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This paper demonstrates, using a panel data model, that mainly firm-specific (microeconomic) versus macroeconomic variables affect the long-run profitability of a group of banks in Mexico in the pre- and COVID-19 periods. Interbank deposit, deposit rate, bank size, size of non-performing loan portfolio, delinquency, operating expenses, traditional deposit, salary, unemployment, and interest rate have statistical influence on bank profitability, but this relationship changes in the COVID-19 period. These results can be useful in the decisions of the different areas of banks, as well as for the design of public policies aimed at maintaining the stability of the banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Describe the quality of life of health personnel, the work environment, and interactions between employees and their work environment during the pandemic. Methods. A scoping review was conducted. The electronic databases PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Literature Complete, and Google Scholar were used, as well as the repositories of the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary, secondary, and grey literature studies published between December 2019 and March 2021 in Spanish, English, and Portuguese were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Authority, Accuracy, Coverage, Objectivity, Date and Importance (AACODS) checklist; a tool for the measurement of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR); and the Critical Appraisal Checklist for Text and Opinion Papers. A thematic analysis was carried out based on the quality-of-life and well-being model. Results. Of a total of 208 articles, 11 were included. The quality of life of health personnel during the COVID- 19 pandemic was affected by the characteristics of health personnel, the work environment, and interactions between employees and their work environment. Problems related to psychosocial and occupational factors were observed. Discussion. The quality of life of health personnel was characterized by stigmatization, stress, anxiety, and fatigue. Organizational management and the implementation of psychological interventions appear to affect interactions between employees and their work environment, and improve their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic caused an unusual population mortality rate. This paper aims to determine a causal relationship and its incidence between the Technical Efficiency (TE) of health systems and the Covid-19 mortality rate. Using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology and the OLS, GLS and 2SLS adjustment methods, in 108 countries grouped according to per capita health expenditure, it was found that a 1% increase in the TE of the health systems of the analyzed countries reduces the number of deaths from Covid-19 by between 61 and 127 per hundred thousand inhabitants, concluding that the efficiency of expenditure was transcendental in the prevention of mortality caused by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO, hereafter) reported the first case of a new respiratory infection, in the city of Wuhan.This study focuses on how political communication 2.0 has contributed to prevent and protect citizens, during early stages the COVID-19 crisis, in a comparative perspective between USA and Spain. Specifically, the paper focuses during the first 90 days of 2020 (from January 1 to March 31), in the latency phases - oriented to preparedness and prevention- and of crisis outbreak. Methodology: The paper analyzes the content of the messages through the Twitter accounts of Donald Trump -@realdonaldtrump-, the White House -@ WhiteHouse-, and the CDC - @cdcgov; and Pedro Sánchez -@sanchezcastejon-, the Ministry of Health -@sanidadgob-, and the account of the Moncloa -@desdelamoncloa-. By conducting quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results: the findings show a divergent communication strategy. While the Spanish actors followed closely the guidelines of health crisis communication; in the US, only the official accounts of @WhiteHouse y @cdcgov followed those guidelines, while in President Trump´s account, it is observed a politicized communication strategy rejecting messages from public health sources. Conclusions: Political communication is an essential element in a major crisis not only for good governance and management but also for the preparation and awareness of a citizenry. This study shows that the official institutional communication strategy was appropriate in both countries and that it helped to face an unprecedented major health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoliberal policies have impacted transportation and mobility. This paper analyzes the trends and structures resulting from the mobility of the Renca commune, a pericentric territory of Greater Santiago in the period between 2001 and 2021, through the analysis of the Origin Destination Surveys and an Origin Destination Survey of own interception applied during the covid-19 pandemic. The aforementioned was developed to obtain the mobility tendencies that these individuals present with the other communes of Greater Santiago. The results express a motorization below the levels of other communes of Greater Santiago; the existence of a 'dependency' of some routes of the public transport system that use the urban highway network. Mobilities are mainly developed due to access to services and education, where these dynamics and destination spaces have not changed substantially despite the covid-19 context in which the interception survey was applied. There is a contrast between the available concession infrastructure, the low access to automobiles, the spatial friction of the infrastructure, and the persistence of mobility patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness is an extreme form of social exclusion which, although universally present in contemporary societies, has tended to be invisible. This lack of visibility has once again been highlighted by the measures put in place to tackle COVID-19. Although since the onset of the health emergency there have been various research studies that have examined the impact of COVID-19 on the Spanish population, few proposals have been devoted to analysing the specific impact of the pandemic on homeless people. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to analyse the experiences of homeless people during the confinement and pandemic, delving into the specific impact that the COVID-19 crisis has had on the reality of these citizens. The research is based on a mixed methodological design using a questionnaire survey and a semi-structured in-depth interview. On the one hand, the questionnaire was administered to a sample of 641 homeless people. On the other hand, 18 homeless people participated in the interviews. The results confirm that the place where they were confined is fundamental to understanding the experiences of the participants. Furthermore, it is noted that the negative experiences of homeless people were a consequence of the measures put in place to cope with the pandemic and prevent contagion, especially those related to the closure of services where their basic needs were met. This is especially significant considering the transformations that the responses to the health emergency have imposed on some dimensions of their lives. The results also allow us to conclude that pre-existing social inequalities have played a significant role in the impact of the pandemic on citizens, with particularly severe consequences for people affected by extreme social exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the leadership styles of fourteen elected female politicians in executive government positions, as communicated through the official Instagram accounts that were in use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Seven of them are, or were, heads of government, six are or were mayors, and one is the president of an autonomous region in Spain. These women are Angela Merkel (Germany), Jacinda Ardern (New Zealand), Sanna Marin (Finland), Mette Frederiksen (Denmark), Erna Solberg (Norway), Katrin Jakobsdottir (Iceland), Tsai Ing-Wen (Taiwan), Anne Hidalgo (Paris), Virginia Raggi (Rome), Ada Colau (Barcelona), Claudia López (Bogotá), Claudia Sheinbaum (Mexico City), London Breed (San Francisco) and Isabel Díaz Ayuso (Madrid Region). A comparative content analysis of 2,330 units was conducted over a 6-month period. The study analyses the hard or soft leadership style conveyed by the women politicians selected in relation to four variables: political ideology, generational affiliation, level of government and techniques used in communication. The results show that the values of the variables affect leadership styles; therefore, the assumption that all female politicians have a single leadership style is erroneous and related to gender stereotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic to hit Africa (February-September 2020) was not particularly virulent either in terms of cases detected or lethality. However, the presence of the virus and the subsequent restrictions exacerbated pre-existing inequalities based on ethnicity, class and gender. This paper analyses the impacts of the pandemic on refugee women, who are subject to "structural vulnerability" and "multisystemic violence" in Africa. After analysing the ten African countries with the largest refugee populations, the different forms and levels of these impacts are systematised, along with the consequences and implications for refugee women in the long term, highlighting the need for strategies to be adopted towards this group at various levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic increased poverty worldwide. However, the mechanisms affecting its determining factors still need to be clarified. This paper studies this problem using a probabilistic model of poverty extended with pandemic incidence variables and applying logistic regression at the household level. For the case of Ecuador, we use the December rounds of the 2019 and 2020 National Survey for Employment, Underemployment and Unemployment (ENEMDU), the administrative record of the Covid-19 epidemiological report, and the administrative history of deaths. The results show that the pandemic’s impact on poverty was through the gender gap and labor market structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the issue of food security, articulating it with the relevance of achieving SDG 2, as one of the fundamental objectives set by the United Nations Organization for Sustainable Development (2015). To achieve this end, the research focuses on four fundamental aspects: 1. The relevance of food security in the global context and the need for timely access to food for individuals, without neglecting the asymmetric structural contexts on the planet, such as hunger and poverty, which limit the conditions for development (FAO, 2009). 2. The relevance of SDG 2 for food security, the production of goods and food effectively, preventing actions that threaten life on the planet (Cóndor et. al, 2022). 3. The presence of people who suffer from hunger in the Latin American and Caribbean region, which has been on the rise since the 2010s and which limits the possibilities of access to sustainability and better living conditions (ECLAC, 2019), a fact that has been intensified with the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic (FAO, 2021). 4. The COVID-19 pandemic that has given rise to new vulnerabilities and conditions for access to food, resulting, among other things, in the stunted growth of infants under five years of age. The method used is documentary review. It concludes on the relevance of food security for the achievement of sustainable development, for the reduction of poverty and structural asymmetric conditions, without failing to recognize the distance that exists to reach the fulfillment of these objectives, especially in convulsive scenarios such as those of the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the communication carried out by IBEX35 companies in crisis situations in order to determine the mechanisms that try to favour dialogue between organisations and their stakeholders. The sample is made up of the tweets that include the word covid and that have been issued by the 27 IBEX 35 companies that had verified corporate profiles on the Twitter social platform