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The present paper analyses the translation of motion events from Spanish novels into German and English. More precisely, it focuses on three translation agents: translation students, professional translators and the neural machine translation tool DeepL. The study, contextualised in the Thinking-for-translating hypothesis (Slobin, 1997, 2000, 2003), aims at investigating whether all the information about the motion events in Spanish novels is transferred or otherwise Manner information is added, as might be expected due to intertypological differences (German and English languages are satellite-framed languages and Spanish is a verb-framed language, Talmy, 1985, 2000) and the data obtained from studies based on professional translation (cf. Slobin, 1996; Cifuentes-Férez, 2013; Molés- Cases, 2019). Overall, the results show that the way students and professionals deal with the translation of motion events is influenced by their mother tongues. However, it seems that, in general, students are more reluctant to add information about Manner in motion events than professional translators. Besides, the most observed translation technique in the case of DeepL corresponds to literal translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes, from the viewpoint of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (henceforth, SFL), the specific ways in which the structure of the Spanish clause is organized for the realization of basic experiential functions, including Participant, Process and Circumstance. Thus far, SFL-descriptive work on Spanish has given little attention to the ways in which units and classes of units are organized along the rank scale of this language and how this organization contributes to the structural configuration of types of process. Based on the principles derived from the SFL theoretical dimensions of axis and rank, this article accounts for Spanishspecific resources at stake, first, in the realization of nuclear clause functions such as Process and Participant, and then in the realization of peripheral circumstantial elements. The paper finally addresses the key implications of the approach adopted to the account of the Spanish clause as well as to the general criteria involved in the identification of basic functions in its experiential structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to model plural nominal concordance errors for a Spanish corpus of four learners of Spanish as a foreign language: SONIA (level A1/A2), NATI (level B1), JAKO (level B2), MIRKA (level C1). In the framework of dynamical systems, it is postulated that "correct" and "incorrect" concordances constitute stable discrete attractors to which the continuous flow of the system converges in three simple simulation models: Lokta-Volterra, coordination game (evolutionary games theory), gradient ascent. As a result, the models better approximate the global error pattern than the session pattern. In the latter, the model based on Lokta-Volterra offers better performance for SONIA, NATI and JAKO. MIRKA obtains the worst performance in all the models, but its error decreases with the gradient ascent model. It is concluded that learning patterns are self-organized and emerge from the dynamics of concordance microsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phraseology represents a recognized and relevant field in the teaching of the Spanish language and culture. Religion is an essential part of culture and as such it is reflected in many phraseological units (PU) that should have a place in learning a foreign language. Language and culture are inseparable for a native speaker as opposed to a foreign student who needs an integrated teaching of language and culture. For this paper, we have selected a PU with a religious cultural component that may be interesting for students of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE): colgarle a alguien el sambenito 'stigmatise sy' (literally: 'hang the sanbenito on sy'). To justify our choice, we have studied the frequency of this phrase in different situations and socio-cultural contexts during a period of five years (2012-2016) in several Spanish digital newspapers, including El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, Ideal and Marca. For this purpose, it was our initial assumption that a look at the frequency of this phrase in the digital press will help us identify its use. This paper seeks to extrapolate the results to applied linguistics, specifically, applied phraseology in Spanish, since phraseological competence improves not only communicative competence but also knowledge about Spanish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies are today, in the year 2021, an essential complement in the field of didactics in its broadest sense and, even more so, in the field of foreign language teaching. It is common knowledge that there has always been a deep link between translation and second language teaching, which has led to significant changes in language didactics. The aim of this paper is to explore the pedagogical potential of one mode of audiovisual translation, namely subtitling, in the field of teaching Spanish to Italian-speaking students. Our interest lies in demonstrating that through the process of subtitling it is possible to pedagogically address certain linguistic and cultural aspects that benefit the linguistic-communicative competence of Italian-speaking students of Spanish as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, several studies have shown the polyfunctionality of the particle como in Spanish. Beyond its approximating semantic value, it has been established that como also fulfils pragmaticdiscursive functions, such as retardation, mitigation and introduction of direct speech (Holmvik, 2011; Jørgensen, 2012; Panussis, 2016; Mondaca, 2017; Panussis and San Martín, 2017, Mondaca, 2019). This paper aims to analyze, on the one hand, the relationship between the