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In 30 years of commercial relations between Colombia and Peru within the framework of their different integration processes, this article aimed to analyze the Colombian companies that boost bilateral trade with Peru. The study reveals the companies and the main goods traded, the study was developed from the theoretical perspective of economic integration and the concept of South-South trade, through a predominantly quantitative method, with 300,692 data obtained from the interface of the National Statistical System (SEN) fed by the Tax and Customs Directorate Nationals (DIAN) during the last 5 years, 24,651 export operations and 18,305 import operations were obtained. Within the findings, the Colombian companies that export the most, those that import the most, and those with the highest volume of trade are categorized. The industry with the highest business participation is the hygiene and personal care sector, which ranks 5 companies out of the 10 with the highest commercial volume with significant exchanges in essential oils, chemical preparations, plastic, and paper manufactures. Regarding their size, it was found that 100% They are large multinational companies, with more than 50 years in the market. Of the 10 most representative companies: 2 are Colombian, 2 Peruvian, 4 American and 2 European. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the incidence in our country of the recommendations provided by the OECD in its Guide on the implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on transfer pricing Guidance on the transfer pricing implications of the COVID-19 pandemic published on December 18, 2020 and which represents the consensus perspective of the more than 137 members of the BEPS Inclusive Framework, among which is Peru, regarding the application of the arm's length principle for problems generated or exacerbated by the pandemic. In particular, the problem of comparability analysis is evaluated in a scenario of lack of comparable transactions and companies in the 2020 and subsequent years affected by the pandemic. Likewise, the issue of losses is addressed from two perspectives, those as a comparable result and the generation of losses in business models with limited risk. It is concluded that several of the measures recommended by the Inclusive Framework can be materialized through the flexibility and openness of the Tax Administration in audits; however, allowing the modification of the transfer pricing analysis reflected in the Local Report based on information of comparable companies obtained later requires the issuance of a legal norm that does not condition the rectifying return to the verification of SUNAT and temporarily avoid the application of infractions and sanctions for the declaration of false data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the discourses around masculinity and modernity intertwined in intellectual elites' representations during the turn of the twentieth century. The analysis uses a close-reading of certain cases -cultural magazines, eulogies, literary works- that illustrate such discourses. The article shows the elites' efforts for positioning Peru within the realm of the civilized countries and as part of the advancement of Western modernity. To do so, they tried to describe the virile, strenuous, and rational character of the men than inhabited the country. On the hand, elites extolled the heroic character --in terms of hegemonic masculinity-- of leading Peruvian figures to counter the pessimism after the War of the Pacific military defeat. In the same vein, the subsequent enthusiasm during the Aristocratic Republic was anchored in the possibilities to transform the Peruvian subjects towards greater whiteness, masculinity, and civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document strives to analyze the new approaches to regulatory supervision (innovation facilitators) that are being developed worldwide because of the fintech phenomenon, evaluating whether they would be beneficial for Perú, especially in relation to financial inclusion. For this reason, we have proceeded to a review of initiatives to promote fintech innovation worldwide, studying their characteristics. This analysis has a teleological nature of reviewing administrative supervision policies, grouping them into three large taxonomies: innovation centers, sandbox and others, such as innovation accelerators, studying in greater detail the sandboxes due to their relevance and potential impact. Specifically, the article explains the concept of sandbox, including the objectives for which they are designed, their main benefits and risks. Afterwards, the paper specifies the phases that these projects usually go through and their timelines. Two particular cases of sandbox are also described, the Mexican, which requires a «new model» license; and the Israeli, focused on data. Subsequently, the potential benefits and challenges of applying this type of public policy in Peru are evaluated. Finally, a model is proposed for the country, aligned with the financial inclusion strategy, which allows the open participation of all types of entities, including those called fintech, for the greater benefit of society and the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore the hair and beard grooming narratives of fourteen upper-middle-class men aged between 27 and 40 years from Lima, as well as those of barbers and barbershop managers. We conduct in-depth interviews and analyze their thematic and interpretive content. We find that the interviewees use various strategies to avoid being feminized by their interest in grooming. At the same time, the subjects seek to match their hairstyle and/or beard with their clothing and body type in order to appear well turned-out; in Peru, this practice is strongly linked to racial, gender and class narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the discourses of financial-independence and «professionalisation» of offspring promoted by state-provided health-care and welfare (Juntos), Quechua women living in poverty find that upon entering motherhood their full citizenship becomes conditional on successful behaviours and stewardship of children to a more «desirable» livelihood than their own. This suggests that mothering-while-poor places a moral value on women that the state uses