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La transición hacia el uso del papel para la enseñanza de la escritura en las escuelas elementales públicas en México no fue sencilla. Al finalizar el siglo XIX, se había cuestionado el uso de las pizarras por el riesgo que representaban para la salud, pues muchas veces los estudiantes borraban sus escritos con saliva y el material con el que estaban fabricadas no siempre guardaba las especificaciones necesarias, además el ruido al escribir era insoportable. En cambio, el papel, desde el punto de vista higiénico, pedagógico y estético, fue considerado un material superior frente a la dureza de la pizarra, el brillo de la superficie y la poca precisión que se obtenía en el trazo de las letras. Derivado de este planteamiento, se vislumbró seriamente la posibilidad de la adopción de papel en las escuelas oficiales. Sin embargo, este material era escaso y muy caro. Hacia el cambio de siglo, sólo dos fábricas de papel podían surtir a las escuelas y era necesario que abarataran el precio, que el sistema de distribución garantizara el abastecimiento y que el suministro fuera continuo. Este artículo analiza el inicio del proceso de reconversión de una tecnología para la enseñanza como era la pizarra por el papel. Analizo el gasto que significó y cómo esta modificación fue resultado de una multiplicidad de relaciones sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas que se entrecruzaron para dar una nueva configuración del tiempo, el ruido y los valores establecidos en el salón de clases. The transition to the use of paper in public elementary schools in Mexico was not easy. At the end of the nineteenth century, the use of slates had been questioned due to the health risk they represented since students often erased their writing with saliva and the material with which the slates were made did not always meet the necessary specifications. On the other hand, paper, from a hygienic, pedagogical and aesthetic point of view, was considered a superior material compared to the hardness of the slate, the shine of the surface and the lack of precision obtained in the tracing of the letters. Derived from this approach, the possibility of changing materials in official schools was seriously envisioned. However, the paper represented a very high cost. Only two paper mills could supply the schools and it was necessary to lower the price, and guarantee the supply by enhancing the distribution system. This article analyses the beginning of the conversion process of a technology for learning to write such as the slate for paper. I analyse the expense that it meant for the authorities and families, how the change was the result of a multiplicity of social, cultural, economic and political relations that intersected to give a new configuration of time, noise and established values in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we study the particularities of editorial practice in contexts of confinement in Argentina through the systematization and analysis of five publications, already published or in the process of being published, which were formulated within the framework of pedagogical-political practices carried on by the Prisons Extension Program of the Philosophy and Literature Faculty of the University of Buenos Aires. These five cases will be addressed in order to observe what meanings guide the editorial processes through the marks imprinted on them by the specificity of the writing that summons them and the territory to which they belong. Publishing in the context of a pedagogical project developed by the university configures collective territories where writing and publications can display and carry plural voices, which are strengthened in that plurality forged in the heat of individual and collective subjectivation processes made possible by education and writing. Editorial practice is inseparably intertwined with actions aimed at defending rights, narrating lived experiences and building a collective history which are part of the desires and expectations regarding publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The excellent physical and chemical properties of Abacá and Japan papers make them one of the most used materials in restoration of cultural assets on paper. The objective of this work is to characterize the fibers that compose them and identify plant genera or species that were used in their manufacture. M&M: Fibers from samples of each paper and previously collected reference plant material were disintegrated. The diagnostic characters of the fibers were observed with a photomicroscope and photomicrographs were taken. Subsequently, the homologous characters were compared by relating the Abacá paper fiber samples with those of Musa sp. and the Japan paper samples with Broussonetia sp. and Euonymus sp. Results: There were coincidences between the diagnostic characters of the paper fibers of Abacá and Musa sp. Regarding the Japan paper samples, there were results consistent with Broussonetia sp. but not with Euonymus sp. Conclusions: According to the results observed between the Abacá paper fibers and the samples of the collected living material, we infer that the Abacá paper contains fibers of Musa sp. In the Japan paper samples, the similarities observed between the diagnostic characters of the fibers with respect to the reference plant samples indicate the presence of Broussonetia sp. fibers. There is no evidence of fibers of Euonymus sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper was fundamental in the American wars of independence, it had transcendental military and communication functions for both the patriot and royalist armies. In the parish archive of Paipa Boyacá, there are a series of handwritten citations that allude to the passage of the war of 1819 through this town. From five of these citations I develop an interpretation and reconstruction of their historical context, using paper as a vehicle for a multi-sense story. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study proposes a classification system to identify and prevent occupational accidents in fiber storage warehouses at a pulp and paper facility. The present analysis is based on variables including pedestrian circulation, bobcat, trailer trucks, access, pedestrian circulation zones, and handrails. The proposed methodology defines and trains the system by using occupational accident event data collected at the facility. Three different predicting algorithms are used: J48 decision-making trees, Naive Bayes, and Bayesian nets. The results show that the J48 decision-making tree algorithm accurately identifies possible occupational accidents 90% of the time. It is concluded that identifying variables involved in occupational accidents allows generating a C4.5 (J48) decision-making tree that can be used as a support tool to prevent occupational accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research and development of new products that could partially or completely replace raw materials used for