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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the main changes introduced by Law 28/2022, of 21 December, on the promotion of the startup ecosystem, commonly known as the "Startup Law", more than a year after its entry into force. We will focus on the issues that most directly affect the entrepreneurial and investor ecosystem, and we will address some of the issues that raise the most interpretative doubts or that we believe could have been reworded to cover a larger number of companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing economic importance of crowdfunding since the beginning of the present century, together with the legal problems that these transactions may give rise to, have determined the national regulations that were enacted during the second decade of the 21st century. In view of the progressive national regulatory fragmentation that was occurring in the European Union and the call by the legal doctrine, the authorities and the industry for a European legislative action, the Commission presented in 2018 a Proposal for a Regulation in this field. This paper analyzes the meaning and content of the corresponding rules finally approved: Regulation 2020/1503, that shall apply from 10 November 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the business environment has developed non-banking financing alternatives especially adequate for Venture Capital, mainly for those technology-based companies, essential for any developed economy. With this, entrepreneurs seek for funds to finance their business activities whilst investors look for projects with interesting returns at medium term. In order to do so, it is especially important that they agree with the value of the startup. This paper realizes a theoretical review about valuation methods used for venture capital investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdunding is an alternative source of financing business projects developed within the "information society" services' environment. This alternative intermediation system of commercial or financial nature allows testing of new business projects and products or services being traded. This paper analyzes the regulation of this emerging phenomenon in the international scene, in particular, in the territory of Spain. Turning to the Spanish regulations related to the platform establishment place and electronic contracts; and pinpointing the various e-commerce relationships that take place in and through the platform. Especially the latter are analyzed. Finally, this work evaluates the codes of conduct and alternative dispute resolution methods such as systems that provide legal security to allow crowdfunding operations worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]