopolitical context in which the Spanish hegemony was losing all its power at an international level. Thus, the ideologies found are divided in two different categories: the linguistic ideologies that give the language a cultural value and the linguistic ideologies that make reference to the economic and commercial value of the language. The results obtained from this analysis will contribute to understand the role of Spanish language in the United States. Furthermore, this paper presents an unpublished corpus of clear historiographic interest that contributes to clarify the panorama of Hispanism in a country like the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to argue that Mexico's involvement in the Universal Exhibitions and World Fairs of the nineteenth century can be considered as the immediate background of what would be called cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century. The evidence found is that Mexico started a tradition that will remain nowadays. The influence of history, as well as the richness and diversity of its artistic and cultural production were their "letters of credence" that allows the country to be appreciated and recognized internationally. Based on testimonies from those who witnessed and attend the exhibitions, as well as official documents and papers of that period, the features of these exhibitions were exposed. To this end, this paper analyzes Mexico's involvement in three of the most important exhibitions of nineteenth century: 1851, 1889 and 1900. This selection allows to compare different contexts and at the same time contributes to observe Mexican political narrative evolution. This article aims to show that the Universal Exhibitions were an opportunity for Mexico to be known and to promote an idea of a country that was aligned with the canons of that century: progress, civility and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the processes of class formation and workers’ organization in the cities of Rosario and Santa Fe, Argentina, between 1870 and the first decade of the twentieth century. An analytical perspective of local-regional and comparative history was chosen, seeking to observe how these processes operated between both cities beyond the links with the Federal Capital, paying attention to the ideological current that hegemonized the working-class world at that time, anarchism, as well as the workers’ federations. A heuristic analysis and the triangulation of workers’ sources with official documents were carried out and, through the comparative method, an attempt is made to account for the close links and repertoires of collective action shared and used by the workers in their process of union organization, showing the regional organizational capacity beyond the links with Buenos Aires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose to investigate one common adult representation of childhood that will serve both to reflect on and to problematize current and varied representations. As such, our object of study will always be a representation and not a substantialist definition. We propose to analyze the adult concept "child" from a critical perspective by reviewing it through a historical lens--that is, as it is expressed in the political and educational world of 19th century Chile, which, in turn, we can glimpse in the historical writings of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. To carry out this journey, we propose three guiding thematic axes: 1) how all school apparatuses embody, configure and assume a certain identifiable representation of "child' and childhood; 2) an analysis of the characteristics and objectives of the 19th century Chilean school apparatus, particularly in its function as a government device, or dispositif; 3) just how that dispositif becomes visible to inquiry in the historical record, particularly in what it can reveal to us about the image or images of childhood held by adults. To be understood by adults as a boy or a girl in Chile during that period is communicated in the historical record through a myriad of diverse sources, each requiring consideration in its context. Magazines, syllabaries, school textbooks and children's stories configure different perspectives on and attitudes toward childhood, which in turn are associated with the social origin of these documents and the purposes they embody. The images, ideas and signs of interaction that appear in these school documents act cumulatively to reveal a cultural image of "child" and aid us in understanding the political and socio-cultural significance attributed to that period in the human life-cycle. And while we cannot claim to have identified how all adults of 19th century Chile understood and represented childhood, such documents do offer insights into the beliefs and assumptions of the political and ruling classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the most emblematic festivity of Alvarado, a town located in the Sotavento region of Veracruz. It is the so-called encierro de burros, in which men dressed in women's clothes, parade in dancing troupes and allegorical cars, mocking a traditional cavalcade that women of the city's elite carried out since the 19th century. From an anthropologycal qualitative approach, centered on the way people signifies its actions, we examine how what we call "festive or carnavalesque transvestism" reinforces heterosexual, homophobic and violent masculinity, while making invisible the important participation of women and the gay community during the festivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will develop a comparative study of labor models that we will categorize as coherent, incoherent and mixed, based on their interpenetration with the postulates of the right to freedom of association derived from ILO Conventions 87 and 98, and the realization of two objects of analysis: the freedom of constitution, size and structural organization of the union and the union interaction based on the solidarity strike. For this purpose, a descriptive and explanatory research is carried out, using a dogmatic methodology -classical of the legal sciences- and the systematic, analytical and factual sub-methods. To this extent, we will conclude which are the main errors of the labor models in the search for the principles and ideals of unionization and some comments on the reasons why certain legal instruments that remain anchored in the nineteenth century survive, at a time when the recognition and protection of the collective subject of labor should be at its peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the late establishment of the so-called ex officio canonries in the council of the Sevillian Collegiate Church of the Divine Saviour. This is a considerably late example of the development of such prebends, whose origins date back to the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Era. Likewise, the chapter of the Divine Saviour is presented as an interesting example of a small chapter body, whose diminutive size stands out against the stature of its powerful neighbour the cathedral chapter of Seville, the latter of which affected its institutional development and the establishment of these trade prebends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of the Railroad in southeastern Cuba due to the development of the mining and sugar industries in the 19th century has led to the presence of heritage made up of a railway system of cultural value, highlighting its architecture. This paper presents a theoreticalgraphic characterization of the railway sets developed in the region to raise their recognition and stimulate awareness for their conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the flourishing of silversmith workshops in Compostela in the nineteenth to the twentieth century through the historical press, whose emptying has allowed us to know more than a thousand news related to these artists and their importance in the society. This news informs us about the making of anonymous works, and sumptuous gifts for the most distinguished characters of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper follows a track proposed but not developed by Michel Foucault. In his lectures on the Abnormal (1975), the author linked the character of the criminal religious with the figure of the "political monster" but focused only on the type of tyrant. Following this suggestion, our work explores the genealogy of the ecclesiastical man abusing minors. On the one hand, the profile of the "pederast priest" is traced as a biological enemy of the nation and of the class, in the context of the Spanish culture at the end of the colonial Empire, in the transition from the 19th to the 20th century. On the other hand, this form of subjectivity is contrasted with that of the "pedophile clergyman", as it currently appears in the testimonies of the victims, in the media and in the social sciences. The intention is to show the belonging of both classes of person to very different biopolitical scenarios, despite the continuity of the teratological motive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of Karl Lachmann has been key in the broad field of Humanities in the European territory from the Nineteenth-Century on; the importance of its work, however, was increased because of a series of misunderstandings laid upon the preface to De rerum natura. Lachmann's edition of this book by Lucretius was told to be the foundation of a different method for Philology: the Stemmatic Method or family tree method. In this paper we wish to introduce Lachmann's work and the content of this important preface, one of the discipline's key sources. We will render, as well, some of the theoretical and political stances that this lachmannian method has inherited to other associated disciplines, expressing a specific sort of academic pursuit of origins of culture as a path to explaining it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, financial instability has been encouraged changes in the regulation of banking institutions. This paper deals with the first banking experiences occurred in Argentina, Brazil, Spain and Portugal and their crises in the first half of the 19th century. As issuing banks, the main obstacle that these institutions had to overcome was to guarantee the convertibility of their bank notes. In all countries the state intervened, initially and in general, granting the issuing privilege in exchange for economic favors. This had a negative impact on the first banking experiences, mostly unsuccessful. The surviving banks received support from the state to continue, but also had more restrictive regulations regarding issuance. In the analyzed cases, the banking crises produced changes in the regulation of banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the contributions of Peruvian theorist and critic Antonio Cornejo Polar on narrative heterogeneity, this paper proposes an interpretation of Valeria Luiselli's most recent novel, Desierto sonoro (2019). In this text I postulate that, without undermining the explicit sources which the novel alludes to and recovers, it is possible to link it to a deeply rooted narrative tradition in Latin America: that which represents sociocultural otherness. The tensions between the referent (the Chiricahua tribes of the 19th century and the children who cross the border into the United States in the 21st century) and the narrative perspectives that present the events involve different displacements (of characters, knowledge, diegetic levels, and narrative points of view) oriented to the representation of a harmonious encounter between two opposing sociocultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to encourage reflection on the importance of the duties of the individual, based on the analysis of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (ADRDM). This instrument is recognized as the first contemporary international catalog of human rights and is unique in that it enshrines a correlative list of rights and duties, unlike the other nineteenth-century documents, as well as the successive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 19th century, at least, the biblical exegesis experienced a dramatical change. In this context, the johannine group, viewed through the own text of John, becomes a subject of common study. In this paper, we analize some important authors who contributed their personal vision to the life and situation of the group of believers that appear in the johaninne writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a comparative study between El valiente justiciero o El ricohombre de Alcalá by Agustín Moreto (1657) and the Dionisio Solís' recasting (1811), a 19th century playwright. This recasting has not been studied previously, except for a brief structural analysis of the play. In this way, we will offer a comparative study between the Baroque play and the homonymous recasting, in order to establish the similarities and differences between both plays and trying to justify the changes introduced by the recaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial