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Victor von Richter (1841-1891) was one of the important chemists of the second half of the 19th century. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Richter and his writing activities, in particular with his chemistry textbooks for higher education, well-known in different countries. In addition, his research activities is briefly described, and especially the chemical reactions named after him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking is, along with cycling, the most sustainable, democratic and healthy transportation mode to travel within a city (Tonucci, 2004; Gehl, 2011). For this reason, walking should be promoted through planning and urban design. In fact, in Chile, the recent National Urban Development Policy (2014) sets out the promotion of pedestrian traffic as an urban mobility objective. This research analyzes the deficiencies and challenges of urban planning and street design in Chile, making a comparative analysis with instruments and urban design standards in Germany which promote pedestrians in the city. Thus, best practices and planning tools are analyzed in depth from case studies that have promoted walking, such as minimum standards, design guidelines, traffic calming and participatory processes, among others. This paper concludes with a proposal of instruments, recommendations and urban design standards to promote the development of pedestrian-oriented streets in Chile and thus a more sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the citizenship courses and exams recently introduced in Europe. Does the manner in which each country understands nationhood and citizenship determine the content of these programmes or are there similarities, regardless of the country's conception of nationhood? How can we explain these similarities and differences? Do these programmes reflect an idea of belonging based on a commitment to civic values that are inclusionary and universalist rather than on shared cultural traditions that are exclusionary and particularist? Or are there tensions between the normative proposal of liberal universalism and its realization in certain policies of integration?. To answer these questions, I propose an analytical framework that enables a normative evaluation of civic integration programmes in France and Germany. I, thus, carry out an in-depth analysis of the programmes, in order to explain their similarities and differences, both from a theoretical perspective and in relation to the political life in each country. Although these countries represent divergent conceptions of nationhood and citizenship, the analysis of their respective programmes reveals many similarities. However, in spite of what one might expect, both bring to light certain paradoxes regarding the liberal and universalist ideal that inspires them, which expose the possible exclusionary consequences of this type of measure, which are hard to reconcile with the liberal democratic values they are trying to protect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]