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In this article we will try to show five humorous signs used in Spanish linguistic jokes and that could be used in Spanish teaching. These signs are polysemy, homophony, paronymy, phraseology and diminutives. The election of jokes as a structure to use in teaching is based not only in the fact that it is the main humorous structure, but also in its easy to learn structure. As Attardo (2008) said, joke is the easiest humorous text type. Also, "joke is a humorous unit with no context and selfcontained, which has all the required information to be understood and enjoyed" (Martin, 2008: 37). The goal of this paper is to show how previously mentioned signs work in an internet extracted corpus, so we can get generalizations that can be used in Spanish teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to present the results of an investigation about functioning of tag questions in oral corpus of Chilean Spanish from a systemic-functional language perspective. The categories of interpersonal analysis are derived from the semantic-discursive and lexicalgrammatical strata. In the meaning stratum, the speech function and the semiotic commodity have been considered, while in the coding stratum, the clause modes and the location of the tag question in the clause have been considered. It is concluded that the tag question is a productive resource for the expression of interpersonal meanings in all speech functions. It is mostly integrated in moves that fulfill the role of 'give', while the main subject of negotiation is 'information'. Within the MOOD system, they are mostly integrated in final position of declarative clauses and to a lesser extent in imperative and interrogative clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School well-being has a growing interest in educational research and practice, although its multidimensional nature and the imprecision in its definition limit its knowledge and make more in-depth study necessary. The aim was to deepen the understanding of the construct of school well-being identifying perspectives, models and definitory elements. A systematic review of 53 bibliographic sources from internationally databases (APA, PsycInfo, ERIC, Scopus, WoS) was conducted. PICO approach for formulating the eligibility criteria and searching for research questions, and PRISMA-compliance systematic review recommendations were followed. There were included articles and papers conferences, from 2000 to 2020, with the keywords school wellbeing or well-being, in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish languages. Topics related to health and illness, work, university, and social, economic, politic, or cultural issues were excluded. Information was analysed descriptively using the meta-narrative. The characteristics of the studies (methodology, participants, years of publication and countries) were presented; the perspectives classically linked to school well-being as a subjective (hedonic) and psychological (eudemonic) concept as well as the social well-being were explained; and the factors that operationalize it were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Applied Cognitive Linguistics, more specifically on how the different areas within this theoretical perspective contributed to the field of the acquisition and teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL). Cognitive Linguistics is not a homogeneous approach to language; it includes different perspectives about language that share some theoretical principles, such as the integration of language with other cognitive abilities. In SFL, Cognitive Grammar has received most of the researchers’ attention but the interest in other areas of Cognitive Linguistics is now growing. The main benefits of applying Cognitive Linguistics to SFL teaching are explained in this paper. The focus is on typological contrasts in the area of motion events (e.g. ir ‘go’ vs. venir ‘come’; dejar ‘leave’/poner ‘put on’/meter ‘put in’) and the difficulties they pose to SFL students. Finally, it is explained how Cognitive Linguistics helps with the new challenges of the acquisition and teaching of SFL, particularly in relation to typological contrasts. For ex*ample, the development of mediation and plurilingual competence through the lens of Cognitive Linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reports of official organizations and interns at the Teacher Training Faculty confirm the gradual increase, especially at the primary education level, of international students who do not know the vehicular language of their schools. At the same time, abroad, there is a growing and sustained demand for Spanish as a Foreign Language courses at the primary education level. Consequently, primary education teaching degree programs must help students develop competencies and strategies linked to teaching ELE. Therefore, this paper reviews existing measures to address this reality. It also presents a training proposal that contributes, within the framework of active and cooperative learning, to an understanding of the difficulties of international students in learning the official languages of their schools, and improves the linguistic support provided to them. Consequently, the proposal will enhance the inclusion of international students. Finally, this paper aims to broaden the job outlooks of future primary education teachers by showing the growing request for ELE learning in primary education level abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the social and stylistic variation in the speech prosody of the Spanish of Mérida, Yucatán. Assertive utterances from sociolinguistic interviews and discourse completion tasks are analyzed considering the social variables of age, gender and educational level. The prosodic analysis is carried out within the Autosegmental Metrical model (Pierrehumbert 1980, Ladd 2008) and with the Sp_ToBI labeling conventions (Hualde & Prieto 2015). The results show that this variety of Spanish is characterized by a prominent descent starting from the first tonal peak, the early-peak alignment in some prenuclear positions, and the presence of some non-falling boundary tones. The social and stylistic variation suggests that the last two are features that indicate vernacularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the presence of Anglicisms in the field of drinks in Spanish. After analyzing 22 digital media using the search tool "Observatorio Lázaro", a sample of seventy-eight anglicized non-adapted lexical units has been excerpted. The extracted terms refer to various types of alcoholic drinks, some of which already have a Spanish equivalent, whereas in other cases, those terms refer to new concepts that do not have Spanish equivalent due to its novelty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the subtitles in peninsular and Latin Spanish of the Netflix series Sex Education (Nunn et al., 2019). The series features dialogues with numerous colloquial and vulgar marks typical of youthful language, as well as scenes