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Towards the end of the colonial period the east coasts of the General Captaincy of Venezuela were the setting of an intense movement of ideas, papers and people, as well as of conspiracies and confrontments (both armed and unarmed). In that context emerged the figure of Francisco Isnardi, who would soon be imprisoned for alleged intentions to conspire. The study of this case of treason, especially of the suspect's library, which was confiscated, allows us to present a set of problems regarding the diffusion of enlightened values in Tierra Firme during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes various intellectual practices tied to the use of public and private documents in the practice of history in Argentina over the second half of the nineteenth century. Starting from the "question of limits," this essay analyzes the work of bibliophiles Manuel Ricardo Trelles and Juan Martín Leguizamón, both of whom tried to historically reconstruct the territorial unity of Argentina. it shows how this work lies at the crossroads of antiquarian studies, History, and Natural History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the notion of female readers in various medical treatises published in Spain throughout the 19th century. This analysis sheds light on many of the aspects concerning the study of the figure of the female reader that was so common during this historical period. In this journey, we will discover science's attempt to pathologize the activity of reading when it is carried out by women, revealing the fear that underlies the possibilities of gender reconfiguration that may be provided through reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the press control practices used by the provincial political powers of Entre Ríos between 1862 and 1870. This period was characterized by an increasing political dispute and the deepening of public debate. An indication of this process is the increase in the number of newspapers and the diversity of their political positions. Most of the newspapers were Federalists and supporters of Urquiza, but they maintained a space of discursive autonomy and what was published did not always go along the lines of the caudillo's interest. Also, there were Unitary and dissident Federal newspapers which were very critical of the provincial government and the figure of Urquiza. Respect for press freedom as a legitimating principle of the exercise of power prevented the development of legislation restricting that freedom and discouraged the practice of filing law suits for libel against publishers or journalist among provincial officials. Hence, the way in which political power managed to limit opinion was dominated by informal practices of political control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the arguments regarding the regulation of freedom of the press in Corrientes during the second half of 19th century. In the first section I describe the main features of Corrientes' newspapers and the political context in which these discussions were held. Later, I analyze the participation of Agustín Justo, Miguel Morel and Santiago Baibiene in newspapers from Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires. The links between the debates about the freedom of press and the performance of the journalists in exile shows that these controversies revolved around three issues: the moral duties attributed to the press for the consolidation of a republican system; the limitations regarding the legitimacy of political dissent, and the role of the press in the trajectories of political elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the year of 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen presented to the medical community his X-rays discovery. The first notice that came to the Mexico National School of Medicine arrived through a letter coming from the Office of Justice and Public Instruction written by the Secretary of Foreign Relations. Fulfilling the Porfirio Diaz Government instructions to update the medical knowledge. The aim of this paper is to present an historical review of primary sources to document how and who were the prominent figures who introduce this new knowledge at the Mexico National School of Medicine, and how it gets inside study plans, more specific into Physics and Natural History, and its application in the Hospitals. In Mexico City the outlined names are doctor Carmona y Valle, Tobías Núñez, Roberto Jofre, Secundino Sosa and Amador Zafra with the first thesis on X-rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the situation of the mathematical lexicon in the nineteenth century. Undoubtedly, one of the possible approach for the diachronic analysis of the language is to use the historical dictionaries. Another path is access the sources which served as a vehicle for the scientific expression, for example, the lexicological and lexicographic works of Felipe Picatoste. With both, this mathematician noticed that mathematical terms were being subjected to an abandonment. Ultimately, the study is progressing in the historical study of Spanish language from its scientific perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper analyzes the recruitment of militias and volunteer legions, composed of foreign residents, in order to defend Montevideo between 1838 and 1851 during the Guerra Grande. This process created a very complex transnational space with considerable political and cultural consequences. On the one hand, to justify the armament of the foreign population, the local authorities plotted a cosmopolitan rhetoric which presented the legions as symbols of the fight between humanity and civilization against