segregation established in the United States at the end of the 19th century was the object of criticism and rejection by certain sectors of American society, who formed various organizations that channeled this discontent and tried to structure a response that would put an end to the situation of inequality. The 1950s and 1960s accentuated the struggle for civil rights through new forms of resistance and criticism of the segregationist regime. This new situation was the subject of an abundant musical production that, in the form of protest songs and songs for freedom, served as a vehicle of expression for the Civil Rights Movement of the African-American community, expressing its aspirations and frustrations. The objective of this paper is to compile and examine the portrait that these compositions cultivated of the struggle for Civil Rights through the events that marked this claim. In order to reach this goal, this article will take into account both the actions of protest whose purpose was to obtain a new legislation that would put an end to racial segregation and the violent reactions that it provoked in the Southern states. I will analyze the lyrical contents of the songs which will allow us to determine the positioning of the singer-songwriters and determine their approach to the struggle against segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of geographical knowledge of the Sierra Nevada has not been thoroughly addressed from a relational perspective within the context of the global phenomenon of European mountain interpretation. The article hypothesises that the nineteenth-century geographic discourse on the Sierra represented an appropriation of the Alpine model by several conventional resources. Through the comparative hermeneutic analysis of narrative and graphic materials on both mountain chains, the paper investigates the relevance of the transmission, appropriation, and reinterpretation of foreign methods, representational patterns, and narrative strategies, all shaped by a panoramic view in the study of the Alps in the legitimisation of the modern geographical narration on the Sierra Nevada. Moreover, by using a theoretical framework of geographies of reading, the epistemological implications of the application and situatedness of using such methods and strategies in the Betic mountains are discussed. The article concludes that the Sierra was a complex peripheral epistemological space for a hermeneutic reinterpretation of the Alpine paradigm of high mountains. Thereby, it is inferred that the geographical interpretation of the massif varied between the alleged universality of the imported canonical discourse on European high mountains, and the recognition of a different geographic identity, corresponding to the particularisms of the Sierra’s specificities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we shall address the Murcian language that appears in several novels of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the Region of Murcia in order to verify if it constitutes a real sample of the Spanish language spoken in Murcia. To achieve this aim, we shall carry out a historical review to understand the origin of Murcian regionalism and the intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 19th century. The regionalism born in Murcia in the nineteenth century is a twofold phenomenon, namely, both a political and cultural regionalism. Political regionalism, on the one hand, will be related to the Canton of Cartagena, a federalist insurrection that took place on July 12, 1783 whose goal was to proclaim itself as an independent canton. Cultural regionalism, on the other hand, is intimately tied to the association of the Murcian dialect with the so-called panocho, satirical speech of the Huerta de Murcia among whose predecessors include: Pedro Díaz Cassou, José Martínez Tornel and Andrés Blanco y García. This cultural and intellectual movement aims at promoting a regional identity of Murcia, mainly focusing on a linguistic identity and Murcia's customs and traditions. In addition, it will be worth stressing the great the importance of social stratification in explaining the regional and linguistic identity, since most of Murcia's society came from rural environments with a low level of education. Finally, we also mean to provide a considerable amount of reliable linguistic data which contributes to the studies on the nineteenth-century Spanish language, one of the most little studied within the discipline of History of the Spanish Language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconstructs and examines the participation in public life of the Chilean writer Francisco Bilbao during the early years of his political exile in the Argentine provinces (1857-1859). Its objective is to make a contribution to the studies on Bilbao and on political exile by considering the reasons that led him to choose that fate and examining the conditions that allowed him to play a relevant role in the press and in the associative movement despite being a political exile with revolutionary backgrounds and radical ideas. To that end, the characteristics of the society that welcomed him and his family, as well as the intellectual and political ties he wove are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images of popular types and customs were set up as fundamental repertoires in the structure of nation imaginaries in Latin America, hence the importance of its study in order to understand nineteenth-century visual culture in territories such as Chile and Peru. These representations were mainly developed from manual media, in which are discussed matters of taste, associated to an aesthetic of the picturesque; this shows the tensions and convergences of various functions and demands of the model image. However, during the second half of the nineteenth century, this tradition will confront the emergence of the photographic medium. The repercussions and transformations which this implied will be discuss in the present article, considering both the documentary and the informative component that photography would have boost into a repertoire which was mostly constituted, though not exclusively, by an aesthetic of the picturesque. In this way, this paper proposes a historiographic reading that analyses the setting-up of this tradition through particular cases refer to the Chilean and Peruvian context, to think afterwards its reformulation following the incursion of the technical device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]