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The paper examines the process of return among the fourth largest South American immigrants groups in Spain: Argentines, Bolivians, Colombians and Ecuadorians. Using several sources of official data from Spain and Population Census from origin countries, the paper describes the incidence of return as well as returnees characteristics. Immigrants from Bolivia, who are the ones arriving later to Spain and having the largest numbers of irregular migrants have the highest return rates. Besides, we found that men are more likely to return and also that returnees have higher educational attainment and lower labor force participation rates that the whole population in origin countries. The study points several conceptual and methodological challenges for the study of return migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-parent families in immigration are a phenomenon that has scarcely been explored in Spain, despite the frequency of these forms of household among migrant women, particularly Latin American women who settle in this country. Poverty and single parenthood are two elements that often appear simultaneously in the trajectories of migrant women. The incidence of single parenthood among migrant women from Latin America—specifically Andean and Caribbean countries— resident in Spain will be analyzed in this article. The paper will show how Latin American women have a higher percentage of this type of household. This paper examines forms of entry into single parenthood, and the living conditions of these families once in Spain. It proves that emigrating in single parenthood conditions raises the risk of poverty in Spain. It will be proved that migration in single parenthood has different profiles in relation to the causes of the migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contradiction at the heart of Italian and Spanish immigration policies between the calls for integration on the one hand, and the marginalization associated with temporary and contingent immigration status on the other. I argue that this tension is structural and reflects an underlying contradiction in the political economy of these post-Fordist societies. In the second half of this paper, I examine this same tension in U.S. immigration policy, and explore the ways the current proposals for reform would bring U.S. immigration policy closer to that of Spain and Italy. I note that while the tension between immigrant marginalization and integration has always characterized U.S. policy, the contradiction has intensified as immigrants are an increasingly visible component of the U.S. workforce, complicating attempts at meaningful reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a critical examination of the most recent developments in Spanish practice relating to the control of irregular immigration. It analyses the commitments being made in the framework of the European integration process and their implications for the control of external borders as well as the agreements concluded by Spain - treaties and non-binding agreements (memorandums of understanding, etc.) - aimed at controlling flows of people. In this context, the article also gives attention to Spain's international obligations on human rights taking its impact on the issue and the most recent internal developments into account - both in legislative changes approved and those being enacted as administrative practice. In light of the foregoing, a critical assessment of these developments and events (e.g. "hot returns") is submitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the vulnerability of foreigners in the Spanish labor market by conducting empirical analysis based on Spanish statistics. This article goes in depth the tendencies (especially during the current financial crisis, 2008-2012) and the determinants of the vulnerability of foreign workers, mainly non-EU countries immigrants. On the one hand, an increase of unemployment rate of foreign workers, a loss of occupational biography, a long distant between Spanish and foreign salaries and finally, more difficulties to obtain incomes for foreigners, represent the main tendencies. On the other hand, the concentration in less qualified occupation, a higher rate of temporary contracts, the inflexible regulation and the decrease of the negotiation power of Spaniards, lead to suppose a higher vulnerability of foreigners in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis has started a new migration cycle in Spain. As an effect of the restrictive measures taken and the depth of the crisis, migrant inflows have reduced and outflows have increased, the latter especially among Latin Americans. This paper explores the impact of the crisis on migrant people and their families in terms of unemployment, of declining living conditions, and of legal uncertainty. In this situation, a growing minority of immigrants, particularly Latin Americans, implement transnational strategies such as return, circular migration and others. Notwithstanding this, most immigrants are facing the crisis here, combining work, social and family strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the dynamics of the reconfiguration of Bolivian migratory fields in the context of the crisis affecting European destination countries. At a global level, we show how the 2008 worldwide economic crisis, and, in particular, its severity in Spain, has reoriented Bolivian migratory flows towards regional Latin American destinations: economies undergoing larger relative growth, such as Brazil and Chile, are newer destinations, while migration to Argentina has a long history. In a more qualitative approach, based on fieldwork interviews with Bolivian migrants in Spain, we explore the key factors that determine migratory strategies: whether to stay, return or re-emigrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main effects of the current crisis is re-emerging phenomenon of Spanish emigration, especially since year 2011. This paper examines the growth of emigration from 2008 to 2012, using disaggregated data by origin, age, sex as well as geography detail at provincial level from the Residential Variation Statistics. The analyses distinguish between native-born and foreign-born with and without the Spanish nationality, and highlight recent trends as a result of the prolonged economic recession and its impact on international migration. Although the use of this dataset which contains time series data enable us to provide a relevant picture of the main demographic profiles of current emigration, the data too have uncertainties embedded within, not least because many of the new emigrants have not registered yet at the destination country. However, the data examination allows us to identify different patterns, including the main recipient countries as well as the provincial geography of emigration, and the main demographic profiles of emigrants. The results shed some light of what could be considered as Neo-Hispanic migration given the apparent diversity of outflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to understand the role of physical activity and sport in the social integration of young immigrants in Almeria (Spain). The Physical Activity and Sport Acculturation Index (PASAI) was designed for this purpose, taking four dimensions into account (i.e., mixed relationships, cultural references, norms and transnationality). Data were obtained from a survey administered to the immigrant population between 14 and 24 years old. Results show that immigrants have a low level of participation in physical activity and sport. Generation and origin appear to be the main variables that predict this participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing measures to control and regulate migration flows, irregular migration has grown in the last few years in Spain, Malaysia and the United States. This increase in irregular immigration has mainly been explained in relation to socio-economic factors. However, while these factors explain the presence of migration flows towards these countries, they do not succeed in explaining why an important part of these flows takes place on a non-regular basis. This can only be considered by taking into account the State and its immigration policies. Starting out from this statement, this research paper analyses to what extent, how and why the immigration policies of Spain, Malaysia and the United States produce «illegals«. This means not only analysing how and why immigration policies contribute to the increase in the number of irregular immigrants, but also how and why, by denying their rights and often their existence, they create the figure of the «illegal immigrant». As this research note demonstrates for the Malaysian case, irregular immigration is not despite immigration policies but because of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this analysis we make an approach to the impact and importance of a transnational perspective when studying current international migrations. More specifically, the objective of this paper is to reflect on the impact of the monetary and «social» remittances of Peruvian and Ecuadorian immigrants living in Spain, considering their households as transnational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]