in which issues related to the ideological category of sex are addressed. The corpus is made up of a selection of scenes taken from the eight episodes of the first season that contain elements related to the category of sex and, in particular, to the following subcategories: sexual relations and sexual anatomy. Based on the classification proposed by Ávila-Cabrera (2020; 2023) in his model for analyzing the translation of taboo languages, it has been possible to shed light on the different techniques used to translate sexual slang in the two versions compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic variation is a phenomenon present in almost all languages. Its importance for translation studies is unquestionable. In this paper, we intend to investigate how the problems posed by linguistic variation are solved for Chinese-Spanish literary translation. To this end, we have chosen the work Teahouse and its two Spanish versions as the corpus of analysis. Based on the hypothesis that in the translation of the elements of linguistic variation in this work, standardization is used as the preferred translation solution, we analyzed the corpus to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data. The results allow us to confirm the general hypothesis, as well as to identify the specific characteristics and problems presented by the translation of linguistic variation from Chinese into Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a historiographical and political-linguistic perspective, in this paper I try to show some historical and educational data of Spanish teaching policies during the process of generalization of public secondary education in the context of the consolidation of the Uruguayan State (1912-1936). The selected period includes the creation of public high schools (1912) and the institutionalization outside Montevideo, Uruguay's capital city of the Spanish Language ("Idioma Castellano") (1912) and Spanish Language ("Idioma Español") (1936) and the books for students, framed in the corresponding study plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the history of education in Chile in the 19th century, focusing on its institutions and fundamental actors. For the analysis, we analyse legal and educational texts, which structure the gestation and evolution of the education throughout this century More specifically, we pay attention to the aspects concerning grammar. The externalist and epihistoriographical approach adopted in this research allows us to draw essential conclusions for further general and particular research in this period, which emanate from the interdependence between education and the historical, social and cultural context. The results demonstrate both the importance given to Spanish grammar at all levels of teacher training, which would subsequently be transmitted to the students, as well as the preponderance of the figure of Bello in its theoretical bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical terminology is a historical product whose creation and evolution involves not only scientific, but also social and cultural factors. Based on this premise and taking the TERMMED Project as a reference, the aim of this paper is to study the terminology of the field of assisted reproduction (AR) in order to understand its evolution, to determine how this evolution depends on and feeds back into the social context in which it takes place, and to observe its rate of dictionarization in the Spanish academic dictionary. As one of the discourses that best shows the changes experienced by any area of reality is the dictionary, firstly, the entries of a representative selection of AR terms in various editions of the academic dictionary of Spanish are analyzed. Secondly, the first appearance of these words in the most representative textual corpora of Spanish, their frequency of use and the interest of the general population in consulting them, are also analyzed. The results show the social importance that AR has been acquiring and the mismatch between the rate of dictionarization of these units and the needs of the speakers reflected in the corpora of use and in the consultations to the dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse a corpus of 137 texts published between 1888 and 1899. These texts are included in one of the most successful Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century: Las Novedades (New York, 1876-1918). In the analysis I will determine the linguistic ideologies and the discursive strategies used for the promotion of Hispanism and Spanish language in a sociopolitical context in which the Spanish hegemony was losing all its power at an international level. Thus, the ideologies found are divided in two different categories: the linguistic ideologies that give the language a cultural value and the linguistic ideologies that make reference to the economic and commercial value of the language. The results obtained from this analysis will contribute to understand the role of Spanish language in the United States. Furthermore, this paper presents an unpublished corpus of clear historiographic interest that contributes to clarify the panorama of Hispanism in a country like the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grammatical agreement, a property of inflectional languages such as Spanish, consists of a formal association of different syntactic constituents. Even though it is a categorical morphosyntactic phenomenon, in Peruvian Spanish non-agreement occurs in different communicative contexts, due to certain social factors that will be analyzed in this paper. Based on a variationist perspective, we intend to identify and analyze non-concordant (NC) utterances extracted from the PRESEEA-LIMA corpus (directed by the author) in several linguistic contexts related to the constituents of noun phrases and verb phrases. An overview of the quantitative results will be provided in this paper. Moreover, we will approach data from both a heuristic and a hermeneutic point of view, through a reinterpretation of the role of quantitative value in the determination of linguistic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the translation of motion events from Spanish novels into German and English. More precisely, it focuses on three translation agents: translation students, professional translators and the neural machine translation tool DeepL. The study, contextualised in the Thinking-for-translating hypothesis (Slobin, 1997, 2000, 2003), aims at investigating whether all the information about the motion events in Spanish novels is transferred or otherwise Manner information is added, as might be expected due to intertypological differences (German and English languages are satellite-framed languages and Spanish is a verb-framed language, Talmy, 1985, 2000) and the data obtained from studies based on professional translation (cf. Slobin, 1996; Cifuentes-Férez, 2013; Molés- Cases, 2019). Overall, the results show that the way students and professionals deal with the translation of motion events is