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This paper seeks to systematize the opinions of seventeenth-century Spanish theologians and moralists on the torments suffered by souls in purgatory In order to do so, the most representative treatises published at the time, which are kept at the National Library of Madrid, have been analysed. Departing from the concepts of probity and piety, which God dictates for the provisional inhabitants of the «Third Place», the article first makes a sketch of how purgatorial penalties were treated from the earliest historical references to the council of Trent and Describes their evolution. The paper then focuses on the study of how the issue was addressed by Spanish authors. More particularly, it analysis the different types of punishments prescribed for souls in purgatory. Several categories have been found, of which some are internal to purgatory, while others are external. Among the latter, a distinction is made between penalties of damage and penalties of meaning. The paper ponders the question of why penalties of damage were considered more griefful than penalties of meaning. In so doing, it also recognizes the weight that was specifically attributed to fire, further nuancing the assessment of penalties. To finish, the article presents a catalogue of the different types of penalties described in the visions of different people and literary characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images portraying the teacher and its classroom have played an essential role in the development of educational systems. This paper constitutes a research on the iconographic origin of the representations that were mainly used in Spain between 1876 and 1931. In order to do that european cards from the 16th to the 19th centuries, made using a variety of engraving techniques, that show teachers and pupils, are analyzed. The continuity of some of these characterizations and their Spanish update, identifying the teacher with the traditional Latin dómine, it's revealing. Its presence, both in the satirical press aimed at adults and in illustrated books for children, reflects it. This image directed towards criticism and entertainment has its compensation, also starring teachers and schoolchildren, representing rewards and penalties in children's reading books in that same period of time. Contextual factors allow us to position this variety of pictures -- the development of schooling and its protagonists, the editors' intentions in the media in which they appear -- but they can not compose a sufficient interpretation without paying attention to the role of the illustrator. The artistic education that he posseses and the resources he manages in his profesión or the influence from other artists are conclusive aspects in order to decide the final meaning, the whole visuality of his images establishing the potencial of their meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is primarily concerned with a number of projects and reports about specific requirements that came out during the fifties at the University of Salamanca. The long history of this institution is still, for its richness and complexity, an essential object of study. Framed in the research devoted to the History of Universities, the paper describes and analyses, through the historical-educational approach, a particular aspect of this institution, projects and academics' reports at a particular stage during Franco's regime. On the other hand, the main aim of this paper is to serve as a stimulus for reflection on the trinominal: reality of the University under Franco's regime - considerations about scholastic reasoning - utopian or feasible proposals. The atmosphere of discontent at the University, the need to reduce the dearth of research or the scarcity of resources will be overt issues in the reviewed documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss various aspects of childhood in an industrial environment, focusing particularly the phenomenon of child labor. We will draw examples from one of the most important industrial mining complex of contemporary Spain, the mining area in Cartagena-La Union, where child labor was widespread. We will complete this vision of childhood with the examples available in the mining songs, which reflect many aspects of childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades it has been developed a specialized literature on the study of particular features of preindustrial agricultures. This paper, in base to such research line, analyzes the case of olive orchards in southern Spain, which today represent the largest tree concentration in Europe, right in the previous moment to its great expansion (mid 18th Century). We seek to understand the geography of its spreading, its low expansion before industrialization and the why only few territories on Andalusia appeared like premature focus of specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I endeavour to analyse on the field of action of Feminine Section, taking the province of Jaen as a frame of analysis. A province characterized by an important presence of the rural world, area where Female Section opened an important political - social labor on the women, emphasizing his traditional paper inside the private area and in the development of the rural economy. Nevertheless, in the last years of the Franco's regime, Female Section there tried to erase this past antifeminist helped the woman to increasing his presence in the labor sphere and in the public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most popular and advertised initiatives aimed at young people and children during the Francoist period were the summer camps. They tried to build an ideal society there, with no social classes or nationalisms and with a perfect performance of the gender roles imposed by the Francoist authorities. In this paper I will focus on the official speech and activities addressed to female children and young women in these summer camps, which were specially designed to familiarise them