approximating use of como and its function as a direct speech introducer in Chilean Spanish, in order to establish what types of information are introduced in direct style, through this particle, by the speakers. On the other hand, and from an exploratory perspective, the study pursues to identify the syntactic combinations that como, as a direct speech introducer, presents. To achieve these aims, a corpus of 24 sociolinguistic interviews collected in the Fondecyt Project 11110211 has been used. The distribution of this corpus includes six speakers from each of the four geographical macro-areas of Chile (Wagner, 1998, 2004). The main results show the following: a) The function of introduction of direct speech associated to como is linked to the approximating value of the particle; b) the direct speech introduced by como not only reproduces speech quotes, but also thoughts, hypothetical speech, stereotyped speech, and attitudes; and, c) although como can operate as an only introductory element of direct speech, most frequently it acts in combination with other elements, such as the verb ser and the adverb así. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of the allophonic variation of the consonantal group /tr/ in a variety of Chilean Spanish -that of speakers that have not completed secondary education- obtained from eight cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas), using two elicitation tasks -semi-spontaneous interview and reading-aloud- completed by male and female speakers. The results showed that the sequence of plosive followed by a tap, that is /tr/, was more frequent. In addition, the independent variables geographic origin, elicitation task and gender were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the phonetic realizations of /tr/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have dealt in this paper, with a non-normative writing for Spanish words which implies exogenous conventions, and we have distinguished it from an intervention which can be considered similar, because it also generates alternating forms separated from the corresponding norm by using non-Spanish conventions, but for writing of words that the speakers recognize as importations from other languages. On data from the commercial domain, obtained in the Buenos Aires dialectal area of Argentine Spanish, we have compared the origin of the resources used in the foreign writing for Spanish words and in the hyperforeign configurations, verifying a disparity that ratifies the characterization that we have tried out for both types of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of Spanish as a foreign language in North America during the 19th century prompted the publishing house Henry Holt and Frederick Leypoldt to edit in 1868 an anonymous handbook of pronunciation, lexicon, phrases, verbs and dialogues to teach Spanish in a short, easy and practical way. ¿Habla Vm. español? or Do you Speak English? collects the rudiments to perform in Spanish, especially through oral language, for those who wished to make a stay in Spain or in Latin America. Although the text is unoriginal in its content and formal presentation, it is part of linguistic historiography and the corpus of Spanish as a Foreign Language materials. This paper focuses on the analysis of ¿Habla Vm. español? or Do you Speak English?, the context in which it was written and the methodology used by Holt and Leypoldt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses three Spanish focus constructions: clefts, the Det+N+ SER construction (e.g. la verdad es que...), and the lo+ADJ+SER construction (e.g. lo bueno es que...). Since their status in the oral-written dimension is still ambiguous and it has even been proposed some closeness with the written language, the research focused on their frequency in an oral corpus of Mexican Spanish, as well as their discourse functions. The data collected shows that these constructions are more frequent in the telenovela, while among non-fictional genres they are linked to those situated within the communicative immediacy space (v. Koch y Oesterreicher 1985). Their functions are grouped in two dimensions: micro- and macrotextual; the latter being the prevailing one since by using these constructions the speaker organizes and marks topical lines in discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted that in oral exchanges with, for example, family members, friends, and co-workers, speakers of Chilean Spanish alternate between verbal tuteo and verbal voseo. In this paper, drawing on a corpus of conversational interactions between relatives and friends from Santiago, I examine the relative frequency with which these speakers use verbal voseo in relation to verbal tuteo, and I explore the social and linguistic factors that determine the variation, paying particular attention to the parameters that affect the use of verbal voseo. In addition, I compare the distributions observed here with those observed in previous studies that base their analyses on corpora that contain less natural communicative contexts. The results indicate that, in spontaneous conversational interactions, the speakers use verbal voseo with a frequency much greater than the frequency with which they use verbal tuteo as well as the frequencies observed in previous studies. This, and the fact that verbal voseo is conditioned by an interaction between the gender and the age of the speakers, as well as by the specificity of their interlocutors, shows that speakers of Chilean Spanish born in Santiago assign covert prestige to verbal voseo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on expressions of age combined with the verbs ser and estar in the Spanish of Guatemala and Mexico. It analyses the linguistic and extralinguistic factors favoring the extension of estar and the process of linguistic change involved in the expression of age in the two dialectal groups. Based on the analysis of three linguistic corpora from these communities (one