to justify monitoring and governing them. This paper is based on one-year's ethnographic-fieldwork in rural communities and health centres or posts in Vilcashuaman province, Ayacucho department, Peru. 100 interviews were conducted with women, men and health-workers, in addition to substantial participant-observation. Whilst the pervasive discourses overburden women's freedoms, there are alternatives to «professionalization» of indigenous-youth that do not require the financial literacy currently imposed on mothers. This paper suggests that moral values placed on poor-maternities are sometimes used unfairly as a justification for reproductive-intervention and revocation of full-citizenship for poor, indigenous women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peruvian government's Law N. 27811, an intellectual property law passed in 2002 and designed to register and protect traditional knowledge, provides productive opportunities for critical analysis. Framed within the trajectory of international intellectual property rights and discussions that complicate the integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) into Cartesian scientific frameworks, this paper critically examines how the Peruvian law has been implemented and its impacts in Indigenous communities, particularly in the Andean Amazon region. The analysis is based on the author's work assisting Indigenous communities in San Martin register their knowledge through this law. While the law represents an advanced legal attempt to address power inequalities, it remains problematic. It does not address the impoverishment of Indigenous Peoples and continues to subordinate Indigenous TEK to Cartesian science. Although it is a symbolic recognition of the value of Peruvian Indigenous Peoples, other mechanisms are still required to redress the long history of colonization and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide an approach to self-regulation in commercial matters and, specifically, to the self-regulation systems on advertising and consumer protection in Peru. Particularly, the article analyzes the recent adoption of the Supreme Decree N° 185-2019-PCM, Regulation that promotes and regulates the voluntary implementation of regulatory compliance programs on consumer protection and advertising. In this sense, the objectives compliance programs seek to achieve are highlighted and the guidelines to be followed are addressed so that their implementation within a corporation is truly effective, particularly in terms of advertising and consumer protection. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of self-regulation systems are developed and it is concluded that the adoption of compliance programs is positive for consumers, the private sector and authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the narratives, dialogues and experiences of inmates and health personnel involved in an intervention funded by the Global Fund to reduce tuberculosis rates in Peruvian prisons. It seeks to answer two main questions: How is it discussed and who has the responsibility for care of the disease in this intervention? It is based on an ethnography conducted in 2006 in Lurigancho, the most overcrowded prison in Peru. The study shows that, contrary to what interventionists affirm, most of the inmates can reproduce the biomedical versions of the disease's etiology in their own terms and without major problems. It was found that intervention discourse holds the patient solely responsible for his health condition; obscuring other equally important social and economic factors. It is argued that many public health policies have taken on a reductionist nature since they have begun to be based upon liberal economic assumptions. As a consequence of this process, certain diseases and types of patients or social groups are considered as morally reprehensible and punishable. It is concluded that it is essential to explore the communication ideology behind any intervention or public health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advance of technology and the massification of Internet, the use of this platform has become a key element for the financial market and other users of financial and non-financial information. The objective of this paper is to determine the degree of disclosure of corporate information on their corporate websites studying a sample of companies listed on the Chilean and Peruvian securities markets. The research analyzes a sample composed by 63 companies, 33 Chilean companies and 30 Peruvian companies, using 48 variables distributed in 5 dimensions: Accountability, Company and Strategy, Financial Analysis, Transparency and Usability. The evaluation is measured through an index. The results show concern for presenting financial information; however, they do not reveal significant voluntary aspects, such as those related to social and environmental responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes some ideas regarding the history of the Quyllurit'i pilgrimage by paying close attention to the particularities of the wayri ch'unchu ritual dance. After reviewing the available historic evidence about it, the text proposes that the location of the shrine at the bottom of the Qulqipunku glacier (Ocongate, Cusco) is explained by its liminal position between the Andean highlands and the Amazon. The location of the Qulqipunku, and its difference with the Ausangate, is very evident for the communities living in the surroundings of Qulqipunku. The text proposes that these communities were the main protagonists of the pilgrimage at least until the end of the 19th century. The paper explains why the wayri ch'unchu dancers of these communities -highlanders who represent indigenous peoples of the Amazon- were so important and numerous in the past. Finally, the text shows how the continuous grow of the pilgrimage along the 20th century has meant a progressive marginalization of these communities within the pilgrimage as well as a clear decrease in the preponderance of wayri ch'unchu dancers. The decrease is directly related to attempts to subvert ideologies of social differentiation present in the region that are framed in a broader and ongoing process of de-indianization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the amplifier mechanism that has the evolution of exchange rate on the credit cycle in