influenced by their mother tongues. However, it seems that, in general, students are more reluctant to add information about Manner in motion events than professional translators. Besides, the most observed translation technique in the case of DeepL corresponds to literal translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passivization in Spanish takes (active) clauses with a direct object and turns them into (passive) clauses in which that argument behaves as a subject. English allows secondary passives as well, in which the constituent that is promoted to the subject position is the goal or beneficiary argument of ditransitive predicates such as give: Peter was given a book. Although Spanish does not have this kind of passives, this paper discusses some data on ditransitive verbs whose passives allow the promotion of goal or beneficiary arguments. It is shown that there are at least two major types with differentiated characteristics: verbs that enable a construction we call beneficiary accusative and verbs that trigger what we call lexicalized goal-passives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the readers of Ramon Llull in the 17th century, through an analysis of references and allusions in printed texts in Spanish. A classification scheme of the main themes is proposed, and significant examples of texts ranging from literature to theology, including alchemy and medicine are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe the prosodic features --nuclear pitch configurations and pitch range-- of neutral and oriented interrogative utterances in the Spanish of Mexico City. We carried out a study of polar and wh- questions recorded in the free conversation module of the Corpus Norma Lingüística Culta (Lope Blanch 1971) and Habla Popular de la Ciudad de México (Lope Blanch 1976). The findings of the qualitative analysis show: i) the nuclear pitch configuration L* (L)H% --with the variants L* (L)H%, L* ¡H%, !H* ¡H%-- in information-seeking yes-no questions and confirmation questions, ii) the nuclear configuration L* L% documented in neutral wh- questions, and the boundary tone H% produced in the non-neutral condition --hypothetical or confirmative-- of the utterance; iii) the use of the pitch range as a potential prosodic resource for the expression of lesser or greater knowledge about the expected answer. The spontaneous speech data partially confirm the descriptions based on discourse completion tasks for this variety of Spanish (de-la-Mota et al. 2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes, from the viewpoint of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (henceforth, SFL), the specific ways in which the structure of the Spanish clause is organized for the realization of basic experiential functions, including Participant, Process and Circumstance. Thus far, SFL-descriptive work on Spanish has given little attention to the ways in which units and classes of units are organized along the rank scale of this language and how this organization contributes to the structural configuration of types of process. Based on the principles derived from the SFL theoretical dimensions of axis and rank, this article accounts for Spanishspecific resources at stake, first, in the realization of nuclear clause functions such as Process and Participant, and then in the realization of peripheral circumstantial elements. The paper finally addresses the key implications of the approach adopted to the account of the Spanish clause as well as to the general criteria involved in the identification of basic functions in its experiential structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the multiple realizations of lower limit and of speakers from different Spanish speaking territories found in the extensive oral corpus FEC (Fonología del Español Contemporáneo). We present several acoustic criteria to assign the continuum between occlusive and approximant to different phonetic variants to enable quantitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the acoustic analysis confirm the different phases described in previous literature of the phenomenon in the different Spanish speaking territories. Additionally, they show that a) palatal fricative realizations [?] - the IPA symbol commonly used for the phoneme - is very rare in the corpus and b) that in territories that distinguish between/?/and/j/, hybrid variants consisting of lateral + central that show a beginning delateralization are quite recurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the idea that the study of peripheral phenomena or marginalia in language can shed new light on the interpretation of other, less marginal linguistic data. Specifically, it focuses on the joining or separation of linguistic elements, which is often considered a typically marginal phenomenon, but which constitutes one of the syntactic criteria for classifying verbal periphrases. For this purpose, interpolation, i.e. the separation of the two components of a periphrasis by another element, is examined in three specific cases: , and . The analysis offers clues for reconsidering interpolation as a criterion for the classification of periphrases. At the same time, the study makes it clear that, on the one hand, verbal periphrases are characterised by a type of syntactic ambiguity and, on the other hand, their semantic value is decisive in determining their periphrastic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a proposal on how to select suitable vocabulary items to teach Spanish as a foreign language (SFL) based on the triangulation or complementation of three sources of lexical information: (1) the available lexicon in native Spanish speakers, (2) the most frequent vocabulary in Spanish and (3) the specific notions of the Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes. Previously, an analysis of the lexical needs of a sample of SFL students has been carried out, whose results have been collated with the abovementioned sources of vocabulary. The found shortcomings have been evaluated in order to observe how they are covered by each of these three sources. It has been proven that each source covers different lexical needs (with a similarity of 12.5% in the covered needs and a lexical compatibility of the sources of 24%), so the viability of the triangulation is justified. The resulting proposal offers a lexical compilation in different levels that combines the benefits of several well-established selection criteria and overcomes the limitations arising from using them individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These notes set forth a linguistic model reminiscent of glossematics, with four differentiated modules each dealing with variation in the system of address in Spanish according to the characteristics of each of the analyzed phenomena. The model distinguishes two main levels: content and expression. In each, the model further distinguishes between form and substance. Within the level of content, the study of social relations belongs to substance, and the way those relations