despotism and universal tyranny. On the other, the daily dynamics of these militias generated intense social disputes between the combatants of the different "fatherlands", threatening to provoke a "civil war" inside the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about how the office of the Bishop was managed and the Diocese of Montevideo created (1878) during the administration of coronel Lorenzo Latorre, considering how the government, the Church in Uruguay, and the Holy See in Rome contributed to its success. It analyzes the difficulties of installing the Ecclesiastical Council and the Conciliar Seminary, as disposed by the Papal Bull at the beginning of the 19th century. The paper shows how the sustained right of Patronage of the State conditioned the institutional development of the Montevideo Diocese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the various actions taken by the authorities of the state of Zacatecas (Mexico) during the First Federal Republic (1824-1835), in order to find solutions to problems related to the exercise of patronage and related topics. It shows that these proposals were useful to defend and drive federalism, and to advance a project to create a secular and liberal State and society. The paper concludes that the attempt to apply this was ambiguous, as it became part of the "pitfalls" that prevented the first federalism from consolidating by contributing to the division of local and national political groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the distribution of specialized subjects devoted to health care in the Argentine territory according to the First National Census (1869). We present statistical estimations and visual resources that contribute to illustrate the logic of the absolute and relative presence of graduates and empirical practitioners. By articulating census data with input from specialized bibliography, the paper provide evidence for certain variables associated with the presence of the State, the differential socio-economic development of the regions, and the rural-urban splits in the long first half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the cholera epidemic of 1833 in the city of Veracruz, from a sociodemographic approach, using information from the burial records of the Parish between 1832 and 1834, as well as the statistics and reports prepared by the Governors of Veracruz from 1827 to 1834, with which it has been possible to develope mortality indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the artist Baldomera Fuentes Segura from Santiago de Cuba, today recognized as the first Cuban painter. Her figure as a creator is addressed in a social, cultural and personal context which makes it an exceptional woman of the nineteenth century in Santiago de Cuba. Her miniatures, making in waterpaintig on ivory and an oil painting on canvas, religious are valued. They are preserved in the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Museum of this city, as part of a moment of aesthetic transition occurred between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Latin America, when the neoclassic was the principal style on the fine arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1870 and 1890 several women's magazines from Buenos Aires assiduously began to publish texts from Peruvian writers, influenced largely by the arrival of Juana Manuela Gorriti to that city. These magazines became a platform to promote transnational dialogues among their female contributors, legitimizing the figure of the female American writer in this process. This paper aims to study this circuit of publication, which would extend until the late nineteenth century, when writers like Clorinda Matto de Turner and Carolina Freyre de Jaimes settled in Argentina and developed their own journalistic projects there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Santiago, Chile experienced an important process of transformation in which the city and the urban started to assume socio-economic and discursive prominence. Using evidence gathered from parliamentary and municipal debates, legislative text, the press, scientific literature from the era and business archives this paper shows that the construction of Santiago's sewage system was a phenomenon that condensed the economic, the technical, political and the discursive in the exercise of power and the administration of the public during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of exploitable nature in the International Exhibition held in Chile in 1875. Based on documentation from the organization and development of the even such as letters, catalogs, newspapers and visitor reports the article examines first, the ways in which the countries' exploitable nature related to agriculture and mining was represented in this event. This paper looks to examine the base upon which objectives and models were exhibited, and at the same time examines how the representation of this nature could imply its denaturalization, by strictly presenting it as rational and almost artificial. Second the article analyzes how some parts of nature represented in the exhibition could have been appropriated, at least provisionally, within national criteria in the Chilean case. In relation to the aforementioned, the article focuses on problems such as the agricultural dimension of the country, the centralization of knowledge about nature and the construction and contrast of "national nature" during the Exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo examina as causas pelas quais a assembleia anfictiónica, convocada por Simón Bolívar para unir as novas repúblicas americanas, nào pode ter sessào no México após sua transferência do Panamá em 