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This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the bell inventories from the islands of Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, conducted over recent years. It primarily addresses the list of bell founders or craftsmen recorded, along with the chronology and origins of those pieces of significant heritage interest. It also explores aspects such as the ornamental motifs and the epigraphic legends or inscriptions commonly found on these instruments. Additionally, the paper suggests attributing some instruments to bell founders Juan Felipe de Rivas and Gaspar Antonio de Alvear, who were active during the 17th and 18th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relatively few instances of gas municipalization in what is termed Latin Europe, focusing on Spain, Portugal, and France. The aim is to analyze why there were fewer cases compared to other European countries. The paper will investigate the instances that did occur in Latin Europe, exploring the reasons and circumstances (economic, social, institutional, etc.) behind them. A comparative historical approach will be applied, utilizing not only existing literature but also primary sources for certain case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated within the field of social conflict studies and focused on the local scale, this paper provides an overview of social conflict in the city of Mar del Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina) between January 1997 and February 2002. It centres on two analytical dimensions: firstly, the paper delineates the topics of conflict; and secondly, it identifies what type of organisations participated, with particular emphasis on the ways state agencies were involved. The methodological approach is quantitative, based on the development of a database on conflict taking a local newspaper as its historical source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out the main perspectives and debates around art as they relate to the Italian Communist Party during the second post-war period (1944-1948). The paper has a twofold objective: to offer a historical explanation of the relationship between artists and communists in these years; and a theoretical explanation of the status of post-war Italian art based on the notions of abstraction, realism and commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the coin sets found in Baetican territory, containing official coins of both Antonine emperors. The focus has been placed on the observation of their geographical distribution, the examination of the chronology, and the most frequently represented series, as well as the characteristics of the coin sets themselves. Furthermore, we attempt to ascertain whether the concentration of these mintings in certain areas of the province correlates with other types of evidence that they may be associated with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to define and critically examine the concept of touristification and its socio-economic and territorial implications, particularly focusing on the Costa del Sol (Málaga, Spain). It employs the method of systematic literature review. The paper concludes that touristification is a product of the prevailing capitalist logics, of which hegemonic tourism is a further expression. Thus, contemporary tourism becomes a channel for the accumulation and reproduction of capital, entailing a process of dispossession, gentrification, and the transformation of geographic spaces to the benefit of these capitalist logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Paris Opera designed by Garnier, focusing specifically on those parts of the building that form the backdrop described by Leroux in "The Phantom of the Opera". These elements have also served as inspiration for various subsequent film adaptations. The study delves into Garnier's theories on theater/opera architecture and Leroux's literary creation, contrasting them with film adaptations of Leroux's work. These adaptations demonstrate the close relationship between literature, cinema, and architecture, generally adhering to the principles of the French architect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medieval labor guilds encompassed various forms of mutual aid in their coverage, including health, accident, widowhood, orphanage, old age, and poverty insurance. They also addressed situations typical of commercial insurance, such as bankruptcy, theft, assault, and captivity. These provisions included private and family actions (like organizing burials and funerals) and maintained a pious character through charitable and benevolent activities. Not all guilds offered the same level of protection; thus, this paper will examine exceptional cases where labor formations guaranteed their members a high degree of mutualistic commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the spread of gas in Latin Europe shortly before the First World War. It utilizes the "Annuaire général de l'industrie de l'éclairage et du chauffage par le gaz" from the year 1910 as its primary source, which provides details on the locations in various European countries, including those that make up Latin Europe (France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal), that had access to gas. The study examines regional contrasts in the network's expansion, categorizing the localities with gas access by population size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an exploratory study on the design and control of patriotic images in Venezuela during the government of presidents Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (1999-2013) and Nicolás Maduro Moros (2013 to the present). The aim is to recognize, identify and classify the visual objects that make up Venezuela's scopic regime, unravelling the iconographic plan the state developed for its implementation. Having searched for and retrieved 240 photographs from the virtual domain, the paper shows that Chavist governments have gained ground for their ideology by way of a renewed patriotic iconography within the urban visual space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the habits, utensils and products of grooming and personal care employed by the elites of Seville in the first half of the 16th century, when the city's port became the gateway to the Indies. This involves distinguishing between wet and dry routines of bodily care and cleansing, as well as processes related to cosmetics and hair care, often also performed in pursuit of medicinal benefits. We also take into account the importance of perfume production, which often took place in the domestic space and resulted in fragrances applied both to the body and the home environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the late establishment of the so-called ex officio canonries in the council of the Sevillian Collegiate Church of the Divine Saviour. This is a considerably late example of the development of such prebends, whose origins date back to the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Era. Likewise, the chapter of the Divine Saviour is