are grammatically formalized and how they interact with each other belongs to form. A fundamental aspect of the model is the connection between the enunciative person and the grammatical person. The paper concludes with an analysis of the morphological instantiation of the grammatical person in different varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine existing analyses for (restrictive) relative clauses and propose an analysis for Spanish relatives from the perspective of a lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG). We will provide a summary of the main proposals in the literature and examine the questions that any analysis of relative clauses should address. Our TAG approach synthesises the descriptive and theoretical advantages of existing models (the head external analysis, the raising analysis, and the matching analysis) and offers a solution to some of the main problems that have been observed in the literature. We will focus on the internal configuration of relative clauses, their structural position, and the category of the expression que in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambiguous relative clauses with two possible antecedent nouns have been widely studied in Spanish since they cast doubt on the universality of syntactic parsing principles. Current research suggests that there is an early contribution of prosodic information in the disambiguation of this kind or sentences in oral comprehension and production tasks. In this paper we present two comprehension experiments of locally ambiguous relative clauses with two possible attachment sites in Spanish, in which different prosodic parameters were manipulated to yield either congruous or incongruous pairings of prosody and syntax, with the aim of testing their influence on listeners' attachment preferences of the ambiguous clause and on their response times. Additionally, fundamental frequency (F0) and temporal (pause distribution) prosodic parameters were manipulated in different subexperiments so as to assess their separate contribution to participants' performance. Our results confirm an effective and relatively early use of prosodic information by listeners during language processing. In particular, congruous prosody with syntax generally facilitates participants' responses, though this effect was found to vary across the two attachment options. Finally, F0 and temporal prosodic features were found to make a similar contribution to participants' responses, with few occasional differences between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an insight on the centrality of two main paradigms of the current linguistic theory in the field of Spanish as a second/foreign language acquisition, and its operative role in teaching. Generative Grammar (GG) as well as Cognitive Grammar (CG) are mentalist models, however, its postulates on the connection between human cognition and non-native linguistic knowledge are, in many cases, opposite; therefore, these models imply different conceptions of a pedagogical grammar. Throughout the paper, it is taken into consideration the way in which they are antagonistic, but also how they can be complementary. Even though GC has been more popular in classroom teaching, current GG may have a relevant impact on the curriculum, as well as on the instruction, by presenting a greater predictive capacity to identify the learner’s difficulties in processing certain linguistic structures. Finally, other key notions on linguistic knowledge, processability, and input, regarding didactic intervention, are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The relationship of the disciplines object of this study, geographic diversification and international market selection (IMS), has been hampered by a high degree of fragmentation of the IMS in the various research streams, and by its greater link in favour of works focused on the entry mode into foreign markets. Although Tihanyi, Griffith and Russell (2005) study the effect of IMS factors on geographic diversification, their work focuses on cultural distance. In turn, in the work of Cos and Escardíbul (2019) is concluded that the diversification of export destinations of the companies is opening the way to use other criteria in the IMS that differ from geographic and cultural proximity. Although the research recognizes that IMS may be associated with the criteria most commonly used in the literature, it does not explicitly focus on its relationship with geographic diversification, suggesting, however, the influence of IMS factors. The objective of this paper, focused on the geographic diversification of an economy, is to determine the impact of the most common factors of traditional internationalization theories to select countries. More specifically, it is intended to answer the following questions: a) Is psychological distance an influencing factor in the growing of geographic diversification of an economy? b) What is the relationship between the external factors of the IMS and a tendency to an economy towards greater geographic diversification? This research focuses on a specific economy chosen for its particularities, the exporting agri-food sector of Lleida. From the perspective of exporting agri-food cooperatives, highlight the interest that the results obtained in this study may arouse. Although non-cooperative companies predominate over cooperatives in the exporting agri-food sector of this province, Lleida stands out as the most exporter of the Catalonia agri-food cooperative sector, concentrating more than half of the total exported and with two out of four exporting cooperatives (Cos, Aldaz, Escardíbul, Millán and Moltó, 2019). In turn, the horticultural is the main exporting sector of the Lleida agri-food cooperatives, as in the case with the total exports of this province. Methodology The study data are obtained from several secondary sources. The first one, from the Customs Department of the Spanish Tax Agency, is used to obtain the 23 countries that make up the sample, the main destinations of the 672 agri-food exporting companies in the province of Lleida. The importance that the agri-food cooperatives of this province acquire in these figures, still represented by 10%, must be analysed in the context of the agri-food cooperative sector in Catalonia, as Lleida is the most internationalized province. The growth of Lleida's agri-food exports, in the analysed period, has been considerably lower in the main destinations of the EU-28 than in the rest of the countries of both advanced and emerging economies, the latter acquiring greater prominence to the detriment of European Community destinations, despite its higher export quota. Regarding the Catalan cooperatives studied, they tend, on the one hand, to a greater diversification in the number of destinations, and, on the other hand, to a greater concentration of the percentage of exports to the EU-28 countries. The dependent variable of this study, geographic diversification, when analysed from the general perspective of an economy and considering