with their future social roles: motherhood and housekeeping. To do so, I will use as an example the ones located in Asturias between 1938 and 1945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Age of Reason, the treatises about the women's good education began to be popular. However, even if of the Illustrated authors conferred importance on the females, they continued considering home life as the ideal for women, and exhorted them to stay out of the extra-domestic work world. Nevertheless, poverty forced to women to work outside when the economic resources were insufficient. This is the case of hundreds of women in Asturias, where, in the middle of the 18th century, the reality was completely different from the ideal. This paper will allow us to discover a unknown subject: the professional world of the Asturian women of Enlightenment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, which is a new subject of study, shows the paradoxes that ESO students find themselves in some Spanish provinces (in the case of Andalusia). It is a comprehensive reading exercise which will demonstrate that history is written, and rewritten, with specific objectives; objectives marked by nationalist and even regionalist tones. It is not our intention, in any way, to undermine the authority of the ideas presented in the actual text books, whose general content is accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some of the results of recent archaeozoological research carried out at a number of sites in Cantabrian Spain. It provides data about various types of marine remains (molluscs, crabs, goose barnacles, acorn barnacles and sea urchins) and reflects on the different kinds of information they provide (palaeo-economy, palaeoclimate, etc). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is presented as a general consideration about the mechanisms of power that determine the situation of the historical research, the publications, the critique, and the academic promotion in Spain, from a University of Salamanca perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present text aims to be an advance of the general lines of research are being followed for the preparation of the PhD thesis doctoral: The Cultural Legacy of the Roman Villas Tardoantiguas in Castilla and León. The Late Antique Roman villages preserved in Castilla and Leon are depositaries of a rich archaeological and historical patrimony as home to valuable information about Roman society that lived there. This paper aims to provide a systematic and quantitative analysis of the cultural heritage related to these villages, through a method, the analysis of content, not used so far in the area of Archaeology. As a starting point intended to review the different perspectives of analysis of the archaeological surveys conducted on the Hispanic villages, since its variation has been remarkable in recent decades. Then, applying the analysis of content, there will be elaborated a system of indicators, as complete as possible, which aim is to obtain a classification or to provide some key factors for a possible typological definition of the villages that serve to examine how the definition about its spatial and functional organization, its iconographic program, and the presence of luxury materials allow to define the relationship with the social environment of the Late Roman time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since many decades ago the Art History, as a scientific discipline, has showed an enormous disability to studying the artistic contemporary practices. Entrenched in old methodological criteria, the art historians reject any issue from which we are not separated by a considerable temporary distance. This problem, to which the History has given response from the History of the present time, is an insurmountable obstacle for the Art history. In this paper, we try to raise the methodological possibilities of a Art history of the present, exploring how the contemporary art practices can help us to rethink some of the methodological dogmas of the discipline.Keywords: Contemporary art, historiography, History of the present, methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the study of texts has been privileged over archaeology in medieval historiography. However, during the last twenty years, the theoretic and methodological contribution of medieval archaeologists, as well as the results of their research, has lead to a new understanding of the relation between the two disciplines, which also implies the questioning of the old historiographical thesis. This paper will expose the problems that the lack of a common theoretical frame poses in attempt to find the links that could enable us to produce a unitary historical knowledge. We will consider some of the aspects of the debate in the light of our own research work: the study of space and power in the County of Monzón, and the rural settlement of the Valle del Río Almar between the Second Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the parietal palaeolithic graphic designs from an archaeological perspective, leaving aside the aesthetic ties of traditional historiography. Traditional European analysis techniques of palaeolithic rock art will be contrasted with new interdisciplinary applications, looking for an archaeological knowledge about the artistic graphic expression of prehistoric societies. Finally, a methodological trial will be suggested applying the Harris Matrix in the reading and arrangement (ordination) of the palaeolithic graphic designs of the central panel of Llonin's cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is presented as a general consideration, from two cases, about the analysis of the landscape in two different historical moments, responding to stimuli equally mixed, but sharing its concern at the environmental changes resulting from the production of man, in the Archeology within a consolidating, in our country, as an autonomous science, social science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]