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The paper examines the process of return among the fourth largest South American immigrants groups in Spain: Argentines, Bolivians, Colombians and Ecuadorians. Using several sources of official data from Spain and Population Census from origin countries, the paper describes the incidence of return as well as returnees characteristics. Immigrants from Bolivia, who are the ones arriving later to Spain and having the largest numbers of irregular migrants have the highest return rates. Besides, we found that men are more likely to return and also that returnees have higher educational attainment and lower labor force participation rates that the whole population in origin countries. The study points several conceptual and methodological challenges for the study of return migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis has started a new migration cycle in Spain. As an effect of the restrictive measures taken and the depth of the crisis, migrant inflows have reduced and outflows have increased, the latter especially among Latin Americans. This paper explores the impact of the crisis on migrant people and their families in terms of unemployment, of declining living conditions, and of legal uncertainty. In this situation, a growing minority of immigrants, particularly Latin Americans, implement transnational strategies such as return, circular migration and others. Notwithstanding this, most immigrants are facing the crisis here, combining work, social and family strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]