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El artículo discurre sobre el impacto de la Primera Guerra Mundial en la España neutral.

This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the notion of female readers in various medical treatises published in Spain throughout the 19th century. This analysis sheds light on many of the aspects concerning the study of the figure of the female reader that was so common during this historical period. In this journey, we will discover science's attempt to pathologize the activity of reading when it is carried out by women, revealing the fear that underlies the possibilities of gender reconfiguration that may be provided through reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses relations between political parties, parliamentary groups, and members of the Chamber of Deputies, with the aim of measuring the extent of existing party discipline. Unlike other studies that have examined this issue, the current analysis is not limited to descriptive discussions of disciplinary measures, but uses quantitative tools in order to assess the extent of parliamentary discipline. As a result, we obtain crucial information on the nature of party discipline, the costs and benefits that parliamentarians face when acting individually versus collectively, and the factors that affect levels of cohesion and discipline and how we determine them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analises how the prophet Elijah is represented in the Spanish theatre in the 16th and 17th centuries. The following plays are commented on: Tragaedia Jezabelis, Tragoedia cui nomen inditum Achabus (both belonging to Jesuit college drama), La mujer que manda en casa by Tirso de Molina, La viña de Nabot by Rojas Zorrilla, La representación de la vida y rapto de Elías profeta by Matías de los Reyes, and El vengador de los cielos y rapto de Elías by Bances Candamo. Matías de los Reyes' play is here subject to critical scrutiny for the first time; a modern edition is still due. The most relevant results are: Jesuit drama anticipates some of the developments of the Elijah theme that take place later in popular and court theatre; playwrights work quite unrestrainedly in reshaping the Biblical material, and they tend to tighten the temporal and causal connections of events and characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper joins the debate surrounding the sociolinguistic contact in which Latin and Romance coexisted in Spain during the High Middle Ages (eighth–thirteenth century). The internal evidence on which the paper is grounded supports the complex monolingualism theory over the view that postulates the existence of two spoken languages in this time period. The morphophonological and syntactic traits shared by many texts composed during these centuries provide evidence for a sociolinguistic continuum that encompasses the Spanish High Middle Ages amidst the changing orthographic conventions between the twelfth and the thirteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emperor Alfonso VII of Leon's peninsular relations were shaped by the relationship and struggles between both, the Christian realms of the inner borders, as well as those in the external borders against Islam. This paper aims to recreate the stratagems of alliance and jurisdiction over Muslim leaders in order to develop and establish jurisdiction through the use of space at the expense of the Taifa of al- Andalus. This is the case of the links established with the sovereign Sayf al-Dawla, the Zafadola of the christian chronicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the technical novelties brought by the project of standardized regulation UNE 19601 on criminal risks management systems (version published on 8 February 2017 for public consultation). This paper will (i) contextualize the UNE 19601 in the Spanish current criminal compliance scene; (ii) examine the regulation's specificities and explain the requisites that are not directly issued from article 31 bis of the Spanish criminal Code, and (iii) briefly explain the audit procedure that may conclude with a conformity certification, if successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This work analyzes the introduction in Spain of the first systems of production and television broadcasting based on computer files technology, also known as MAM (Media Asset Management). The establishment of the different MAM systems as a digitization, has meant the replacement of the technology based on video tapes, due to the obsolescence of this system. Methodology: This work also establishes a parallelism in the MAM digitization between CNN (Atlanta, USA), Telecinco-Spain and Telemadrid-Spain. Results: this study seeks to gather information on the consequences of the change in the workflow on television that MAM digitization carries with it. Discussion: Implementation of MAM technology has meant a profound transformation of the basic processes of the production system in television. Conclusions: this paper deepens on the labor transformations of the different jobs that involved the adoption of the first MAM systems in the three television stations analyzed CNN (Atlanta-USA), Telecinco-Spain and Telemadrid-Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major mother of the Holy Well hospital-sanctorum fulfilled a transcendental paper in the maintenance of that institution. Even exceeded its functions, proposing, suggesting and making proposals even without the permission of his patronage that was the Brotherhood of the Mercy that was directing the Pious House of analogous name. The free interference of the major mother in the management of Holly Well often allowed by the Mercy provoked for the bishopric the first problem of consideration as the dismissal of the major mother Feliciana of Holy Teresa and chaplain at the request of vicar the Brotherhood of Mercy obeyed in 1737. However, soon after the incident, the same major mother proposed by the vicar resumed her leadership role absolutely necessary to maintain the Pozo Santo and the brotherhood of Mercy understood and accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes those gender aspects that made a difference between the repression of women and men during the early years of Franco's dictatorship. The analysis is presented from both, gender studies and political anthropology. This way these aspects will be linked up with the inherited political traditions during the Franco regime. The paper propose an explanation about the way in which the separation of women