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The purpose of this paper is to describe the criminal admonition procedure and list its main features. Moreover, this paper lists some key points that need to be replicated in the upcoming updates of legal procedures. Finally, it highlights some practical issues arising from forensic practices. The paper thus aspires to contribute to the ongoing research on admonitory procedures as well as to help highlight current critical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contrasts the process of recognition of the victim's rights in the Chilean criminal procedure reform, which was introduced alongside the new accusatorial system in the year 2000, with the one that has occurred after that, which has consisted in several proposals for legal reforms, in a constitutional reform and in litigation before the Constitutional Court. The paper discusses the hypothesis that there is no continuity among the two phenomena, which are based in opposing understandings of the issues at hand. Finally, there is a description of how, if some or all of the new reform proposals that affect the victim's rights are implemented, the Chilean criminal procedure will face a unique situation, and one that was in no way foreseen by promoters of the original reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine conservation has become one of the main factors in the transformation of oceans, reshaping the relations of power which define the future of such zones, with the participation of diverse agents in decision-making. This paper analyzes the creation of Marine Protected Areas in the Corcovado Gulf in Chilean Northern Patagonia. It reveals that these Marine Protected Areas are i) a response to a controversial process of territorial transformation, aggravated by the expansion of the salmon industry and calls for the conservation of biodiversity; ii) the emergence of a conservationist assemblage, based on the idea of collective efforts, and its involvement in a multi-agent network of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the experience of a small group of Chilean communists exiled in Mexico in 1948 due to a new law at the time called Ley por la Defensa Permanente de la Democracia (Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy) that banned Communist Party activities. In their host country, these militants organized international meetings, published books and pamphlets, gave interviews to mass media and held other political activities, while the Cold War began to penetrate Latin America. For this paper, archives and newspapers from Mexico, Chile, and Guatemala were reviewed. Among the main results of this study is the analysis of a recursive policy of exclusion of dissidents by the Chilean State. Additionally, this research questions the way in which the processes implemented during that time in history have been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to enrich the analytical record of the process of formation of the political system of the Argentine “Confederation” in the 1850s, from the specificities of San Juan province. We considered variations of San Juan political and economic integration in the national and “transcordillerano” stage. We reveal that the attempts of San Juan authorities to (re)articulated in a long-standing activity as overland trade with Chile, though not always successful, were important both to define provincial political tensions and the gravitation of the province in the political and institutional frame of the “Confederation”. So, we analyzed provincial, regional and international aspects of this process, taking into account the multiplicity of actors, resources, ideas and practices that were involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the ideology of the National Socialist Movement (MNS) and its leader, referring to Nazism, with regard to anti-Judaism. Compared to the decisive and explicit Nazi judeophobia, the Chilean Movement, although inspired by the first, developed a less intense, volatile and poorly mobilizing anti-Jewish public discourse. The paper is organized in two parts: the first review the extreme and mobilizing nature of Nazi anti-Semitism, from their accommodations and fluctuations; the second and more extensive, outlines the Chilean case, considering the Chilean nationalist tradition, the family and ideological background of the "Leader", the characteristics of MNS and its relations with Nazism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the agricultural sector during the ISI period and the debate about the agricultural wage and the living conditions of the farm workers have a long historiography. But until today there is little information about workers' income in the long run. In this paper we want to reflect about the wage level reached during this period and for that we will present a new wage series for 1934-1973. We seek to analyze their behavior considering the sector labour productivity, its relation with industrial wages and the institutional frame in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic which deals with this paper is the construction of subjectivities through a dialogic reason in the elaboration of public policies by Chile, in the field of interculturality and the expression that it has in the teaching of history, specifically on basic education in the areas of high concentration of students from Aymará ethnic groups. Methodologically a structural analysis is applied in order to give an account of the perceptions of the main actors in a school, and thus investigate the inconsistency that can be generated with the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention N°169. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Chilean State and its relationship with indigenous peoples has been marked by inequality and conflicts. This paper critically analyses the relationship between Chilean Criminal Law and the indigenous peoples, describing different perspectives that have perpetuated the denial of a different culture. By means of analyzing case law of different Chilean Criminal Courts, the existence of a model of legal inequality is established, model that doesn't recognize the existence of an indigenous culture, undermining worth to its conflict resolution mechanisms and production of own rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next paper, we will study the land takeovers in the province of Cautín between 1967 and 1973, because this province was not only one of the main centers of these conflicts, but also because it has been one of the provinces that has had a bigger attention by the researches about rural disputes in Chile during these troubled years. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Our ultimate goal is to review and reassess some of the traditional views and conceptions that exist about this protest expression and the rural disputes in the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Santiago, Chile experienced an important process of transformation in which the city and the urban started to assume socio-economic and discursive prominence. Using evidence gathered from parliamentary and municipal debates, legislative text, the press, scientific literature from the era and business archives this paper shows that the construction of Santiago's sewage system was a phenomenon that condensed the economic, the technical, political and the discursive in the exercise of power and the administration of the public during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of exploitable nature in the International Exhibition held in Chile in 1875. Based on documentation from the organization and development of the even such as letters, catalogs, newspapers and visitor reports the article examines first, the ways in which the countries' exploitable nature related to agriculture and mining was represented in this event. This paper looks to examine the base upon which objectives and models were exhibited, and at the same time examines how the representation of this nature could imply its denaturalization, by strictly presenting it as rational and almost artificial. Second the article analyzes how some parts of nature represented in the exhibition could have been appropriated, at least provisionally, within national criteria in the Chilean case. In relation to the aforementioned, the article focuses on problems such as the agricultural dimension of the country, the centralization of knowledge about nature and the construction and contrast of "national nature" during the Exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses pre-service teacher training in Chile from a critical perspective related to the historical transformation in which it takes place. This analysis was based on an institutional framework which allowed it to expand in a steady and consistent way. The consolidation scene of this process was altered by the emergence of the military government, which introduced a new structure supported by an economic model that led to an exacerbated enrollment expansion and brought about deregulation and low quality. This situation, despite the efforts of recent governments, has not been reversed yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the participation of women in the migration process, since the midnineteenth century to the early twentieth century, through the established German community in Valparaiso. We stop specifically in social activity, professional work and family life of the German community, which we can access a little known field of women in the European migration, where they develop values and customs that are an important part of German identity. We mainly use as sources diaries and wills made by women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On this work we will review some of the first revealed strategies by the Pewenche groups of Alto Bío Bío to adapt to the reductional situation, characterized for the asymmetric relation between this groups with the Chilean major society, becoming an ethnic group or native group (indigenous community). In this paper it will be characterized and exhibited both intragroup and extragroup interaction levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research context that this article seeks to show the different models of college, from the evolution and development of universities and their management in Latin America, particularly in Chile, and how they affect the development of societies, both past and contemporary, highlighting some similar and different characteristics that they have. It should be noted that the Chilean model of education has been considered to have a great impact on some countries in Latin America, especially in Colombia. Moreover, the general objective of this research was the reflection on the reforms of higher education in Latin America and the impact these reforms have had in recent years in Chile, which seem to have created a high dissatisfaction in the social context, due to the excessive commercialization of educational services. For the development of this paper an extensive review of the literature, which accounts for the phenomenon to be investigated is made and semi-structured interviews were carried out to experts in the field, which helped to understand what authors explain in the literature concerning models and educational reforms in Latin America and the current situation of education in Chile, thereby achieving a clear vision of the reality of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the beginnings of the parish documentation in the Iberian world, and the significance of these records for the study of ancient society. It then explains the existing classification in former times linked to the birth of a person, arriving finally analyzing the cases of children of ‘unknown mothers' with original documentary sources expressed at the end of writing. It indicates then specific cases found over three centuries (1710-910) in the whole parish documentation of Chiloé (trying to provide genealogical data for each person), together with some other cases from cities placed in continental Chile. It also includes a detailed analysis of the five ecclesiastical divisions that divided the geography of Chiloé in the decade from 1840-1850. Finally, the essay reflects the knowledge of these cases as a contribution to the set of historical and genealogical research related to the culture of Chiloé. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows that price agreements between suppliers of consumer goods are not currently punishable in Chile, according to the correct interpretation of the rules that have been invoked to that end, Articles 285 and 473 of the Criminal Code, and the historical evolution of the regulation and punishment of offenses against free competition, today delivered exclusively to the administrative authority and a special court created for that purpose. At the same time, it is shown that the principle that a general law can be applied when the special law is repealed, it can be argued that when previously general law (or the relevant part) has been repealed because it would mean a violation of the guarantee of the principle of legality, which involves the application of existing laws at the time of commission of the offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text analyzes how photography was used by different actors involved in economic, social and political modernization at the end of the nineteenth century in Chile. As well as serving as a type of visual record, photography was a medium through which the possibilities for the exploitation of national territory and Chilean workers ability to adapt to the requirements of a capitalist economy were made know. Also taking into account that some of the workers at the beginning of the century used photography both personally and collectively. This paper analyzes their experience of serving as both the subjects of the photographs and as the photographers themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with historical memory in Chile from a theoretical life course perspective. For this purpose, the topic is conceptualized on the basis of a collective and historical generation component concerning the memory of different age groups in the six municipalities of the metropolitan area of Concepción (Chile). The information was gathered by means of a standardized questionnaire, and the sample comprised individuals spread across five different age groups. The results show a memory of recent history centered on national events for the whole sample, incorporating supranational elements among younger cohorts. The study confirms the existence of both national and generational memories centered around various significant socio-historical changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to deepen our understanding of the relationship between the social composition of the Chilean political elite and party change. Based on a case study of deputies elected between 1961 and 2005, the article explores factors which have determined party change in the post-authoritarian period, concentrating empirically on transformations in the composition of parliamentary elites with regard to their social characteristics and political trajectory. It is argued that these transformations reflect the tensions that tendencies towards professionalization and democratization have created for Chilean political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the labor market transformation in Valparaiso metropolitan area, under the perspective of dual- city, determining the relationships between the changes on the social and spatial configuration of the city. We use a longitudinal analysis based on census data and household surveys. The results showed that new inequalities on the labor market are reflected in an increasingly territorially fragmentation and a segregated distribution of the population. These phenomena could have negative effects in terms of restriction of employment opportunities and poverty reproduction. These results differ from the dual-city requirements approach and suggest new ways of understanding and inquire the socio-territorial consequences of economic globalization in Latin American cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes relevant elements for a historical consideration of the genesis of the ecclesiastical territory of Talca, based on a study of historiographic sources carried out over a long period of time. Most of the documents analyzed are unpublished and are located in the Episcopal Archives of the Archbishopric of Santiago and the Diocese of Talca. To visualize the relevance of the facts that contribute to establish the historical coordinates thatcan help to interpret the foundational event of the Diocese of Talca is the aim of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine under what circumstances slaves became eligible for freedom and to track their efforts and strategies to achieve it between 1698 and 1750. This is a period when slavery was widely legitimized in Santiago, Chile. The findings are based on the analysis of seventy two letters of freedom, along with wills written by masters and former slaves. After the crossed analysis of these primary sources the author argues that various emotional, socio-economic and legal impediments gave shape to a rigid institution that allowed a minimum flexibility to obtain liberty. Thus, slaves played an active role in their own manumission processes, negotiating agreements through payment for their freedom or opting for the strategy of manumission trough good behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, transformations of internal links within the indigenous political field are explored, focusing on the last decades of the frontier. This period, in which the state progresses towards its political unification and institutional consolidation, state policies regarding Indian people show a more unified profile and aim to create the conditions necessary for the frontiers advance. The peace treaties policy, extended to almost the whole indigenous map, will be one of the devices through the state will attempt to canalize and to order its relations with different chiefs and groups. Our interest attempts to identify the probable conditionings and influences of this policy on the indigenous population at the conformation, strengthening and weakening of their political alliances. We intend specifically to reconstruct-within this context-the process of the Calfucurá's leadership, to identify the impact of state interventions over the extent of his political summoning capacity during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the construction of Chilean image in Andres Sabella's works, focusing on his university lectures, conferences and articles, unedited or unknown. For this purpose, two topics are analyzed: the sense of equalitarianism in history and literature and the national archetype- the Chilean "roto" and his daily image, from the XVI century to the mid-XX century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]