the dynamic nature of this strategy, is the 'Growth rate', during a certain period, of exports to each selected market. The independent variables used are psychological distance (cultural, geographic and language), economic intensity, country risk, a country's competitiveness and the market size. To measure these variables in each priority destination country, the information used comes from secondary sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database (WDI); OECD; WTO; Global Competitiveness Report (World Economic Forum); Hofstede Centre (2010); Geobytes Database; and Centre for the Practice of International Trade (Melbourne Business School). Like other studies related to the scope of this research, a factor analysis is performed first (e.g., Whitelock and Jobber 2004; Sakarya et al., 2007; Sheng and Mullen 2011), followed by a multiple regression analysis (e.g., Triguero-Cano and Cuerva, 2011; Benito-Osorio et al., 2016) with the scores of the retained factors, avoiding the problem of correlation between the variables and the influence of many items. The three working hypotheses are: • H1. The psychological distance (cultural, geographic and language) positively influences the geographic diversification of an economy. • H2a. Environmental factors (economic development) influence the geographic diversification of an economy. • H2b. Environmental factors (market) influence the geographic diversification of an economy. Results / conclusions / limitations Four factors are obtained from the factor analysis ('Economic development', 'Market size', 'Cultural / Language distance' and 'Geographic distance'), which together explain 88.1% of the variance. The results of the regression analysis allow the validation of H2a and H2b hypotheses. The model shows a significant and negative relationship between economic development and the market size of an exporting country with the tendency of an economy to geographic diversification. In this way, companies tend to diversify their sales towards countries with less political and economic stability (lower GDP per capita, lower competitive intensity and with country risk) and with smaller market size. Regarding H1, with the results obtained, it could not be confirmed, as there was no empirical evidence of a relationship between both variables. As part of the analysed economy, the agri-food cooperatives described in this paper could use these conclusions as a reference and comparison of the companies in the studied economy, considering their specific characteristics. The importance that international activity acquires in agri-food cooperatives for their growth (Bretos, Díaz-Foncea and Marcuello, 2018), makes this work of special interest for this group of companies, especially considering that the internal limitations and Cooperatives' externalities make them less competitive and hinder their international expansion. The influence of the relevant criteria of the IMS with various strategic internationalization decisions, such as geographic diversification, should serve the cooperatives in this study to be able to evaluate the different alternatives that are presented to them. Regarding the main limitations, it is worth highlighting the exclusive use of secondary sources and the dependent variable used. Limitations, however, that do not significantly influence the results and that could open the way to future research. Original value and practical implications With the present work it has been tried to continue advancing in the knowledge of the internationalization of the Spanish company, among which is the cooperative sector, providing new empirical evidence on a little-discussed topic, such as the relationship between IMS and international diversification. Thus, an integrative analysis of the external factors of the IMS that influence the geographic diversification of a specific economy is provided, based on secondary sources that provide us with objective information and immediate accessibility. From the present study, a series of practical implications can be found in the field studied. Diversifying destinations should help companies to become aware of the importance of selecting markets in their internationalization process, applying, for this, a methodology with a systematic approach or not, which allows them to expand their range of target markets. Above all, considering that companies in their territory and sector, whether they are competitors or not, seek new options to direct their international sales, beyond the security of community markets, geographically close and favoured by belonging to a common market. Probably these companies that target markets that are not desirable a priori due to their macroeconomic characteristics, select them for a series of reasons that, although unknown in this study, offer them some competitive advantage that makes them suitable. For the agri-food cooperative sector, the usefulness of these practical implications acquires special relevance, when operating, most of the large global cooperatives of the agri-food sector, at an international level (Bretos et al., 2018), standing out, in turn, the export as entry mode compared to the rest of the modalities. With these premises, the cooperative sector studied still has a journey in its internationalization, since half of the agri-food cooperatives in Lleida still do not export. In addition, with a tendency towards the concentration of their exports to EU countries in terms of volume, they could be based on environmental factors to diversify their foreign target markets, increasing their exports in those markets already served, with ly used by the cooperatives studied to select foreign markets, typical of the non-systematic approach, which implies that to choose export countries from other advanced or emerging economies they should develop systematic models, which would provide cooperatives with a structured method in the IMS, with the benefits that this entails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to analyze the teaching practice of a preschool teacher in a private school in San Luis Potosi, Mexico, based on the dimensions of effective and represented work. From the analysis of the instructions and the simple self-confrontation, axes of analysis were identified that allowed an approach to the main challenges that the teacher faced with the online education developed during the pandemic by covid-19. The results of the work placed at the center of the discussion the teacher's challenges and concerns about the ways of teaching online literacy, the relationships with the students' families when working from home, and the interaction with technology in the virtual classroom. Taken together, the findings broaden the picture of teaching practices during social distancing and contribute to the empirical knowledge of this object of study as a result of the impact generated by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the information structure of predicate doubling in Rioplatense Spanish (e.g., Leer, leyó 'as for reading, she/he read'). We propose