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This paper addresses the use of Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act and the International Emergencies Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), in the US trade policy of the presidency of Donald Trump, towards its North American partners. From a political economy approach and from addressing case studies, the article argues that these laws have been transformed from tools to deal with rival countries, to resources of power to obtain concessions from Canada and Mexico both in the commercial and commercial sphere. in other areas of your relationship. Specifically, for Section 232, the case of steel and aluminum tariffs against Canada and Mexico is addressed. In the case of the IEEPA, reference is made to the tariff threats filed by the United States against Mexico in 2019. Based on this, the article identifies the ways in which the United States authorities have reinterpreted the provisions of the laws to use them as resources that assert their market power in regional negotiations. At the end, the article explains in a general way, a strategic course available for Canada and Mexico, to counteract the contemporary use that the United States has made of its national security laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has displayed a change of attitude on migration, one radically opposite to that of his predecessor Harper, by establishing a policy of greater openness for the reception of immigrants and which constitutes the pillar of his political agenda. Consequently, the immigration system has improved in order to admit a greater number of immigrants, temporary workers and students; it has also established necessary measures to reduce processing times, as well as to improve family reunification, among other initiatives. Mexicans have played a preponderant role as temporary agricultural workers and, in absolute terms, they have gradually increased their participation as immigrants, temporary workers and students in recent years. This paper aims at describing the effects that Trudeau's immigration policy has had migrant population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how governance actors in regional business systems engage with foreign-owned multinational corporations which are present within their territory, in attempts to retain investment and link their regions to global production networks. This is done through a qualitative analysis of policy and practice in six sub-national regions in three advanced industrialized economies (Canada, Spain and the UK), thus permitting both international and intra-national comparisons. We find that while there are broad similarities in the types of governance mechanisms used, there are notable differences in the extent and intensity of forms of market, state and associational governance of foreign direct investment. These differences partly correspond to broader institutional differences in the nature of business systems, and partly to the socio-political construction of sub-national governance space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the current Mexican debate on communication policies related to the promotion of cultural diversity through television. Using the concepts of source diversity, content diversity and exposure diversity, the paper analyzes communication policies adopted or proposed in Mexico and compares them with current policies in Canada and the US. The paper concludes that current commercial strategies and goals in Mexico do not stimulate cultural diversity in media content. It proposes that Mexico advocate a mixed system of mass media with different mandates and modes of financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2014 electoral process of Quebec, migrants were central actors. The dominant identitarian-populist faction had targeted its attacks on migrants, particularly Muslims, and presented them as a threat for society since their religions and traditions were dangerous to the Quebec's secular state --inspired on the "French model"--. The 2014 election evinced a new role of migrants, traditionally marginalized in both the political and public arena. Academics and citizens mobilized to stand against the dominant populist media and the powerful official discourse. Besides, the high rate of participation among migrants determined the defeat of the separatist party. This paper is a documentary media research as well as a testimony, as a migrant myself, about the electoral campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts with a brief historiographical overview, in which the models for interpreting the Basque fisheries in Canada are analysed critically and a tentative statement is made. The processes of cultural contact – both among the societies that inhabited western Canada and among the different European societies that occurred on this global and dynamic stage are also considered. Finally, the Basque venture in Canada is assessed in relation to the colonial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of two cases of new infrastructure consolidation in industrial areas. The first involves the restructuring of industrial infrastructure in intraurban areas of Montreal in Quebec, Canada, carried out as a part of the technological upgrading process characteristic of transitions from industrial to knowledge-based societies. Local planning processes were identified that took into account the contribution of all social actors to a sustainable production model. The second case focuses on the consolidation of industrial infrastructure in Yumbo, Valle Department, Colombia, and suggests local strategies to ensure future territorial sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market niche created by Fair Trade (FT), based on principles of solidarity and cooperation, has been partially occupied by large multinational corporations. These companies deploy certification programmes and labels as means of insertion into the FT market. This paper provides an analysis and critique of six independent FT certification programmes identified in the Canadian marketplace. We also offer evidence from two corporate certification programmes in the same market that share the same sustainability concepts and deal in the same product: coffee. Through a neo-institutional perspective, we seek to shed light upon the confusion and ambiguity generated by the presence of multiple FT labels and certification programmes. Finally, we propose a taxonomy of the FT labels and certification programmes found in Canada as an indicator that may be useful for making purchasing decisions concerning FT products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the Canadian federal system. First, it focuses on the reasons for the choice of a federal system when the Canadian federation was created in 1867, on the main features of that system: the asymmetrical nature and the strongly centralized division of powers, and on its evolution. Second, it analyses the federal financial relations, the intergovernmetal relations and various issues relating to the structure and functioning of national institutions. Finally, it pays special attention to the changing and problematic relationship between Quebec and English Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to assess the relative importance of different drivers of happiness and their impact in the subjective well being of individuals. It tries to measures factors and conditions that make people report a higher level of happiness. Also, the paper tries to identify how cultural and contextual elements can influence perception of happiness. In order to do this we use conjoint analysis considering as independent variables; level of income, labor stability, security, social networks and level of education for Chile and Canada. The finding suggest that for the case of Chile, Income and job stability are both factor almost equally important to explain a given level of happiness. In the case of Canada income is the most important factor followed by job stability with about half the importance of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social movements have been important sources of change and social innovation