from the domestic domain, and their entrance in the political space as public subjects that occurred in Spain during the second Republic and the Civil War; was a hidden fact, covered up by the governmental repressive politics. This was an elaborated discourse of the historical narrative that the political role of women was reshaped and reconstructed as collectively inexistent. It was turn into a distortion, as a set of particular cases of delinquency and deviation. The construction of this discourse was based from the beginning on the establishment of certain practices such as the logic of the system of justice, as it will be demonstrated in the analysis of the trial reports of women. It is by the analysis of this file reports, understood as cultural creations, where there may be distinguished the system of a symbolic construction not capable consider women as a political subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the ideological evolution of a well-known Navarrese family, the Martínez the Ubago, throughout the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Its interest lies in the fact that the first member of this family line were engaged with liberalism and some of their descendants were among the few middle class professionals in Pamplona (lawyers, doctors, etc.), who were active members of the republican and socialist parties. More specifically, the paper briefly analyses the trajectory of the varied generations of this family and provides further information about its most outstanding and unknown member, Vicente Martínez de Ubago Oquendo (1898-1952), who was a teacher, journalist and lawyer and was an active mem- ber of the PSOE and republican parties. Thus, the paper raises the question of explaining coherently why this family evolved in such a different way when compared to other families of similar origins. To answer this question it is necessary to offe information about the studies, journeys to Europe and social relationships of this family. Although this paper is only a preliminary study, it rescues from oblivion some of the Navarrese who went against the current when compared to the majority of their countrymen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historiography traditionally considered as minor the situation of women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries limited to casual activities in social life and in a commercial sense as related to business for small amounts of money and no formalities. However, this paper provides information and data on the existence of numerous trading companies established by women in Seville. These companies had a wide range of business activities and share capitals varying from minimum to some of big entity. The initiative of entrepreneuring is not peculiar to women belonging to a marital status, yet widow, emancipated and married women used companies for the development of business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 5 October 2015, Law 41/2015 amending the Criminal Procedure for the acceleration of criminal justice and the strengthening of procedural safeguards was passed. Among other measures, Law 41/2015 introduces maximum time limits for the investigation stage of criminal proceedings. This paper sets out an initial approach to the way these time limits are expected to apply in practice and assesses their impact on the way criminal proceedings are conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reform of psychiatric care, driven by legislative changes implemented throughout the Second Spanish Republic, proposed improvements in the professionalization of caregivers of psychiatric facilities. By Decree of May 16, 1932 junior staff was organized in Practitioners of Medicine and Surgery diploma nurses and psychiatric nurses; and the Diploma in Psychiatric Nurse was regulated. By the Decree of May 17, 1932 the official curriculum was published for this degree and the July 5, 1932, the basis of a competition for a work that would fit the agenda. Psychiatric Superior Council elected and recommended "La asistencia al enfermo mental"(1933) by Luis Valenciano Gaya. The aim of this paper is to analyze the content of the book, including the care the mentally ill needed, as well as physical and attitudinal requirements for being "psychiatric nurse". It also seeks to value the importance of the manual, while it was not the first published in Spanish, truly presented a national circulation and became the reference work for psychiatric nurses in the 30s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the topography of the city of Cartagena in the early Roman Empire times. A Geographic Information System has been used with data from numerous archaeological excavations, available historic maps and new GPS observations referred to landmarks of that era that are currently on the soil surface. Some meaningful results are: the compilation of spatial information from different sources in a single database, the creation of thematic maps and the generation and analysis of digital elevation models based on these data, which were compared with the contemporary ones. Some notable conclusions are the generation of a methodological model, the contribution to systematic knowledge of the historical topography of Cartagena and the interest of expanding the area of study and considering other periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After highlighting the initiatives and original contributions of the Practitioners' Council of Alicante to the history of festivities and institutional commemorations of the profession at provincial and national levels, this paper provides an anthropological view of the most original festivity, that has the most social influence: the "Mother Practitioner's Tribute", which has been held for over more than a decade (1959-1970) in the province of Alicante to honor the eldest mother of the group of referees. It explains in detail the festivity's philosophy and the way of celebrate it are detailed. The circumstances, people and places concerned in each one of the tributes' editions, which information has been obtained investigating both professional press and general newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early twentieth century, the Church of St. John's Hospital has been the focus of multiple projects and interventions in order to recover its value. Some of these projects have been accomplished while others have remained on paper. This article lists some of the drawings and blueprints that were developed for each of the proposals, including some