an economy with high financial dollarization, one mechanism that has been called «the exchange rate accelerator». In this scenario, the natural procyclicality between the business cycle and credit cycle goes into the background, but perhaps not fade. The paper develops the theoretical framework underlying the transmission mechanism and shows some stylized facts of Peruvian credit system. The following presents an econometric model with panel data to estimate the effect of exchange rate accelerator on the evolution of credit default in the credit system institutions. From these empirical results, and under Basel II philosophy, the paper discusses how to implement, in banks and other credit institutions, prudential regulation that requires the allocation of provisions and capital for credit risk arising from exchange rate risk caused by foreign currency loans. The basic idea of these measures would help the system to internalize the externalities produced by this non-diversifiable risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the zero coupon yield curve for the Peruvian government bond market. We employ two methods of estimation proposed by Nelson y Siegel (1987) and Svensson (1994). Model performance is evaluated based on criteria of goodness of fit, flexibility and parameter stability, by using alternative objective functions for parameter estimation. The Svensson model shows on average a better adjustment; however, parameter estimates are more unstable when data availability is limited -for example when there is a small number of transactions in the secondary market- in which case is better to use the Nelson y Siegel estimates. At the end of the paper, yield curve estimates are used to derive market expectations of future short term interest rates, that are valuable sources of information for central bank's monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its beginnings, and more clearly since the mid 1800, Economics has been resting on the assumption that economic agents make rational decisions, maximizing their utility or well-being according to their own preferences and interests. The economic order resulting from that plurality of rational decisions is regarded as an efficient and Pareto-optimum one. Several authors have questioned the validity of those assumptions, and this has entailed a gradual transformation of the assumptions. This paper discusses the problems faced by the idea of a fully rational Homo economicus, the adjustments and defensive measures adopted by various tendencies within Economics to overcome those problems and counter various related theoretical and methodological criticisms. The paper also discusses more recent conceptions of economic reality that are at variance with the traditional view, especially those linked to behavioural, institutional and evolutionary Economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the experience of economic growth in Peru during the last five decades. It describes its principal characteristics, explains the changes along the period and predicts its future path. The methodological approach consists in a combination of accounting and econometric techniques, both based in comparisons between countries and periods of time. The study discovers that the most important turning points of the economic growth were caused by changes in the productivity of all inputs, instead of the simple accumulation of capital. Specifically, the paper finds out that the recover of the economic growth in Peru during the 1990's was caused by the process of structural reforms and stabilization and lasts until now. The future growth of the economy depends on the continuation and deepness of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the strategic planning method linked to the territory's sustainable development as it is currently being proposed by various organisms involved in public policies in Peru. It is aimed to discuss the methodology in terms of its validity as a new theoretical paradigm. Its ultimate goal is to bring about a new comprehension of the strategic planning process within the present competitive framework -among districts, provinces, regions, etc.- featured by factors such as human resources assessment, expressive technological investments and emphasis on inter-connectivity, among others. The paper starts by revising the strategic planning model genesis within the public initiative sector and its relationship with the attraction of private investments at local scale. The percourse which links one point to the other goes through both the perspective of economists and administrators and the vision of prominent planners. It ends up by showing the possibilities of a new prospect in the strategic planning of development at local scale, as well as existing doubts regarding the model: firstly, if we lack adequate information in reference to the objective capacities of our closest competitors, we will hardly be able to elaborate competitive strategies favorable to us in a specific environment; secondly, we consider that, in the current context of our country, the goals in the territory development process must be guidelined by employment and income generation for local population and this, without doubt, relies on systematic planning of investment attraction; and finally, we accept that strategic planning may constitute a tool that will enable to consolidate the decentralization and territorial integration processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is on territorial management in the frontier zone of Peru, Brazil and Bolivia, and its relation to the construction of the transoceanic highway. Its main objective is to discuss the processes of urban growth in the settlements of Iflapari (Madre de Dios, Peru), Assis Brasil (Acre, Brazil), and Bolpebra (Pando, Bolivia), and their connection to the wider process of international South American integration. Another objective is to bring a new comprehension to the planning and management process of the Amazon territory from a decentralized viewpoint, taking care of the environmental conservation and the protection of the Rio Acre basin. The discussion departs from the view that the construction of the road will stimulate an organized urban growth that may dramatically enforce the problems in relation to the social and environmental degradation, to finally propose a new