that in this construction the dislocated predicate functions as a contrastive topic in the sense of Büring (2003), that is, it evokes a set of alternative questions with which it contrasts. We argue that this characterization explains the "continuation effect" that predicate doubling exhibits, i.e., the fact that a predicate doubling sentence suggests a potential continuation that involves another predicate. Moreover, we show that this analysis correctly predicts the distribution of predicate doubling in embedding contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses concessive resources with a mitigating function which are found in argumentative acts in the PRESEEA corpus from Santiago, Chile. Based on data from 36 semi-structured interviews, the behaviour of concessive-oppositional moves and concessive discourse particles in argumentative acts is analyzed, and their sociolinguistic variation is described in relation to the speakers' gender, age and level of education. The key findings highlight that in Chilean Spanish there are at least 12 strategies that fulfill a mitigating concessive function, among which "sí, pero (yes, but) + negation", "aunque (even though)", "no, pero (no, but) + assertion" and "a pesar (de) que (despite the fact that)" stand out. These strategies are linked to the functions of self-protection and face prevention in the development of the argumentative act. Furthermore, it is also observed that the variation is mostly due to the subject's age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article brings up to discussion the idea of translation as a cognitive work which creates transitivity relations among linguistic codes. This phenomenon will be analyzed from a double perspective: the act of translating and the transmission by Lucretius of Epicureanism in Latin. So several aspects of theory of translation will be presented which have been used by the authors of this paper in their new Spanish translation of De rerum natura (2020). Moreover, it will be demonstrated how Lucretius developed meaningful semiotic chains in the Epicurean tradition and a linguistic theory in which words build a structure according to Nature's order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the uses of the Spanish indefinite pronoun uno, in a diaphasic oral corpus, which is organized by communicative situations ranging from formal monologues to colloquial conversations with family and friends. The description incorporates a basic distinction between the communicative and the thematic role of the sentences where the indefinite pronoun appears, as well as the pragmatic parameters of referential accessibility, interlocutivity and genericity, which allow observing the alternations with other pronouns in the communicative space of the discursive universe in the context of the conversation. The main results show a depersonalizationpersonalization operation linked to the interlocutory relationship that, in addition to the generic character traditionally assigned to the pronoun uno, allows describing an expressive and an appellative use, in a continuum of specificity-genericity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During academic exchanges, students are in contact with the linguistic landscape (LL). In this paper, we aimed to characterize the linguistic attitudes of Spanish as SL or FL students towards the linguistic taboo (LT). For that, we collected samples of tabooed signs detected inside the restrooms of a university. The data was used in surveys of students who were in face-to-face or online language immersion. With the samples collected, we describe the tabooed LL with which those who carried out the face-to-face exchange were in contact. The results of the surveys made it possible to investigate the students' knowledge of tabooed expressions in Spanish and, in addition, to characterize their linguistic attitudes towards LT. We conclude that the students, although they show a predisposed linguistic attitude to deal with LT, lack the communicative competence that would allow them to be competent users in relation to taboo expressions. Thus, this type of experience justifies the need to include the LT as part of the contents of the Spanish as a SL or FL class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to model plural nominal concordance errors for a Spanish corpus of four learners of Spanish as a foreign language: SONIA (level A1/A2), NATI (level B1), JAKO (level B2), MIRKA (level C1). In the framework of dynamical systems, it is postulated that "correct" and "incorrect" concordances constitute stable discrete attractors to which the continuous flow of the system converges in three simple simulation models: Lokta-Volterra, coordination game (evolutionary games theory), gradient ascent. As a result, the models better approximate the global error pattern than the session pattern. In the latter, the model based on Lokta-Volterra offers better performance for SONIA, NATI and JAKO. MIRKA obtains the worst performance in all the models, but its error decreases with the gradient ascent model. It is concluded that learning patterns are self-organized and emerge from the dynamics of concordance microsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term webtoon comes from the composition of web and cartoon and it starts to be used in 2000. Based in some way on the popularity of paper comics in South Korea, Daum website launched a webtoon service in 2003 for the first time. This work analyses the peculiarities of the Korean webtoon, specifically its verticality, adapted especially to mobile phones, and its transmediality, which facilitates the adaptation of these comics to other formats such as movies, TV series, novels, games, animation, etcétera. A list of the numerous webtoon adaptations to various media is collected, as well as the more detailed explanation of one of the paradigmatic webtoon in Korea: Misaeng. Webtoon's brief history in the domestic market and its vigorous expansion to the global market since 2013 (encircled within the popular Korean wave Hallyu) are explained. The strategies of the major webtoon companies (Naver, Daum, Kakao, and Lezhin) are briefly shown. The near constant growth in all parameters studied shows the vitality of the webtoon industry already in the global market, also with numerous works available in Spanish language. By approaching webtoon's authors and readers we aim to get a little closer to the phenomenon of webtoon and its success, especially among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the very beginning, machine translation (MT) represents a significant advance in our society despite of the difficulties encountered in its way. Nowadays, different MT systems are used in private and public sectors in response to the increasing translation demand. This paper presents the quantitative and qualitative results obtained from the evaluation of two different MT systems—rule-based and neural-based MT systems—within the field of legal and administrative translation in public service interpreting and