energy production, high value-added chemical products, and even the production of paper, has allowed industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) to become the main raw material for the reactivation of a bio-based economy with high production conditions and capacities. Based on this, the objective of this research is to deepen on the potential use of hemp fiber in the paper industry, supported by studies carried out by the Colombian State regarding the availability of forest crops for commercial purposes, which are basically used for planting and the production of wood resources such as pine and eucalyptus. It has been considered important to demonstrate that hemp, as a source of primary production, provides competitive economic, environmental, and social advantages over traditional crops, even for new sources of bio-based research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once has been completed the algorithmization that gives rise to the definitive passage of the disciplinary societies to the control societies, we are transiting post-control paths of a serial nature. We would like to see the manifestation of such a transit in the serial production of academic papers, in the context of the loss of expressive force and governance of platforms such as Law and Literature, and the emergence of new expressive government platforms such as Netflix or Spotify. We also try to offer alternatives for writing and government to those of the serial society, starting from the notion of "prose of thought" by Miguel Morey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A newly commissioned pulp moulding plant presents potential technical risks associated with the technology transfer process, which could limit the economic benefits and process efficiency indicators. The objective of the present work is to assess the production technology of moulded fibre by implementing a technology assessment model. The model includes the application of water and fiber, heat and mechanical energy balances; design and operation evaluation of equipment, such as oven, cooling tower, dissolved air flotation system and piping system, using DesDaf and dP software. The process is evaluated with TIBCO Business Studio simulator, which facilitates examination of technical and economic criteria that contribute to decision making. The implementation of the model made possible to verify the magnitude of the design and operating variables defined in plant documents, the identification of the potential deficiencies of the technology and the proposal of correction of a deficiency in the technology with the corresponding economic evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of varnishes as a final coat in graphic work fulfills an aesthetic and protective function. Over time, or due to adverse conditions, these varnishes undergo a series of degradations in their color that can distort the original appearance of the underlying work. Knowing the chromatic variations of these materials is essential for their selection as a conservation varnish. This work collects the results obtained from the colorimetric study carried out on a series of samples of paper with varnish exposing to different physical-chemical tests (humidity, immersion in water, dry heat and accelerated aging) tests that recreate adverse conditions to which this type of woks may be exposed as a consequence of its natural aging, the action of certain degradation factors or the restorative action. For this purpose, Somerset 100% cotton paper has been selected, which has been applied different varnishes of traditional use in graphic works: shellac, gum arabic, egg white, rosin and dammar. The color of these samples has been studied following the CIEL*a*b* 1976 system, calculating the colorimetric differences from the comparison between the reference samples and the samples after the physical-chemical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the arrival of the new technologies and the increase of the air operations that are realized inside our airspace, it is necessary to set up a process that regulates the information transmission between diverse service providers and the aeronautical information system. The data originators play a fundamental role in this process, being responsible for collecting, managing, producing and transmitting all the data that allow performing the air operations with full security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On this I paper I provide 14 tips to improve academic writing. I argue that problems to write academically stem firstly from a weak training and secondly from an attempt by authors to sustain a pose that ties academic writing to grandiloquence and obscurity. Given that those problems are socially determined, they are open to be formalized, tackled and overcome. I take an epistemologically antirealist standpoint, therefore academic writing takes a central role. My proposal is to write simply and it does not intend to be superior in any way to those other aesthetical stances that academic writing embodies. Every tip consists of a wide treatment of the problem at hand, some examples and a series of practical guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies introduction and conclusion sections of papers produced by Spanish PhD Students in an academic writing workshop. Based on Swales's CARS model, the aim is to analyze the movements, steps, and substeps accomplished in the construction of the introduction (Carbonell-Olivares, Gil-Salom, y Soler- Monreal, 2009) and concluding sections (Yag y Alison, 2003). With regard to introductions, results of the study confirm, in line with previous studies, that movement 1 (M1) and 3 (M3) are considered compulsory by Spanish writers. Moreover, participants consider more important to establish the topic of the research than highlighting the significance and originality of the work. In the case of the conclusions, there is a presence of the three prototypical sections (M1-M2-M3). Nevertheless, the main focus in on the summary (M1) and the evaluation of the results (M2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Juan Gustavo Cobo Borda reflects on the work of the Uruguayan artist based in Colombia, Carol Young. Cobo finds within her pottery art reflections about the nature of paper and in her instruments, an archeological finding of mythical origin. In her installations, Young displays pottery objects in a sort of exhibition regarding the classification and record of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses distortions of scientific practices, generated from evaluation policies, from validation of scientific relevance or papers' production. The document suggests that over dimension of publications as a research final goal ignores other alternatives for evaluation of scientific relevance and research dissemination. In addition, as a balance of the distortion, this document proposes the progression Issues, Programs, Policies, Research (PPPI for his acronyms in Spanish). This strategy promotes research's use in educational practices and policies, and recovers user engagement in social and educational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will review the technology and practices used in papermaking as a pretext to deal with the size and shape has been acquiring this support through the years. Are analyzed the methods that use fiber sheets from fragments of bark and hand-beaten strips, to find relationships between the culture of amate and papyrus are discussed. Also is treated the characteristics that the action of the frame gave bins practices and how transit westward led to the formation of different sizes of sheets are also addressed. Finally, is studied the step towards industrialization of the paper and printing systems addressed to try to explain his relationship with the standardization of the current formats that prevail in the various paper markets.