strategy for territorial and urban management through the building of an international city that includes the three urban settlements already mentioned above. Finally, this paper shows that the best development possibilities for the region are in the integral management of the urban services, infrastructure and equipment. It is hoped that the perspective of an international city will ameliorate and even control the appearance of problems typical of frontier urban settlements, such as delinquency, prostitution, drugs traffic and consumption, smuggling, unemployment, lack of cultural identity, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the uses of the word chino, china in northern Peru in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, via historical documents and popular poetry couplets. Contrary to previous proposals, we corroborate the actual use of this term, especially in its feminine form, and we propose two possible meanings for it: the first, linked to caste terminology, refers to a type of ?racial mix? between ?Indian? and ?African?, with a minor and variable component of ?white blood?, while the second refers to a young woman, usually a peasant. We also examine the use of the word as a formulaic way to appeal to the loved one in popular poetry and we conclude that, although probably this formula was derived from the racial terminology, the word quickly gained positive affective nuances, making it possible to refer to the woman that it was possible to court. It is suggested that the former meaning 'servant', central in colonial sources of sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, began to blur in the studied period and in line with previous works. We propose a competition between the word and its homophone, referred to Asian migrants since the late nineteenth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the proposal of healthy universities as an approach to health promotion feasible and necessary to work in higher education institutions. It exposes its definition and basic features, the steps to facilitate proper implementation and a historical review about the existing projects in universities of America and Europe. In Peru, there are several initiatives, among which the work of the Consortium of Universities and currently the start of the PUCP Healthy Program at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Finally, it is done a brief review of the work implemented to date by this program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashibo-Cacataibo is a Panoan language spoken in the Peruvian Amazon. Despite its relatively small number of speakers this language features a rich dialectal diversity. Although this dialectal situation has previously been documented by G. Tessmann and L. Wistrand, among others, in this article we aim to offer an approach to the dialectology of this language from firsthand data and with an emphasis on the documentation of the phonological aspects that determine the isoglosses separating the Cashibo-Cacataibo dialects. The paper also include references to lexical and morphosyntactic aspects. The conclusions from the data we have collected converge with the results obtained by other scholars: the Cashibo-Cacataibo language consists of four extant dialects (plus an extinct one) with varying degrees of similarity between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explains the peculiarities of the poetic gender called blasón that Rubén Dario assumes in the poem of the same name. It shows that Darío's notion of blasón introduces substantial changes to this gender, which originally implies the praise of a shield, and uses it as an ars poetica. So the poems entitled "Blasón" of Jose Santos Chocano and Jose María Eguren, according to Dario, become the expression of an aesthetic program through three recurring images: a bird and/or the so-called "American nature", and/or of the poetic voice that declares its fierce singularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to think about the dynamics between social labour relationships and the religious believes in Peruvian mining on the basis of anthropological analysis of data collected among Julcani miners (Huancavelica) and Canta artisanal miners (Sierra of Lima) . Julcani miners are observed in two different socioeconomic contexts, one of modernization and technological development, and another of mine closure. Canta artisanal miners are also observed in two different periods, one before and the other after the installation in the zone of a mineral trade company. It can be stated that the apparition of «evil» believes in miner's religious system corresponds to the expansion and intensification of capitalist labour relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the decades of the 1950's and 1960's, several communities of Peru's central coastal area, well-known examples being Acos and Huayopampa (Chancay Valley, Huaral), converted from subsistence production systems to fruit growing, economically more profitable. This occurred in Putinza, the community discussed in this paper. Around 1955 it shifted to cultivating fruit and replaced multicropping with monoculture, articulated to the urban markets of Cañete and Lima. This research, which combines field work with a diachronic and synchronic vision and draws on comparative studies of peasant economies, seeks to explain the factors that facilitated this articulation in the early 1960's. Among the factors that influenced this process are the ecological advantages the community enjoyed, its openness to change, its relative closeness to large urban centers, the existence of roads and infrastructure, and market advantages in terms of prices and the growing consumer demand for fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes changes in community governance in the context of negotiations with a mining company. We focus on three issues: the role played by the community government on the regulation of community resources and territory, the diverse and complex interests that emerge in the presence of mining activity; and, the community as a political institution confronting external pressures over its land. We develop a study case focusing on the negotiation process between the Michiquillay peasant community and Anglo American Mining Company in Cajamarca, Peru. This information was obtained doing fieldwork in the