presented as an interesting example of a small chapter body, whose diminutive size stands out against the stature of its powerful neighbour the cathedral chapter of Seville, the latter of which affected its institutional development and the establishment of these trade prebends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines perceptions, attitudes and preparations for death in Seville between the end of the 14th and middle of the 15th centuries. It does so by analysing the formulas used in testaments and endowments preserved in several archives of the city, paying special attention to two parts: the invocations, preambles and professions of faith at the start of testaments; and the funeral rites and various religious services in memory of the deceased, as well as other pious legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the representation of women in sodomy prosecutions. Based on the analysis of theological, moral, medical and legal literature, it aims to shed light on the different controversies surrounding "perfect" and "imperfect" sodomy that determined the understanding and suitability of women as moral and legal subjects in the face of supposedly unnatural acts. It also relates the two nefarious crimes in which a woman could be implicated, either as an active figure through sodomy between women, or as a victim of unnatural sexual violence carried out by a man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide chronological probabilities and spatiotemporal diachrony, this paper examines Bayesian Automatic Procedures in application to decontextualised lithic assemblages at the terraces near the Pas de l'Ase (Ribera d'Ebre, Tarragona). A reference framework is established that encompasses the dated archaeological contexts of the Western Mediterranean in the period between 14000-3000 cal. BP, with the aim of expanding the empirical record whilst also examining palimpsests to fill any gaps within it. We evaluate this new methodology's application, effectiveness and adaptation to the different case studies and references employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial point patterns are statistical tools with great potential for territorial and landscape archaeology. In this paper we introduce and discuss some of the most current concepts, approaches and methods, as well as demonstrate their application to a particularly well-known case study stemming from the megalithic complex in northwest Iberia, such as the Serra do Barbanza's clusters of tumuli and megaliths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the features and practices of military command during a war of conquest, as exhibited by Castilian captains at the dawn of Iberian Atlantic expansion between the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. Focusing on Castilian royal chronicles of military campaigns against the aboriginal people of the Canary Islands, such texts demonstrate continuities with the military discourse developed during the war against the Muslims in medieval Spain, as well as adaptation to a new geographical, social and cultural context, embodied in the experiences of the conquest of the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the blurred boundaries between the historical narrative and the exemplum. After outlining the main links between the two and the fundamental role of rhetoric to each, the study turns to a specific case: the unexpected death of King John I of Castile. This event is captured in literary form in Alfonso Álvarez de Villasandino's poem Crónica de Ayala, as well as Diego Rodríguez de Almela's Crónica del Despensero and Valerio de las Estorias escolásticas e de España. Drawing from these examples, the article posits four basic principles that underpin the composition of the historical exemplum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the use of a documentary source from the 18th century, the Ensenada Cadastre, as a tool of geohistorical study. This documentary source provides a way of furthering knowledge about the economy of each town in the crown of Castile. The town of Cubillas de Santa Marta, in the province of Valladolid, has been used as an example here. Thanks to this analysis of the cadastral documentation, it has been possible to analyse the agricultural activity and the distribution of crops, to determine the resulting landscape, and thus to be able to compare that with its current state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological materials show the existence of the god Sarapis throughout the Mediterranean, where a considerable number of epigraphic, artistic and numismatic objects remain. The presence of Sarapis in the Mare Nostrum is the result of the spread of Egyptian cults. This paper looks at Sarapis and his relationship with different Roman emperors, by way of the coins these latter had minted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Habsburg sale of jurisdictions in Castile allowed a vast number of wealthy men to climb the Early Modern social pyramid by obtaining titles akin to those of feudal lords. This paper analyses the case of Antonio Álvarez de Bohorques, 1st Marquis of Los Trujillos, who tried to build a manorial state by buying up estates between the Kingdoms of Granada and Jaén. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the study and discussion of the concept of "unconventional warfare" in different Chilean military reviews between 1960 and 1970, with a view to clarifying the military thought of this period in Chile. Research has shown that the Chilean military discussed variants of this type of conflict, such as "revolutionary war" at the strategic level and "guerrilla warfare" at the tactical, and adopted the term "special warfare". The paper concludes that this was considered a potential threat, that there were European and American sources, and that assessments differed among generations of Senior and Junior Officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the participation of officers of the Inquisition (inquisitors, prosecutors, secretaries, contador, receivers, alguacil mayor, etc.) in different lucrative activities revolving around the sugar mills of Gran Canaria during the early decades of the 17th century. This involvement led to jurisdictional conflicts and judicial confrontations with certain neighbours, as well as between the inquisitorial members themselves; all of this a far cry from the prevailing image of the Holy Office, or the one it projected about itself. Secondarily, the paper sheds light on different aspects and practices in the world of the sugar business, already in its final phase on the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the patrimonial range and territorial integration of nine Historical and Democratic Memorial Sites of Andalusia within Seville (whether declared, initiated or proposed). The lights and shades of this topic derive from a geographical perspective regarding the way these places and their spatial projection have been conceived. The methodology of this work, extrapolable to other territories and cities, can contribute to a field of geographical reflection as yet underdeveloped. It can serve as a framework for urgent social demands on how to manage those memories that still cause serious local, regional and national political disagreements in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippine archipelago was part of the Spanish empire for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. In the first two centuries under Spanish administration, the Philippines remained linked to the Viceroyalty of New Spain and had an important transpacific range. However, as the 18th century gave way to the 19th, the Philippines gradually turned towards Asia, opening up new communication routes, trade flows and connections with Asian ports that were emerging in the Indian Ocean and the China Seas. Based on a specialized bibliography and archival sources, this paper analyses the causes and consequences of this Philippine shift towards Asia during the period of 1780 to 1860. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have indicated different times and places for the origin of Libyco-Berber inscriptions in the Canary Islands. This paper discusses the most important hypotheses, as well as pointing to regions that have been little studied up to the present day. Some Canarian signs found in these regions should therefore extend the possible area under discussion, so as to further realize comparative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the universal phenomenon of concentration camp literature. The article departs from texts written by individuals who survived Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet Gulag, or French internment camps, with the aim of reflecting upon the formal, thematic and pragmatic traits that define this type of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 600,000 Italians detained during the First World War produced a great variety of texts (letters, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies and recipe books) that historiography has not yet studied with sufficient depth and rigour. Starting with a psychological portrait of prisoners' conditions in the concentration camp, the present paper aims to provide an organic review of these written testimonies, analysing in detail their morphology, contents and genetic context. The essay also describes the advancement of studies and goes into the main methodological issues, using mostly unpublished material from the Ligurian Archives of Popular Writing of Genoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to draw attention to the political work of a little-known socialist who was nevertheless significant in key moments for Spanish socialism, such as the organization of the strike of 1917, and the socialist split that would give rise, in 1921, to the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). Shaped by the trade unionism of the UGT, to which he belonged until his death, and a mason, Anguiano chose the path of the Third International and led the group that left the PSOE; he belonged to the initial cadres of the PCE, but returned to the PSOE during the Second Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the characteristics of maritime borders, as a way to consider the development of specific forms of sociability in medieval societies. I inquire into the determinant factors attached to military activity at the maritime frontier, since the presence of armed vessels, their crews and mercenary companies was a typically distinctive element of social interaction in Iberian maritime regions during the Late Middle Ages. I examine some of the particularities of military enrolment, as well as the relationship between menat- arms and local authorities and communities in the cities and coastal areas of the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia and Sicily around the turn of the 15th century. Examplars of mercenary military service taken from the General Archive of the Crown of Aragon and pertaining to King Ferdinand I's reign are used for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, judicial records have served as an important source of information for many topics of historical research. This paper discusses the different possibilities offered by these sources for the analysis of frontiers in the Late Middle Ages, and more specifically those referring to maritime borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the concretization of the 'maritime border' concept, analysing the perceptions of European sailors towards the African Atlantic during the 15th century. The title refers to the dialectic relationship between the 'imaginary' of the explorers and the novelties they must have faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests a reinterpretation of the changes experienced by the art of making altarpieces in the Canary Islands at the end of the 18th century, coinciding with the rules that tried to regulate their aesthetic and material evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pebble beach d'El Gavieiru is the perfect example of a western Asturian cove beach. It is 504 meters long and surrounded by great quartzite cliffs, with no direct road access, and its isolation and distant location from urban centres help explain the beach's preservation. The main aim of this paper is to highlight a collection of geomorphological features and processes for educational use, showing how this beach facilitates an understanding of the main processes involved in the configuration and evolution of Cantabrian beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the Portuguese influence in Tenerife during the Iberian Union period. We will analyse the importance of this community from a quantitative point of view, in comparison to other communities, and from a qualitative point of view, to find out the true extent of this foreign influence upon the Canary Islands. Additionally, it is significant here to consider the kind of activities the Portuguese developed in the Canary Islands, as well as knowing their birth regions, which could help to contextualize the traditionally close links between the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to historians, the military campaign of 1710 was a crucial turning point in the War of the Spanish Succession. Despite a favourable beginning to Charles III of Habsburg's progress to the Aragonese border, and the defeats of Bourbon troops in Almenar and Saragossa, the Allied army headed for Madrid, before proceeding towards its debacle in the Alcarria. However, it is necessary to know the causes and details of the royal stay in Madrid to understand better the course of the war. By examining local government papers from the council of Madrid, this study reveals the difficulties of and responses to a defensive war that decided the course of the Spanish dynastic conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish garrisons in northern Africa have often been treated as geographical entities without a clear and direct link to the entirety of Imperial politics. By using fortresses as a key element to reflect on the relations between the stronghold of Oran and its geopolitical setting, this paper aims to show that the Maghrebi area should be included