translation (PSIT). For this purpose, COSTA MT Evaluation Tool will be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phraseology represents a recognized and relevant field in the teaching of the Spanish language and culture. Religion is an essential part of culture and as such it is reflected in many phraseological units (PU) that should have a place in learning a foreign language. Language and culture are inseparable for a native speaker as opposed to a foreign student who needs an integrated teaching of language and culture. For this paper, we have selected a PU with a religious cultural component that may be interesting for students of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE): colgarle a alguien el sambenito 'stigmatise sy' (literally: 'hang the sanbenito on sy'). To justify our choice, we have studied the frequency of this phrase in different situations and socio-cultural contexts during a period of five years (2012-2016) in several Spanish digital newspapers, including El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, Ideal and Marca. For this purpose, it was our initial assumption that a look at the frequency of this phrase in the digital press will help us identify its use. This paper seeks to extrapolate the results to applied linguistics, specifically, applied phraseology in Spanish, since phraseological competence improves not only communicative competence but also knowledge about Spanish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is not the usual work on post-truth. It does not expose, assuming that there is a univocal concept of post-truth, how to avoid its danger. On the contrary, the paper attempts to question the very notion of post-truth. The procedure consists of a lexical-logical analysis and a hermeneutic synthesis of the definitions of "posttruth" in the most emblematic dictionaries of the English and Spanish languages. It studies, first, the unemotional pure reason of the OED, and, second, the naive intact realism of the DLE. The main conclusion is that the distinction between truth and post-truth is rhetorical-pragmatic, not ontological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information in the press may reflect a certain informative bias in the pub)lished texts. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze what was the discursive construction that the Spanish economic press made of the term ‘Brexit’. To do this, a lexical-semantic analysis, based on the study of the semantic prosody of the nouns co-occurring with ‘Brexit’, was carried out. The results shown that the Spanish economic press present a mainly neutral editorial stance when reporting on Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an in-depth morphosyntactic and semantic characterization of Spanish inequality comparatives by taking into account mainly synchronic and some diachronic data. This comprehensive study shows the need to adjust previous analyses of Spanish inequality comparatives. The architecture of these comparatives is shown to be determined by: (i) the size of the comparison standard (phrasal or clausal) and (ii) the type of link between the standard and the comparative cluster (coordination or dependency). Finally, the syntactic and semantic selection restrictions of the Spanish standard markers are defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the phenomena we dub «hyper-agreement»: number agreement between the main verb and an argument of the subordinate clause in biclausal structures (me gustan que los planes salgan bien, lit. ‘me like3pl that plans work out’). At an empirical level, it focuses on structures with dative experiencers required by a psych-verb and shows that hyper-agreement is possible with both finite and non-finite subordinate clauses. In light of these data, it is argued that Agree (Chomsky, 2000, 2001) must not violate the Single Case Constraint (Nevins, 2004). The analysis put forward combines this constraint with the hypothesis that person and number are independent Probes (Rigau, 1991, among others). This proposal accounts both for the unlocking effect on the subordinate clause and for the fact that the long-distance agreement is restricted to partial agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Word formation in Spanish, mainly by affixation, shows a mostly concatenative behavior in which the relationships of form and meaning are established linearly. However, there are many cases that cannot be described based on the recurrent attachment of affixes. These formations have long been identified, but they have not been studied in detail, since the type of analysis that prevails in approaches to the lexical morphology of Spanish cannot fully account for morphological relationships of this type. One of these non-concatenative correspondences is the one established between pairs of suffixes that correlate at the level of meaning but not at a formal level, such is the case of the suffixes -ismo and -ista (comunismo, comunista), probably the best-known case of this type of derivation. In this research we will analyze this type of word-formation scheme starting from the concept of solidarity, proposed by Beniers (1996). We will study four productive solidarity schemes from Mexican Spanish, all of them suffixal. In addition to the afore mentioned -ismo, -ista, we will analyze -ero, -ería; -nte, -ncia and -azo, -iza. As we will see, the solidarity scheme allows us to describe in detail the relationships that are stablished between each of these pairs of suffixes. In this paper we will first present the concept of solidarity, its background and the previous work that has been done based on this kind of analysis. Next, we will analyze each of these solidarities to establish their characteristics and constraints. Finally, we conclude that this type of analysis allows a more accurate and appropriate description of such non-concatenative word-formation schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses «El problema argentino de la lengua», an article published by Amado Alonso in 1932. To this end, we first analyze the type of theoretical and critical intervention that the author carries out; then, we consider it within a broader textual series that comprises a set of texts published between 1927, as Alonso becomes chair of the Institute of Philology of the University of Buenos Aires, and 1935, when he publishes the book El problema de la lengua en America, which includes a highly modified version of his 1932 work. We conclude that this article is an exceptional text in Alonso's linguistic production as a whole, and that this exceptionality can be interpreted as a sign of the process of theoretical reformulation that he underwent during the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers the first translation into Spanish of Mary Shelley's 1837 Life of Quevedo. It also contains an introduction and annotation that includes the sources used by the acclaimed author of Frankenstein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thie main objective of this paper is the conceptual study