1826. Definem-se as posiçôes dos ministros plenipotenciários apelando a fontes primárias e a documentos da época, incluida urna minuta inédita da reuniào dos ministros dos Estados Unidos e da Grâ-Colômbia. Este último docu-mento, cuja importância é contextualizada neste artigo, permite conhecer a controvérsia que dividiu os hispano-americanos em torno da possibilidade de instalar a assembleia sem esperar a ratificaçào dos tratados do Istmo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main features of modern State is the monopolization of law. And in the theoretical grounds for that, Legal Positivism has a special position. Usually positivists have been seen as authors who identify law with the will of the State. It is assumed that they are interested only in the observation of facts related with the origins of law, and consequently that they identify law with political power as a fact. The aim of this paper is to show the opinion of some early 19th century German lawyers, con- sidered positivists, about the state monopolization of law. And the sources show that political absorption was not admitted by all of those lawyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work tries to check some questions related to the characteristics of the Armed Forces in the context of the State-formation process. The crisis untied in the National Army during the military campaign in Entre Rios of 1870 offers a point of observation from where looking at the condition of the military organization, the relations of the chiefs and officials with the politics, of the military men with his profession, the paper of the hierarchic relations in the operations of war and some aspects related to the promotion and ascent of the military men inside the Army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an empirical study of the presence of the address form su merced in the XIX century, particularly in Latin American literary texts representing the speech of Africans and their descendants, based on examples taken from Lipski (2005a, 2005b) and texts included in CORDE. Based on data found in other corpora, the discussion also includes uses of su merced in official written communication. It reviews earlier studies about su merced in Latin America and concludes that this address form appears in the context of asymmetrical social relations between groups and especially in the speech of Africans and their descendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a reflection on the elements that concurred in the late nineteenth century in Bogotá to form the notion of aesthetic canon. For the analysis of documentary sources we will refer to two illustrated publications: El Papel Periódico Ilustrado (Illustrated Newspaper), managed by Alberto Urdaneta, and the Revista Ilustrada (Illustrated Magazine), managed by Pedro Carlos Manrique. Such publications define themselves as platforms for the formation of taste and, within a set of political, religious and cultural conditions, allow us to see new processes in the formalisation of specialised culture through institutions such as the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (National School of Fine Arts). The contribution of these illustrated publications becomes a reference to what will be the relation between art critique and the public, formulating notions of aesthetic appreciation and taste that we understand as programmatic in a project of civilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite of the interest of Bolivian Spanish for Latin American dialectology, this variety is still one of the most unknown in the continent, specially from a diachronic point of view. This paper aims to be a contribution to the history of the Spanish language in the Andean part of the country. Thus, it describes the most important phonological features of this variety of Spanish at the beginning of 19th. century; the letters that María Guadalupe Cuenca de Moreno (high-level woman, born in Chuquisaca in 1790) writes to her husband from Buenos Aires in 1811 are the corpus used for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assert that there was cross - breed between the African groups that arrived to Rio de Janeiro in the XIX century, that means, that the cross - breed is not just the result of the links between black and white people but also the product of the relation between people coming from the big regions of Africa. In order to explain this phenomena we appeal to the high forced mobility of African people to Rio de Janeiro that generated a pattern of exogamy filogenetic that was saw as a cultural endogamy, and the social demanding over the ethnic origin in order to participate in the work market implied that the slaves had to make different and various attributions of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia there are few references related to the study on the production, circulation and consumption of Colonial wares and even scarcer are those that refer to industrial pottery. As such we are interested in opening the path for retrospective and interdisciplinary research on some aspects of the historical context in which these activities were immersed. The objective of this paper is to understand the purported effects that a factory for fine pottery established in Bogotá in the 19th century should have in this environment. A new socioeconomic order and the ending of traditions rooted in the Colonial regime were expected, based on the ideals of progress divulged by English industrialists. With this in mind the production technology, including its work regulation strategies and the pottery decorative styles, as a way of influencing daily consumption practices, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]