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This study inquiries into the evolution of the concept of Security in the Chilean Defense White Papers published in 1997, 2002 and 2010. This work consists of a conceptual critical analysis of the texts in a comparative perspective. It focuses on five variables: definition of Security; definition of Defense; referent object; sectors of Security; definition of Threat. The results bring into light a process to narrow the reach of the military instrument; an increasing political interest to separate Security from Defense; an inorganic intend to incorporate Human security; and the displacement of Threat as an articulating axis of Defense planning. As a main conclusion, the concept of security evolves significantly according to the Chilean Defense White Papers. The relevance of this issue rests upon the fact that the conceptualization of security delineates the employment of the instruments of defense. The contribution of the study consists of disaggregating the evolution of the concept of Security to further understand the political modifications to the parameters of action of the military instrument in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why Chile's foreign policy, since the return to democracy in 1990, maintained and deepened the economicist character established during the authoritarian predecessor regime. It is argued that, in addition to structural factors linked to globalization, neoliberalism and interdependence, there are domestic elements linked to the transition and its political dynamics that had an impact on the actors that shaped it. Despite being a case study, the article emphasizes the general debate on the mutual constitution between agents and structures to explain foreign policy, considering the role of the actors in a framework of external and domestic transformations. To this end, the case of former members of the Joint Study Program on Latin American International Relations (RIAL), academics who, after the return to democracy, assumed political positions, is analyzed. The renewal of the ideas of these actors, who assumed the new international practices and accepted the domestic political dynamics, contributed to the continuity of the economic pragmatism of foreign policy initiated by the dictatorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews Forrahue. Matanza de 1912, written by the Mapuche writer Bernardo Colipán and co-authored with the Forrahue indigenous community located in Southern Chile. The book is a testimonial text that acts as a legal document and seeks to restore the truth in the context of Chile's historical account and collective memory. This text includes diagrams, photos and fragments in various types of handwriting, which we consider relevant in the reading and interpretation of this cultural artifact. From a symbolic perspective, the book is the place where the unburied bodies rest, allowing both the Chilean and Mapuche communities to mourn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental conflicts reflect and reproduce power configurations. This paper assesses three environmental conflicts in Chile's post-transition in which different actors such as developers, state agencies, grassroots organizations and environmental NGOs collide over the use of natural resources. Using the literature on transnational advocacy networks as analytical framework, the paper analyzes the conditions under which local environmental conflicts reach international visibility. The paper discusses how two interdisciplinary fields such as environmental justice and political ecology could advance in a better understanding of the effectiveness of networks at international, national and local levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to determine the effect of the Chilean Pension Fund Administrator (PFA) ownership in to the dividend policy of the firms where they invest, through a panel data analysis. The results show a positive linear and no linear relationship between the PFA and the dividend policy, measured by the dividend yield. Also, it is found a selection bias in this relationship, indicating that PFA's prefer to invest in firms with higher dividends, implying that the AFP's behave as prudent investor and support the institutional herding hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design and initial validation of ECLIS, a School Social Climate Scale. This scale is a useful tool for evaluation of the main variables reported by research and the authors of the school social climate. Conceptual framework, basic psychometric characteristic and results of the experimental application in different samples of Chilean school students are reported. Criteria for analysis and interpretation of scores are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]