in Québec, at the national level but also in each of its regions where they were imbedded. Grassroots social movements were the building blocks of what is now known as the "Québec model" of governance. This paper discusses whether a new generation of social movements could emerge in the Québec regions where new co-construction mechanisms for policies and programs have been integrated into regional governance structures. How does this new generation of social activists position itself in regard to these new policies and structures inherited from half a century of social movements led by their predecessors? The article will focus on structures and mechanisms of concertation of regional authorities with local/regional community groups. It is based on data collected in various research projects in seven Québec regions and on longstanding professional experiences and experiences in advocacy. A parallel will be drawn between the concept of social innovation inherent to social movements and the one adopted by regional authorities based upon Schumpeter's economical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several regional integration and globalization processes have arisen in recent years and have produced a real change in foreign investment policies in developing countries, in general due to the necessity of attracting foreign inflows and the advantages these inflows bring. This is the reason why Colombia, in the decade of the 90's, implemented important constitutional and legislative amendments and started to negotiate several International Investment Agreements (IIAs). In light of this reality, this paper intends to analyze the main Colombian and Canadian provisions for negotiation and ratification in a bilateral investment treaty between the parties that dynamizes the Colombian economy through facilitating its access to an important country like Canada and ensuring the conditions for Canadian investors in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper on Comparative law analyses public security as a limit to the exercise of the religious freedom. The question is focused on a concrete social environment: the Canadian public schools. For that goal a Sentence of the Supreme Court of Canada, is taken into account. This decision authorizes the use of an aspect of religious adscription --kirpan--, potentially detrimental, item by of a student belonging to a religious denomination: sikh. From a critical point of view, the findings of the Sentence are analysed and placed in relation to the Spanish constitutional doctrine referred to the limits of the exercise of the right to religious freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical Education is a rich field in gender meanings and principles. Within school practices, it is thus positioned as one of the spaces for the strongest identity building as regards gender and sexuality. These meanings and principles, understood as a result of social and historical practices, classify and order the world and experiences of girls and boys in a segmented, fragmented way. Based on the relevance of a broad notion of curriculum as an articulating mechanism of some knowledge-power relations at school, this paper provides a comparative approach in Physical Education, from the standpoint of gender and the production of sexual difference. By curriculum we understand not only the prescriptive framework featured in the "written" curriculum, but also the "hidden" curriculum, i.e., those social mandates that regulate schooling practices. Our analysis is focused on the Physical Education curricula in Canada and Argentina. First, we look at the curricular issue as seen on the written text, focusing on Health and Physical Education curricula in the province of Ontario, Canada, and the area of Physical Education in Argentina's introductory courses at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Then we analyze some aspects of the hidden curriculm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the preliminary result of research undertaken in Canada during the period August-September 2003, and which is part of a comparative study of several other countries in order to examine the actors, processes and interactions which intervened in the formulation of public policy and the development of learning in public institutions and organizations. In this research the logic motivating the actors, as well as their perspectives and practices in the processes of public agenda formulation in Canada are demonstrated. Documentary techniques, seminar discussions, interviews and observation are employed. The results demonstrate differentiated processes in organizational and institutional practices of new and traditional actors in the formation of public agendas, and which define two large themes: differentiation between government and politics and the re-institutionalization of rules on a local level. All this expresses the tension between the two forms of governmental philosophy that are debated over between the neo-pragmatism of emerging demand sectors for new government and the colaborative market forms of government, implemented by traditional actors who propose good public government. In local public management the municipality is expressed as a point of intersection between policy management and government, and it incorporates learning experiences in community networks, which suggests a new hermaneutic language for the management of municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we continue our research approach in relation to "the representation of women in contemporary Canadian cinema", which was initiated in 1996, when the representation of native women in Canadian cinema was analyzed. At that time, the first approach allowed for the discovery of extensive productions made by women film makers In Canada, thank to the support and encouragement of Studio D at the National Film Board of Canada, established in 1975. The usage of in-depth interviews, photographic and film files, and a protagonist first person techniques in these documentaries are the common elements. Throughout these documentaries we find, first hand, how Canadian women (movie makers and women interviewed) assumed the role of women in the socialization process, the transmission of cultural values and above all their real life experiences in a multicultural and multiethnic society in contemporary Canada. This research confirms that the study of Canadian cinema must continue, specially that made by women movie makers, as a valuable source of culture knowledge in contemporary Canadian society, given its cultural, social and ethnic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently and increasingly, many concepts and areas of investigation relegated to the field of basic ecology are being integrated and applied to the management and conservation of renewable resources. The purpose of this paper is to explore how syntheses of ecology and anthropology might help wildlife scientists evaluate changes in the way modern humans in hunter-gatherer societies interact with renewable resources that they harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The acute myocardial infarction (Ml) in most patients is the result of coronary disease. It has been reported that traditional risk (actors for CVD such as smoking, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, family history, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other comorbidities are responsible from 50 to 65%. Other risk factors have been associated with CVD. such as homocysteine, a natural amino acid that depends on vitamin B6, B12 and folates to be metabolized. Recent publications have associated high blood levels of homocysteine with myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism and CVD mortality and insufficient levels of folate and vitamin B6. Some studies show that the intake of higher amounts of folates decreases homocysteine blood values and lowers the CVD risk. The present paper is a review of the literature with the objective of highlighting the importance of evaluating homocysteine levels in our population and the importance of these nutrients in lowering the risk for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]