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This paper seeks to systematize the opinions of seventeenth-century Spanish theologians and moralists on the torments suffered by souls in purgatory In order to do so, the most representative treatises published at the time, which are kept at the National Library of Madrid, have been analysed. Departing from the concepts of probity and piety, which God dictates for the provisional inhabitants of the «Third Place», the article first makes a sketch of how purgatorial penalties were treated from the earliest historical references to the council of Trent and Describes their evolution. The paper then focuses on the study of how the issue was addressed by Spanish authors. More particularly, it analysis the different types of punishments prescribed for souls in purgatory. Several categories have been found, of which some are internal to purgatory, while others are external. Among the latter, a distinction is made between penalties of damage and penalties of meaning. The paper ponders the question of why penalties of damage were considered more griefful than penalties of meaning. In so doing, it also recognizes the weight that was specifically attributed to fire, further nuancing the assessment of penalties. To finish, the article presents a catalogue of the different types of penalties described in the visions of different people and literary characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are to determine the influence and analyze the importance of reading habits as a leisure activity, and quantify the time dedicated to it, compared with other media, as television and radio. A questionnaire was used, adapted to characteristics of the population studied, and the data was processed with SPSS. To sum up, the profile of the most usual reader in the Universidad Europea de Madrid, is a woman, attending a degree in Communication and Humanities as a freshmen or sophomore. She reads novels and tales (in paper format and in Spanish) once or twice a week and much more during the holidays. She usually watches TV and uses Internet mainly to read the mail. She does not read the press everyday and goes to the library mainly to study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]