unpublished and unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious freedom has always been considered to be a central issue in liberal and enlightened thought. Thus, attention has often been drawn to the shortage of observations on tolerance in the works of Spanish enlightened reformers, as also to the uncompromising prohibition of non-Catholic religions contained in the Cadiz Constitution of 1812. In recent years, some scholars have argued that, because of the absence of religious minorities in Spain, the dominating influence on Spanish society of the Catholic Church and Spain's insufficient openness to European culture, Spanish liberals did not really begin to appreciate and discuss religious freedom as an ideal until the periods of exile following from 1814 and 1823. This paper aims to show, however, through analysis of one of the most relevant Spanish journals of the eighteenth century, that the matter of freedom of religious belief was indeed debated in Spain during the reigns of Carlos III and Carlos IV and that, in spite of the threat of censorship, some Spaniards did dare to write and publish work in favour of religious tolerance during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuant to the Royal Order of July 25, 1946, issued by the Ministry of Government, the Council Architect of Alicante Emilio Jover Pierron made the General Plan of the city of Alicante. His work, which started immediately in 1846, led to a document which contained the alignment of the buildings existing at the time, and also the future plans, consisting in the modification of some previous buildings and the creation of new ones. This plan was the first graphical instrument of this nature affecting the whole of the city; nevertheless, such an interesting item has been now missing since 1990. This paper summarizes the study of the only remains of the document and the work leading to its recovery through digital reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the historical importance of the Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre for the development of psychology in Spain. The Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre was a private institution which gave support to Spanish psychology in a very crucial moment of its history. As identified in the analysis of primary sources, the Institute promoted the attractiveness of psychology in a growing number of potential customers. Indeed, while Spain was going through a political transition from dictatorship to democracy, and psychology was striving for its academic, scientific and professional consolidation, the Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre organized a number of activities which greatly contributed to stimulate an interest in psychological knowledge. The work of the Instituto, however, has gone inexplicably unnoticed by most of the historians devoting themselves to the institutional analysis of Spanish psychological history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through public relations organizations starts a dialogic communication system with the public in their environment, positioning messages through the interactivity with their environment. Traditionally designed from the business sector, they have received little attention from the public administrations as a system through which government manages their relationships with their citizens. Thus, from the perspective of organizational communication, this paper analyzes how the regulations of honors and distinctions awarded by the Spanish publics administrations, stand as a bidirectional communication system that allows the state to position certain related messages exaltation of certain values prevailing in each historical context, previously identified as interesting for public opinion. To accomplish the main objective of this study, it is selected as a case of study the award regulations of honors of the Diputación de Sevilla to demonstrate that history, and law enforcement tell of honors and distinctions extolling values should be referenced for the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an interpretation of twentieth-century pedagogical thought in Spain attending vitalist and synthetic perspectives. We propose an explanation of the changes in the theoretical knowledge of education that have led to the current situation. The research was conducted by studying some of the greatest exponents of General Pedagogy in Spain: Ramon Ruiz Amado, Rufino Blanco, Juan Zaragüeta, Juan Roura-Parella, Víctor García Hoz, Juan Tusquets and Alejandro Sanvisens. We expose and discuss their ideas, suggestions and influences and their place in the history of Spanish pedagogy is presented outlining two major trends: vitalist and synthetic. Results exposed as a set of convergences between the two schools of thought that we have studied, constituting a line of historical continuity. At the same time, this study shows how the tradition in this disciplinary ambit has been interrupted, and identifies significant divergences between general Pedagogy and some postmodern drifts in Educational Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the theatrical genre of the loa as it evolved in Spain in the second half of the seventeenth century. After reviewing some of the main studies which discuss this genre and outlining the main stages in its development, this article considers the generic type of the loa entremesada from two perspectives: discussing, on the one hand, the growing professionalism that affected all theatrical manifestations, including the loa; and, on the other, considering the aspirations entertained by those who composed works of this kind to attract noble and royal patronage. For it is necessary to take account of such influential factors when evaluating the products of the Spanish stage in that period. The context within which the loa entremesada evolved is that in which the commercial and court theatre operated and interacted, and in which both benefited by sharing playwrights, companies and the repertory of plays, despite the different demands made by their different stage-facilities and -techniques. Whatever the type of theatre in which it is performed, whether palace-theatre or corral, the loa always functions on two levels: on the restricted level of its own content, and on the other level where it illuminates the more extensive dramatic work which it both precedes and serves to introduce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze four works by the Spanish author Juan del Encina, as part of the celebrations