and characterization of slow journalism from an academic and professional perspective. As a methodological process, a total of 76 files have been analyzed, of which 58 correspond to publications of authors from the academic world and 18 to journalism professionals. Thie publications come from the academic world on information and journalistic quality, on digital journalism and narrative journalism, as emerging journalistic routines with potential and creative dynamics in the media sector. Thie other part of the analysis corresponds to 18 professional journalism experts. Among the most outstanding results is the preeminence of the academic world when it comes to studying the phenomenon, given that among those who practice journalism there is less production of works in this regard compared to those coming from the university environment. Also in academia there is a greater profusion of denominations to refer to the phenomenon in Spanish, although both in academia and in the journalistic profession itself the most commonly used term is the Anglo-Saxon term slow journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine translation (MT) is used to obtain annotated corpus of English corpus which can be applicable to different natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Considering that there are more resources or data sets for training NLP models in English language, this paper explores the application of MT to automate NLP tasks in Spanish. Thus, the article describes a dataset for the extraction of generic relations (reACE) and the construction of a semantic extraction model of relations in Spanish (ER), based on the set of samples translated from English to Spanish. The results show that for the MT task it is necessary to implement a corpus pre-editing process in English to avoid translation and post-editing errors and maintain the original corpus annotations. The ER models in Spanish achieve measures of accuracy, completeness, and F-value comparable to those obtained by the model in the English language, which suggests that machine translation is a useful tool to perform NLP tasks in the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new concept, discursive interpersonality, as a flexibilized model of interpersonal metadiscourse (IM). Departing from the proven validity of IM (Hyland, 2005a, 2005b) as a framework to analyse interpersonal relations between writers/speakers and readers/listeners, our argumentation is grounded on our research results, stemming from the study of different academic and professional genres. Since interpersonal metadiscourse is conditioned by contextual variables, such as genre, discipline, language and corpus, as an array of authors suggest (Dahl, 2004; Sala, 2006; Yakhontova, 2006; Giannoni, 2007; Mapelli, 2008; Crismore & Abdollazadeh, 2010; Gotti, 2010; Lorés-Sanz, 2011a; Ivorra Pérez, 2015, 2016; Suau-Jiménez, 2016; Mattiello, 2018; Turiman et al., 2018; Herrando-Rodrigo, 2019), IM would need to be redefined or readapted, including new markers, new lexico-grammatical realizations. As a result and very importantly, propositionality should be considered a theoretical central feature that contributes to interpersonal interactions but that traditional approaches of IM do not accept as such. So, a new, more encompassing concept needs to be coined that accounts for all these essential aspects. Assuming how interpersonal metadiscourse has been defined conventionally (Mauranen, 1993a, 1993b; Hyland, 2005a, 2017), we propose two integrative concepts: discursive turn (Jaworski & Pritchard, 2005), not in its philosophical sense but in one that sees discourse as an identity axis or departure point for analysis, and interpersonality (Lorés-Sanz et al., 2010), considered as an umbrella term broader than IM. Discursive interpersonality might thus open more satisfactory paths for further research in a variety of genres, domains and languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies are today, in the year 2021, an essential complement in the field of didactics in its broadest sense and, even more so, in the field of foreign language teaching. It is common knowledge that there has always been a deep link between translation and second language teaching, which has led to significant changes in language didactics. The aim of this paper is to explore the pedagogical potential of one mode of audiovisual translation, namely subtitling, in the field of teaching Spanish to Italian-speaking students. Our interest lies in demonstrating that through the process of subtitling it is possible to pedagogically address certain linguistic and cultural aspects that benefit the linguistic-communicative competence of Italian-speaking students of Spanish as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quick development of Linguistics during the 20th century has not fully reached high school in Spain. In this paper we present some linguistic concepts and ideas that could be taught at secondary school and that could in turn improve the teaching of Spanish as a first language, were they included in educational syllabuses. Firstly, the idea that language is a complex internal system that is part of our cognition and, if only because of this, worth studying. Secondly, the importance of a scientific approach to linguistic data: data organizing, hypothesis testing, generalizations making, etc. Lastly, the need to include Linguistics in school curricula, for the absence of this discipline may explain the ignorance that the public shows towards many issues related to linguistics that are part of our everyday life, such as dialects, bilingualism, language acquisition, etc., or its very own name,»linguistics», which tends to be interpreted as «the study of foreign languages» by non-academics. For these reasons, we also suggest that some contents and concepts related to both Sociolinguistics and Psycholinguistics be taught at high schools, thus included in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present an account of the many professional opportunities that today’s society offers to philologists and linguists. Based on real stories –including mine– of people dedicated to linguistics and philology (some of them authentic influencers), I show how language has become a fundamental tool for digital media and technologies, and how its good use and analysis have become essential in many areas of both the business world and research, but also as part of the image of society in general. Among the many professional channels available to philologists of these times, it is possible to highlight the following: proofreader, linguistic advisor, content creator, community manager, forensic linguist or philologist 2.0 (that is, the one dedicated to all issues related to new technologies), not forgetting that of the teacher, a crucial position to train the people of the future. In all cases, the revolutionary possibilities offered by the new media allow professions to be exercised in a completely renewed and modernized manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]