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the emergence of the paper as a kind of writing in the area of the Humanities that, in recent times, and with institutional support, has been imposed as the nearly unique and acceptable kind of academic discourse. The aim of this paper is, first, to study the main characteristics of this kind of writing, based on information in the manuals and instructions for paper writing and, secondly, to signal its implications for the intellectual work in general and for the work in Latin America in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the discourse utilized by President George Bush after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. I carried out the analysis of the discourse strategies used by the main actors involved in justifying of the war on their foes. As a method for analyzing the discourse I relied on frame analysis. Framing involves selecting certain aspects of the reality perceived into a text in order to endorse definitions of the protagonist, antagonist and the conflict and then to propose some alternatives for the solution of said conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the wood anatomical description of 12 species characteristics from cloud forest in the State of México was carried out. For each species the qualitative and quantitative microscopic characters of wood are described. On the basis of the Runkel relationship, the quality of their fibers is classified to obtain pulp for paper. The morphological characteristics of each species are given, as well as their common names and national distribution. Eight species have growth rings formed by bands of fibers with lumens reduced and thick walls, or compressed radially, in the late wood. The porosity is diffuse; the vessels are small, with less than 100 µm diameter, and numerous. Several species presented vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates Vessel elements and fibers were medium and long. In general the axial parenchyma is scarce and in seven species the rays are heterogeneous type I. These results are similar to those obtained in other regions. According to the relationship of Runkel it was found out that the fibers are of medium to good quality for paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durango, Mexico pine woods have higher resin content than those from southern US. For this reason, a biotechnological study to remove resinic acids and other pitch precursors in pine chips was performed to improve the production of a mechanical pulp mill. Forty nine native strains were isolated and some of them identified as Paecilomyces sp., Penicillum sp., Phialophora sp., Trichosporon sp., Rhodotorula sp., Cryptococcus sp. and Chryseomonas luteola. The later one was the most active in degrading resin components in the flask (87,3 %) and tested in preliminary heap leaching fermentation assays. Paecilomyces sp. was the second most effective (86,6 %) and tested in semisolid fermentation trials. Both solid phase fermentation processes afforded far lower yields compared to the flask experiments. INSETS: KEY WORDS;Degradación de pitch por los microorganismos seleccionados;Cepas aisladas en cada tratamiento cuya fuente de carbono...;Identificación de bacterias aisladas según la tinci [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it has been presented the results about the study with high pressure steam schemes for the energy integration of a sugar mill with a pulp paper factory. The hypothesis for the integration is that it is possible to produce heat and electricity for both factories with the biomass of the sugar cane. This study includes the diversification of the production whit an ethanol factory for the pulp. The by bibliography, energy, material and cost balances are the main subjects for the best alternative of integration with high pressure schemes. The scheme with 61 ata and 440 °C was the best technically but not in the economic sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is part of a sustained I make an effort to increment the competitive of the companies producers of paper for corrugation also named paper midium, utilizing for it- of form alternating pulps, between the which they have possibilities of utilization the recycled paper and the fibers gotten with the process organosolv (etanol-water) starting from the trash of cane of sugar, that is a by- product of the fabrication of sugar. The investigation was carried out with support of an experimental design of grating simple. The outputs that were gotten show that a combination of the 33% of Old Corrugated Continer (OCC) and 67% of fiber organosolv (1,5% of flat and high level of alcohol) with Number of kappa 84,5, it has similar outputs to the Flat Crush Resistance Lab-corrugated of paper (CMT) (140,58 N ó 31.6 lbf of industrial paper), to the of a combination of 65% of OCC with 35% of Organosolv Pulp (1,5% of flat with low level of alcohol), with Number of Kappa of 78,5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta noticias que tratan de la economía latinoamericana. Se informa sobre una comisión colombo-ecuatoriana que estudia las posibilidades de integración de las zonas fronterizas de ambos países. Se anuncia que Chile es uno de los grandes exportadores de papel. Se habla de un remanente de 300.000 toneladas de trigo que tiene Uruguay para exportación.

El artículo habla de brujerías con papel indígena en San Pablito, Puebla, México. El papel hecho de corteza de árbol tenía gran importancia en el país antes de la llegada de los europeos. Estos papeles fueron utilizados en las ceremonias religiosas como ofrendas a los dioses. También se emplearon para adornar los ídolos, templos y palacios en varios días festivos. Después de la conquista, el papel europeo reemplazó el producto nativo.

El artículo ofrece la opinión de la autora acerca del futuro de los materiales basados en papel. Ella comenta sobre la popularidad de los portales digitales, el Internet y otros medios electrónicos y su influencia en la lectura. También se enfatizan los aspectos humanos de leer materiales escritas en vez de por dispositivos electrónicos.