in any consideration of the challenges that the Spanish Empire had to face. Consequently, the Maghreb should be regarded as one of the areas in which strategic defensive thinking was developed and physically manifested in bastions, castles and citadels. The analysis focuses on the period between 1739 and 1746, the most critical time in the war with Great Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commemoration of 225th birth anniversary of Fernando Estévez (1788-1854) in 2013 allowed a new approach to his artistic caree. This paper recalls the activities organised in La Orotava back then, especially an exhibition of sculptures and documents in several spaces during the month of March. Based on the sculptures seen there, we can attribute to him other representations of the Infant Jesus that are preserved in churches in northern Tenerife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the changes in subsistence practices and ceramic technology in the local indigenous population of northern Mendoza (west central Argentina), which resulted from the Inca domination and the European colonization. Based on the archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence, we discuss these changes in relation to the concept of ethnogenesis. We conclude that agents of change -new contexts of production and consumption- affected this differently: during the Inca period and colony, ancestral subsistence practices were preserved, in addition to the new ones; on the contrary, ceramic production drastically changed in each period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical area between the Spanish Central System and the part of the Tagus passing through Extremadura served as the boundary of the al-Andalus from the 8th to the 12th century. The boundary had different phases that fluctuated according to the influence exercised by the northern Christians or southern Muslims. This allowed these territories to have relative autonomy during its Andalusian history and turned them into zones where people from different social and religious background converged. The aim of this paper is to analyse the territorial and social dynamics of this area until the end of the 11th century, when the Christians conquered the most important Islamic towns of the borderland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neolithisation has been understood as a process of adoption of technological and economic innovations by groups of hunter-gatherers that, brought from outside through a demic diffusion or through exchange networks, were finally assimilated. However, neolithisation has not been considered from the perspective of the of two types of socioeconomic formations with diverse level of organisation and development. In this paper, we analyse and compare the variables that shape the essential features of both social realities, in order to analyse posible contact situations through a concrete example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Canary Islands, the use of so-called diagnostic units, has been widespread in the activity of land usein the last two decades. These diagnostic units were regulated in 1995 by Decree 35/95 of Environmental Assessment (now repealed). Homogenous environmental management units have become a tool for planners. Their validity, problems and advantages are analyzed in this paper for coastal planning and management. In practice, effectiveness of this methodology on the eastern coasts of the Canary Islands and its possible extrapolation to other mainland regions is assessed by checking its validity and effectiveness in nearby Saharan coasts and coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1743 Miguel Marín, a military engineer, designed the marine arsenal in Barcelona. In this paper, we study the background of this project. Firstly, the willingness to move the Mediterranean base of the Spanish Navy from Cartagena to the capital of Catalonia. Secondly, the centre-periphery relationship and the role of Catalan lobby in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper results from two seasons of field research and registration historical archaeological sites of El Salvador, which had as one of its objectives, the document through archeology and from historical sources, the remains of the old hydraulic devices used in the production of iron of the old kingdom of Goathemala, in the present territory of El Salvador. The research consisted of a study of exploratory and descriptive, through field visits, surface collection of cultural materials and analysis of documentary sources. A total of nine sites were documented historical containing the remains of ancient hydraulic devices that were used to produce iron during the colonial period. Iron production, played a key role in the social, economic, political and ethnic provincial societies of the Kingdom of Guatemala. The region that once it became known as the Iron Metapán, played a major role, along with the towns of San Salvador, Leon and Granada, in the early emancipation movements of colonial Central America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local authorities should manage a substantial share of the infrastructure and services required by tourism. In these areas are combined services to the tourist population and local population, representing its resizing and diversification. As a result, the municipalities affected by this duality must adapt the management of its resources, producing significant imbalances. This distinction has opened an important debate about the concept of «tourist municipalities» and «positive discrimination» compared to other municipalities. A formula that tries to compensate for the imbalance generated by tourism in local management. Currently the Canary Islands have no official criteria for the definition of a «tourist municipalities» and have not been agreed on an official list that identifies them. In this sense, this paper seeks to make some contributions to this debate and presenting a proposal for delimitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life of the provinces of San Salvador and Sonsonate, which formed the actual El Salvador in Central America, was characterized by their dependency of Guatemalan city and their monoculture. For the second half of the eighteenth century (replacing Sonsonate's cacao after its decline) the añil ink became the most important product for the economy of the kingdom, pushing the development of other products. The most prominent of these was the sugarcane, with such a large production that it came to be an important part of the Guatemalan capital market. This paper argues that this was only possible by the use of an irrigation system of «apante», which was already present in the limited technological and commercial spaces in the rural society. Breaking paradigms of the sugarcane production system, the high productive potential of apante and its background in añil production system, ensured the success of the task, in a little-known example of the contribution of local technology in societies and economies of the colonial hinterland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]