community in 2009. In our analysis we observe that changes on community resources regulation, its uses and valorization, as well as changes on the balance of power between economic and political actors, have created a greater level of complexity in the community, creating new levels of community decision and spaces for disputing resources' control. At the same time, new inter communal conflicts emerge and fragmentation of community lands increases. In this context the community as an institution plays a central role in the negotiation process over access productive resource and the distribution of financial capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Quechua offerings in the South of Peru are banquets dedicated to the Pachamama and the Apus, and at the same time, are elaborated mathematical systems controlled by sophisticated operations. Using two principal numbers, 3 and 4, the religious specialist is capable of transmitting polysemic messages. Through the number 3, the religious specialist refers to the people, landscapes and mountains, in sum, to «persons» able to interact among themselves. The number 3 appears in the k'intus, composed of coca leaves, also in the prayers said during the process of the offering ritual. On the contrary, the number 4 does not indicate relationships but spatial forms: it is a geometrical operator that is constructed of the ceremonial square napkin (unk'uña) and paper in which the offering is completely wrapped to make the offering a miniature world, containing the «four directions of the world.» Using these numbers, the religious specialist can recreate the cosmos, establish covenants with the gods and define new situations favorable to the life of Quechuas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the principal purposes of Q'eros music is to actively regenerate and re-create good relationships with the cosmos and the spirit world they believe in. In this paper, I explore how both the Q'eros' indigenous songs as well as their newly-adopted music and dance for Peru's largest pilgrimage, Qoyllurit'i, achieve efficacy of purpose through similar techniques of sound production and aesthetics. Even though the specific musical traits (structure, scale, and instrumentation) of both musical styles are significantly different, I address how Q'eros' musical production of both types share the same focus and serve the same end-goals, whether the ritual is an intimate one within the community or shared with thousands of other people from the greater region. In addition, the performance of both styles of music serve as specific identity markers for the Q'eros depending on their contextual use and the identity desired at the time. In other words, the Q'eros' musical choices allow them to shift identities between traditional Q'eros in their home community and misti (mestizo) in Qoyllurit'i. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to show that the problem is not in the model itself but in the mismanagement of the prescribed policies. Despite their different social and economical structures, Argentina and Peru faced similar problems during the same period (1990-2000): a hyperinflation in the beginning and an institutional crisis at the end. After several years of economic recovery, Argentina faced a big political and economic crisis and after blaming to the so-called «neoliberal policy», reverses her policy. Actually Peru has better perspectives and Argentina has a collapse in perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on ethnographic fieldwork I conducted between January and March of 2007 in a small rural village on the north coast of Peru as part of the research for my Master's Degree thesis. It addresses the ways that the rural youth give their own school experience. During the fieldwork, I lived in Chaquira for two months and conducted 18 in depth interviews with young people. I also visited the local high school and had informal conversations with different demographic groups in the village, mainly young parents (between 30 and 45 years old). Based on a definition of citizenship and a description of the youth's every day life, this paper analyzes the processes of exclusion, not only as a structural problem, but also as the situation of internal oppression within a determined social space. The objective is to think about social space of rural youth as spaces that enable or hinder the formation of participatory citizens. For this reason, I focuse on the aspects of school experiences and on social factors that contribute to the construction and exercise of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural and urban worlds are the two columns that support a society within a given territory. Often, we dedicate much attention to the urban sector because it contains near 60% of the world population and generates and dynamics the contemporary economies. We talk much of the rural sector but do little to solve its problems, especially to bettering the quality of life of the poorest, which in global terms are living in the mountain areas of the world. In this paper I analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the mountain environments to sustainable human development that allows bettering the quality of life of their populations. I insist on resources quality and control and urban demand. I also point out to the infrastructure difficulties and its effects in the circulation of goods and services. The case study is settled at the Sierra of the Department of Piura, northwest Perú, where there is a rural population mostly dedicated to subsistence activities while in the coastal lowlands dominates commercial agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a qualitative research study that took place in five public schools of Lima between 2005 and 2007. The goal was to identify teachers' conceptions about teaching and learning in order to understand their pedagogic practice. The sample included 9 sixth grade teachers of primary schools. Results show that traditional pedagogic conceptions are strongly rooted and this is reflected in the pedagogic practice of all teachers. Mathematics teaching is characterized by the following of rules and procedures, the routine practice of exercises, the use of key words and the lack of a significant context for learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a straightforward and