conducted in the ducal palace of Alba during the late fifteenth century, on the occasion of Christmas and Easter. In medieval celebrations, one can observe the inclusion of theater during these festivities as a complement to Masses, prayers and banquets. One is able to appreciate not only the religious importance of these festivities at that historic moment, but also their continuity to this day in the basic scheme of these same celebrations, which shows our belonging to a long tradition dating back to ancient times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The television was born in Spain in the fifties. The TV went through several stages: limited practices, a pilot phase, the official opening in 1956 and, finally, the consolidation of the medium. So began the social recognition among various sectors of communication and media in the dictatorship. The film industry will participate in this process, as a sector directly affected to the disclosure of new media. The film industry was shown in the press between concern and generated hope and critical debates on the future relations between cinema and television. This paper describes, analyzes and classifies critical stance from cinema over the nascent television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The court theater of Francisco Bances Candamo serves as a medium for studying the relationships between power and literature that existed in the Golden Age in general, and in the court of Carlos II in particular. Within this context, Bances Candamo's theater pursues a pedagogical goal tied to the policies of the monarch, to which the playwright adds references to contemporary politics, and above all, presents images of the ideal monarch. This paper demonstrates the impossibility of discovering, in the courtly comedies of Bances Candamo, elements interpretable as criticisms of royal power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the introduction of the new physical therapies in the years prior to the Second Spanish Republic. It concludes that the physical treatments in force in the international literature were introduced early in Spain and were put into practice by the most important psychiatrists, although in few cases. Given the generalized criticism on the efficacy of psychiatry as a specialty, there was a general bias towards a positive evaluation of the efficacy of the physical therapies by the new generation of Spanish psychiatrists that did not occur in other countries of our setting. The psychiatrists who disagreed professionally with the above-psychiatrists opposed this tendency, there not being sufficient empirical support for the opinion of any group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose in this paper an approach to the history of Communication Research in Spain, taking into account the scientific production and the structure and historical context in which the scientific community interested in this field have performed their work. For this task we have established a temporary frame beginning from the moment communication became an autonomous field of research and education in Spain, during the mid-sixties, until present time. This period has been divided into three stages, typically defined as emergence, consolidation and development (or maturing) of communication studies in Spain. In each of these stages, the scientific community interested in communication research have worked in different social, academic and epistemic or scientific contexts. These particular conditions contribute to understanding the different orientations which have inspired historical communication research in Spain (research objects, theoretical and methodological approaches, contributions and limitations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since J. Brewer's description of Britain as a fiscal-military state, the expression has become a source of inspiration for other country's studies, as well as a methodological tool to examine the relationship between military spending, the Treasure, the Central Administration's organization and the economy of states. This methodology of study has been applied a few times to eighteenth century Spain, assuming in a way or another, that Spain was also a fiscal-military state at that time. Nevertheless, its final defeat against Britain invites us to consider not only what kind of a fiscal-military state could Spain have been, but if it really can be considered like that. As an alternative reflection, this paper argues that Spain could have not been a fiscal-military state, a description that in the end, can give us a better explanation of the Spanish final military and naval defeat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the models of Public Television in Spain (TVE) and Great Britain (BBC), within the different contexts in which both entities are created and developed. We understand that the features adopted by cultural industries do not obey to immovable determinations but are the result of political, economic and cultural circumstances. The discourse of professionals working in these two media -obtained trough indepth interviews- will allow us to infer the concept of public service inspiring their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finding of the field notebooks of Gustavo Schulze brought to light the unpublished studies that this Mexican-German geologist carried out in the Picos de Europa and neighbouring areas from 1906 to 1908. These notebooks, full of lucid geological interpretations, along with part of the interesting fossil materials that Dr. Schulze collected in northern Spain, were donated in 1953 to the University of Tübingen. Presumably, this donation reflected Dr. Schulze's assumption that he never would be able to publish his materials himself. However, a document recently discovered, shows that one year after, in 1954, Dr. Schulze addressed a formal application to the Government of Spain, in which he explained the significance of his studies in the Cantabrian Mountains and asked for financial support to acomplish the research commenced nearly 50 years earlier. This document, bearing remarkable historical importance, is included in this paper, together with the analysis of the personality and outstanding scientific figure of Dr. Schulze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the evolution of Galician Civil Law from its customary origins till the current Act on Galician Civil Law 2006. The article also discusses the structure of the Act describing its new developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]