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Equity in education is socially desirable because of the relevance of education for the development of people. Therefore, it is interesting to study whether the allocation of spending on education takes into account this aspect. Since the concept of fairness is not univocal, it is necessary to define a position. Here, it is assumed that there is educational equity if equality exists in educational outcomes. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to examine whether the distribution of educational spending among the districts of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, is equitable. The hypothesis that it is not, is proposed. The Gini coefficient and an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression are used to verify this hypothesis. It was found that the distribution of funds depends directly on the degree of illiteracy among districts, but also there is evidence that is independent of poverty, dropout rate, percentage of enrollment in the initial levels and the proportion of establishments classified as unfavorable. Then, it is concluded that the educational expenses distribution is not governed, or it is only done very weakly, by the principle of equity in the paper considered. That is, empirical evidence verifies the proposed hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a research process and represents an in-depth thematic review towards a state of art regarding what is meant by literacy. This concept has been studied and defined from varied approaches and its meaning has evolved as time passes by. Initially, it made reference to dichotomous notions on the presence or absence of a particular attribute (being literate or not), but presently, it includes definitions that involve multiple approaches. The goal of the paper is to inform about these conceptions and their evolution, taking into account a special focus on empirical approaches concerning its meaning. The work is completed in two steps: a) a description, selection and classification of sources, and b) a combination and analysis of them, which ends with a synthesis of the more significant conceptualizations. It is concluded that this diversity has increased in our changing and globalized world and that the perception of this issue at the social and political-educational levels should critically influence the teaching goals that each country promotes. The acquisition of Literacy skills by students should be emphasized as these skills will help them in their future social insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the concept of inclusion as a characteristic of education from a human development perspective. In this light, it discusses the social state, citizenship rights, and economic hegemony in the context of globalization as forces that promote mechanisms of exclusion, including poverty, elitist policy measures, ethnic discrimination, cultural segregation, and the participation of international organizations in national political and economic decisions, among others. Thus, the paper places administration of the welfare state within a social structure. Also, the paper considers school as an area of interaction between individuals that promotes a humanistic system of education for all people. Moreover, it aims to create a sense of unease in the reader by outlining different theories of inclusion versus exclusion and shedding light on the substantial differences in commitment to education administration at the national level as reflected in different economic, political, cultural, and social strata. The paper emphasizes the purpose of an inclusive approach to education as part of the effort to achieve quality in education administration. It then defends inclusive education centers, where students' individual learning needs are considered through holistic curriculum development and where ever-changing human interactions are taken into account in order to seek more effective administrative strategies and projects that decisively address changes in education. In this way, problems are solved in an altruistic and holistic manner that implies a dynamic, democratic, and multi-faceted role for the reader, as well as commitment on the part of administrators of educational organizations, and leads to proactive administration. [TRANSLATION]

The central topic of this essay is the Constantino Láscaris Comneno's educational thought. He was a Spanish and Costa Rican philosopher who has influenced in Costa Rican education and culture since his work as a lecturer and as a culture divulgator. The analysis focuses on his general ideas about education, his concept of pedagogy and his conception about teaching. In this essay, the analysis sources are academic papers as well as opinion articles written by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some developed ideas based on the research entitled “The contribution of Ethic programs, aesthetics and citizenship to improve human rights on adolescence." Mainly, the analysis focuses on the characterization of the ideology behind Costa Rican educational model and its consequences as well as the display of a critical education as a way to achieve peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes some experiences, previously reviewed in literature, about the use of robotics in education in order to obtain relevant models for the design of a proposal about robotics learning at Basic Secondary and Middle education levels. Two scopes of application of robotics in education are considered: firstly, learning robotics by defining the context of each robot subsystems and then creating robots for different purposes. The objective in this case is the development of skills for the design and construction of robotic artifacts, a process that implies the acquisition of the necessary knowledge to accomplish this task. The second scope of application is the use of robotics to encourage knowledge construction in different areas, fostering students' development ok skills and competences. Learning robotics and learning with robotics can be supported by computer science since this area provides software technology and tools such as Math Modeling and language simulation, Multimedia Tutorials, Virtual and Remote laboratories, among others. The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of robotics in the classroom to enrich learning strategies which contribute to student's comprehensive education. This field of study has a growing demand by teachers and researchers, and stimulus to encourage its research, development and spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the relation that Leibniz establishes between the concepts of freewill and freedom. From the analysis of this relationship we will try to argue that human beings are free to model their will in a way that is always inclined to good; i.e.; tending to goodness and being responsible for all their choices and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use the Gini coefficient to measure inequality in education for different states of the country, the main hypothesis is that inequality in education as measured by the Gini index is negatively associated with average years of schooling, that is, States that have achieved a high level of education is more likely to achieve better educational equity than those with low education levels. According to Kutznets, if the level of education increases, the inequality in education first increases, then reaches a maximum and declines thereafter. We found that when the average years of study in one state is low, typically a fraction of Small part of the population has all years of schooling completed, and found also a great educational inequality between the entities or regions of México. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper they are proposed and analyzed measures of educational levels (by defining the variables "years of education" and "greater educational attainment") as well as educational flows (through the estimation of "gross" and "net enrollment rates") in order to observe their recent evolution and to make an updated profile of the distribution of educational attainment across the Argentinean population. Unlike most of the literature, the use of household survey allows the construction of educational indicators as levels and cycles actually finished without additional restrictive assumptions such as the average years of repetition or dropout. It will see that, although the flows evolution in terms of enrollment rates has been positive, there has been an enlargement of the gap between gross and net enrollment rate and they strongly depend on economic shocks. In addition, the stock measured by levels and years of education shows two points of concentration in the distribution across the population space. These observations open up questions about the quality and effectiveness of future educational stock and about the polarization existing today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a brief systematization of the experiences of the Centro de Capacitación en Educación a Distancia (CECED) from the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) of Costa Rica with the goal to understand the evolution of the "traditional" training concept, to a professional development concept. This proposal is directed toward students and educators who want to improve their capabilities through the application of our mission and vision and the Pedagogical Model. CECED has been looking for excellence in academic areas by using tutorial practices where the student is the most important part of the equation. Students can benefit from the experience of learning furthermore from our society and acquire better educational standards, therefore providing more opportunities for everyone. Thus, CECED provides both self-confidence and personal development. The program's goal can be increased by using elements such as equality, pertinence and equity to make the teaching learning process more effective. It will improve motivation to develop competition in the general curriculum and simultaneously result in greater proficiency in the target group. We have analyzed this through situations and comments from our students to develop the strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a descriptive investigation whose objective is to analyze personal factors which favor the development of a positive attitude towards academic activities, according to the opinion of two groups of tenth grade students. The investigation consists of a primary construct: a positive attitude towards academic activities, and a sub-construct: personal factors which promote such attitudes. The aspects which make up this sub-construct are positive self-esteem, motivation, assertive communication and stress management. The introduction and theoretical references provide evidence for the relationship between these factors, attitudes towards learning and student academic achievements. In agreement with the obtained results, it is concluded that the student population attaches importance to both internal and external factors related to motivation, and perceives them as significant for the development of a positive attitude towards academic activities. The same holds true for having positive self-esteem, knowing how to communicate assertively and being able to manage stress appropriately. Therefore, it is recommended that educational institutions give special attention to a student's socio-emotional development by implementing programs which promote motivation for academic achievement, improved self-esteem, the ability to communicate assertively and appropriate coping methods for stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When using history as a source of moral lessons, Glover assumes that his analysis is ethical in character and morally good. How to justify both assumptions is our aim in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the last thirty years, medical science has a growing attention regarding an emphasis to return to humanism to counteract the "corporativism" around the health care system, because it seems to be responsible for the dehumanization of health. As medical educators, we are worried about the impact that our own professional behavior exerts on the development of the humanistic attitudes and behaviors of the medical students and residents, however it still seems that the concept of "humanism" is confusing among the medical areas. This brings out the need to clarify what we mean by "medical humanism." To reach a general consensus that supports the evaluation of the humanistic medical attitudes and behaviors and outlines specific pedagogical strategies that enhance and strengthen the term in the environment of medical education ad practice. This paper reviews the classical term "humanism" and its evolution inside medical science until it may be considered a way of life with an emphasis made on human welfare and it enables the construction of human values and norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author holds the thesis that a Philosophy of Education presupposes a previous theory of the person and of society. The paper tests if a philosophical theory of education is a coherent notion. The theories of primitive man and primitive social contract are introduced. Later, Rousseau's social contract is analyzed regarding the power of the people and individual liberty, and whether it is consistent with his ideas of equality, law and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]