diverse methodology, this paper assesses and estimates the trade barriers impact on exports from the Peruvian economy. The results of the analysis indicate that Most Favored Nation (MFN) and Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) tariffs rates imposed by developed countries to Peruvian exports are relatively low and close to zero. Conversely, the number of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) and the average number of NTBs per export tariff line, specially the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), are relatively high. This difference produces a higher estimation of the export impact of the NTBs. An implication of these results is that the new wave of regional preferential trade agreements among developed and developing countries (which face similar trade barriers structure as the Peruvian case) may not have meaningful effects on trade flows unless it is accompanied by substantial reductions in the number of NTBs per export tariff line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with Viceroy Toledo's governing plan and the modern concepts of development. It is a review of Viceroy Toledo's plan genesis from 1568's Junta Magna, the Toledo's trip over the Andes and the final establishment of his two main economic policy pillars: the mita and the technological process --using mercury for extracting silver from the ore--. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a paleographic transcription of two original documents of the Archivum Romanum Societat Jesu (ARSI) in Rome, referred to the death of Jesuit Priest Pablo Joseph de Arriaga in a province of Peru. The first document has been extracted from the section called Fondo Gesuita: Elogia Defunctorum (1621-1622,1623). Busta 115, III,3. The second document is part of the Peru section, volume Peru 21: Vida de los difuntos desta Prov.a del Peru (Life of the Dead in this Province of Peru). 2.a. Via Citanse en carta n. 22, written in Italian of the XVII century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers and analyses a selection of pictures -with special emphasis on those representing urban scenes- from the photographic collection of TAFOS' Social Photography Workshop. Its main purpose is to highlight some important issues in contemporary discussion about anthropology in general and visual anthropology in particular: (1) theoretical and methodological issues and aspects associated with the experience developed by TAFOS in the field of visual anthropology, and (2) the role that these pictures may have in the construction of Lima's collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide an approximate description of the territorial differences of the Peruvian population from a social-demography perspective. The structure of inequalities is searched through factorial analysis, which would let us know a better description of the spatial distribution of these inequalities among provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume of human and economic as well as material resources put into action by the mining industry in rural spaces has given this industry the most powerful force to the diffusion of the industrial society in the traditional rural societies. The mobilized human resources include all levels, from high qualified executives to unqualified labor with low schooling level. The economic resources are of different types and are reflected in the circulation of goods, salaries, the changes in consumption patterns, and incomes received by the local governments. The direct/ indirect mobility of the material resources leads to the building of service's infrastructure, the appearance of new urban centers and industrial plants at the most backward places of Peru, where poverty and State absence are dominant characteristics. Taking into account the cultural realms of the rural societies in the high mountains of Peru, where most of the mining operations are located, and given the variety of resources mobilized by the mining operations, we may identify interacting cultural, economic, social and environmental spaces that define a complex relationship between man and his geographical settings. This paper offers a geographical approach, both from physical and cultural points of view, through descriptive models. The objective is to recognize some underlying dynamic components attached to each space directed to the management of the local and industrial development. This study is based on a research carried out during 2005 in a medium size mine in the Central Andes of Peru, above 4.200 meters of altitude, in the Huancavelica region. The social realm is made of traditional peasant communities, Quechua speakers who live in extreme socio-economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the physical and perceived landscape changes in a mining area located in northern Peru. The divergent points of view about the impacts of the mining activities have been more dynamic in recent years. This condition leads to the need of a better comprehension of the environmental and social consequences of the mining activities. Landscape studies may be relevant to understand such problems. So, in this study, we intend to determine the landscape change in a mining area by mapping the change of the physical landscape and analyzing the local population's perception of this change. The physical dimension is studied by spatial-holistic interpretation of diachronic air photographs to produce maps of the pre-mining period (1993) and after (2000), which allows comparisons between them. The perception is examined from the analysis of semi-structured interviews to the local population. The physical landscape analysis shows a change index of 73% in all the studied area. This change is characterized mainly by the conversion of the semi-natural grass to the mining area where the grass is scarce. These results correlate positive with the local population's appreciation who perceive great environmental changes and stress the dramatic reduction of the natural resources, which are the basis for their living as grasses and water. Most of the informants had concerns of the lost of practices, customs and identity. Methodologically, this study is based on an empirical and theoric research, that combines quantitative and qualitative methods to study the landscape changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]