from Ciudad de México and two from Guatemala), the results show, on the one hand, that estar is the most frequent copulative form, and, on the other, that some age-related adjectives favor the extension of the copulative form: chico, chiquito, grande. The paper concludes that age expressions with ser and estar are a feature of dialectal differentiation and, at the same time, an evolution of estar at the expense of ser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphic or scriptural environment of Cameroon is experiencing a process of hispanization through Spanish words and expressions. These imported words name spaces, structures and institutions. It seems that the authors of that practice do escape from the heavy socioeconomic reality they are faced with since the decade of ninety. The evasion consists of several ways. It is spatial when foreign toponyms are transposed into Cameroon context and temporal when glorious and idyllic moments of the past are brought into mind. However, escapism can be carried out through rewarding adjectives or the designation of purely positive realities. Consequently, Cameroonians use symbolic concepts like goodness, friendship, divinity, etc. in order to, according to dream or visceral wish, make positive their daily life and get out of the generalized crisis. The aim of this paper consists in analyzing that phenomenon on the basis of collected data from Cameroon towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, succession documents translation is one of the most frequent translation briefs. This matter takes on particular importance in countries with a high immigration rate, and that is the case of Spain: as a consequence of immigration of English-speaking people, many legal and sworn (English<>Spanish) translations of testamentary instruments are carried out. In order to achieve this, the knowledge of textual and structural features of legal and family documents in general, and in succession documents in particular becomes essential. This paper reports on the findings of one study whose purpose was to analyse the macrostructure of succession instruments. Our research corpus consists of 90 wills in electronic format: 30 Spanish, 30 for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 30 Scottish. Our analysis results show striking differences in the macrostructure (and grammar) of the legal genre analysed in the legal systems aforementioned. We suggest that the knowledge of macrostructural differences of a complex text genre such as the will contributes to carrying out its bi-directional translation: not only with direct directionality (English-Spanish) but also with reverse directionality (Spanish-English), highly demanded in the current professional market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines, from a historical, anthropological and linguistic perspective, various attempts to regulate the relationship between the Mapuche language and Spanish in Chile, from the activity of the first missionaries to the current efforts of the State and Mapuche intellectuals to revitalize Mapudungun in urban and rural environments. We review the contact between Mapudungun and Spanish through history as a key to understanding the processes of language planning (formal and informal, explicit and implicit) that have been developed since the first contacts between Spanish and Mapuche until today. We also analyze two initiatives that have attempted to modify the situation of the Mapuche language: the creation of a unified alphabet of Mapudungun and the constitution of the Mapuche Language Academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the perception which Spanish-speaking subjects from Santiago de Chile have of the geographical variation of Chilean Spanish in terms of three dimensions: the similarity observed in the speech of various regions in relation to their own speech, the quality attached to regional varieties, and the pleasantness perceived in them. These perceptions reveal the attitudes that the subjects have towards the regional varieties of Chilean Spanish identified by themselves. We conclude that people from Santiago de Chile have a high degree of linguistic self-esteem as they show a more favourable attitude towards the variety of Spanish spoken in the capital city and in the central region of Chile, in general, than towards the varieties spoken in the northern and southern regions. Nevertheless, in the affective dimension (pleasantness) and specially amongst people from the middle and lower classes, the southern variety increases its positive valuation, although never surpassing the positive valuation of the central region of this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the constituent features of the textual type called memoria, in the context of the legal-administrative sphere of the Colonial Era. This textual type is embedded in both the Spanish and the native American legal tradition, so it is of particular interest for the history of the Spanish language, for the textual linguistics studies and for pragmatics studies. The research also aims to demonstrate that in the Peruvian judicial system of the 16th Century there was a particular type of memoria, modeled by the convergence of the Western way of recording data and the use of quipus as Andean recording medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine, in a corpus of Chilean Spanish, the presence, frequency and meanings of evidential strategies. The results show that, for this dialect, the semantic domain of evidentiality is conveyed, at least, by the future simple and the future perfect, the conditional simple and the conditional perfect, the pronoun uno, the second person singular, the construction "determinant + tal + proper noun" and dequeísta structures. Evidential meanings conveyed are reportative / quotative, "personal source and universal access" and "source and access shared between speaker and listener". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper approaches linguistic methods either grammatical or lexical, used by Spanish speaking participants of a communication act to express distance to their own enunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on two of the major problems that have traditionally hindered the study of the so-called 'colloquial Spanish', namely (i) terminological hesitation and lack of consensus in referring to this linguistic form (designated indistinctly by terms such as 'language', 'speech', 'discourse', etc., on one side, and 'colloquial', 'spoken', 'conversational', etc., on the other side) and (ii) the lack of a clear and unitary definition of the object of study. For this purpose, first the most common designations and the conditions which make it possible to use them as synonymous are identified. Secondly, the conceptual structure of the most famous definitions and the linguistic and extralinguistic features of the object of study which each one of them emphasizes are analyzed. Finally, reasons for the perpetuation of the terminological and conceptual vagueness in the history of Spanish Linguistics are mentioned and a theoretical frame for a better definition of spoken or colloquial Spanish is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concessive clauses (Aunque llueva, saldré a correr - I'll go for a run even if it rains) establish a more flexible connection between clause and main sentence than the other types of adverbial subordinate clauses. This is why the connection between both structures can be stated by coordination (Llueve, pero igualmente saldré a correr - It's raining but I'll still go for a run). From a formal point of view, there are two kinds of adverbial clauses of concession: those beginning with a subordinating conjunction (aunque -even though-, aun -even-, aun cuando -even when-, etc.), and those that do not take such a conjunction. Syntactically, concessive clauses act as modifiers of the nucleus of the sentence or as modifiers of modality. In the present paper we will analyse the use of clauses of concession as modifiers of the nucleus of the sentence introduced by the subordinate conjuctions aunque, aun, aun cuando in connection with the types of phrases that these connectives accept or reject. We will start from the premise that these subordinating conjunctions reject noun phrases. But, even when they can take adjective phrases, the connective aun does not always accept these, and requires a gerund construction or a prepositional phrase acting as an adjective. Aun cuando, on the other hand, can only be used with a conjugated verb. This difference poses the problem of whether the conjuction aunque can be reconsidered as an adverb, which, in turn, in the area of language teaching, affects the choice and limitations of types of words in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the empirical research about the word stress acoustic parameters in different languages concluded that this phonological feature is basically expressed by means of variations on the intensity, pitch and duration of vocalic segments-besides of other secondary correlates (Leah 1977, Al-Ani 1992, De Jong y Zawaydeh 1999: 5). However, in the Hispanic Linguistics field, most of the studies traditionally used diverse methodologies to their results, mostly claiming there is just one acoustic marker for lexical stress, depending on the author: pitch, intensity or duration (Quilis 1993, Bolinger y Hodapp 1961, Contreras 1963, Garrido et al. 1995)--. This paper presents the materials, methods and conclusions of a laboratory research work, based only on digital equipment (such as Multispeech 3.1), to essentially conclude that the word stress in Spanishis better described on the jointly basis of those three parameters: intensity, pitch and duration --seemingly, a reduced set of quite universal parameters--. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to search into a suitable methodology to examine the use and function of the vose forms preceding subjunctive constructions spoken in the city of Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. We believe most of the studies done in the use of vose forms have been biased by the researchers' selection of a suitable environment that would yield successful results attesting to the uses of vose forms by a variety of Spanish speakers. Pragma-linguistics aspects involved in the data collection process as well as the explanations about the origin of one linguistic form or the other have been generally omitted or scarcely hinted at. For the purpose of this paper, we have reviewed previous studies on the use of vose forms carried out in the rioplatense area to observe the methodology followed in the compilation of the corpus. We focused on those research works which provide details on methodology or provide recommendations on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo se ocupa de la pronta aparición de sílabas de relleno en posición prenominal, especialmente en las lenguas románicas. Los datos de tres criaturas hispanoparlantes nos permiten concluir que no hay una etapa pregramatical, que las categorías gramaticales de género y definitud aparecen simultáneamente y desde muy pronto en castellano, y que la accesibilidad de las categorías funcionales depende de las características prosódicas de la lengua ambiental, lo que nos lleva a abogar por un papel más central de la fonología en el Programa Minimista. The paper focuses on prenominal fillers, which appear very early, especially in the Romance languages. Data from three Spanish-speaking children reveal that there is no pregrammatical stage, although full forms are learned relatively slowly; that the grammatical categories of gender and definiteness appear simultaneously and very early in Spanish, and that functional categories are made available depending on the prosodic characteristics of the target language, thus a more central role for phonology is advocated in the Minimalist Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]