during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Taking into consideration the dialogic principles established by Kent and Taylor (1998), which were adapted by Rybalko and Seltzer (2010) for Twitter, an adaptation was made to establish indicators to apply to the conversation established on the platform. To analyse the differences in interaction, the t-test for independent samples and the one-factor ANOVA were used. The results show that companies maintain an interest in engaging with their audiences but continue to deal with topics that are not of interest to users, which makes it difficult for a dialogue or conversation to take place between companies and stakeholders. The article shows that the resources most used by companies in crisis situations are the call to action and dialogue, either by asking their users questions or suggesting the desired interaction. While directly asking users for their opinions does not generate more dialogue, the results show that soliciting attitudes, such as commenting, sharing an image or liking an image, does increase interaction. This implies that there is low interest on the part of audiences to join a real conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If there is one thing we can be sure about the COVID-19 pandemic, it is that it caused an irruption of such magnitude throughout the world that the resonances of the multiple and varied changes it generated have yet to be seen. In relation to communication processes, the demand for information in real time increased and the media took center stage, especially in an initial period when the possibilities of intersubjective contrasts between people were diminished by the confinements. But this was not a constant: as the pandemic spread over time, it lost its novelty character and went from center stage to backdrop in media coverage. This research describes the thematic shifts and the predominant frames that La Nación, Clarín (in its digital versions) and Infobae deployed in their coverage of the pandemic between 2020 and 2022. Framed in the contributions of the agenda setting and framing theories, this paper starts with a quantitative content analysis and compares four specific time frames (April 2020, October 2020, May 2021 and January 2022), chosen for having represented significant peaks in the development of the pandemic in national health terms. The analysis shows that the concentration of the health issue, as well as the prominence of the variables that make up the morality and human interest frames were diluted over time, making the frames in the coverage of the issue less compact and more dispersed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research on vaccines, and their later application to society, created the necessity of communication strategies, taking also into account the fake-news propaganda. All these with the sole purpose of keeping the population informed about the treatments against COVID-19. This leads to the reaction of the academic community, which has investigated and explained how these phenomena are developing. Objectives: To analyze the reaction of communication research areas on this inoculation matter based on the increasing of paper publications and citations in indexed journals on the Web of Science (WoS). Methodology: Quantitative analysis of the number of publications and citations on the vaccine topic by using the topic category Communication on WoS. It has been studied for the last 12 years and three months (January 2010 to March 2022), by comparing the state-of-the-art of this area earlier and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: It is corroborated that in the years 2020, 2021 and the first trimester of 2022 the number of publications and citations about vaccines in communication journals has experienced exponential growth approximately. Conclusions: The academic community that published in indexed journal on the communication category have reacted to the appearance of vaccines and the communication phenomena related to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those requiring emergency health care cannot wait. Ambulances must arrive at the scene as quickly as possible. Ambulances are usually assigned to bases distributed throughout the city to minimize arrival time to the event. However, the spatial distribution of events changes during the day according to people's rhythm and city use. This paper evaluates, through location-allocation modelling, the Spatio-temporal performance of SAMUR-PC, the Emergency Medical Service of Madrid (Spain), in two different scenarios, before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the first months of the new normality period. The results show that the system responded relatively well to the change in event patterns due to the pandemic. However, some interventions would have been necessary to guarantee the same service as before the epidemiological crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and particularly, mitigation measures taken by government institutions in Mexico, such as the closure of all schools at all levels of education, have brought strong regressive consequences in terms of both education and gender equality. In this paper, we start from a theoretical framework of gender and family to analyze, along with the negative repercussions of this measure (especially for women and children), an embodied experience of upbringing and community education in Mexico. This experience seeks to preserve educational and labor rights violated by school closures such as sociability, guardianship and custody of minors, the right to a life free of violence, work-life balance, among others. Our aim is to suggest some keys for an ecofeminist and community solution to the education crisis in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New ventures are part of the global reality, they are an alternative that drives the economy from various angles, being favorable to face adverse realities, such as that experienced by the COVID-19 pandemic. By virtue of the above, this paper, focused on the documentary research method, aims to analyze the figure of entrepreneurship, offering an interpretive and critical position. To achieve this end, the following aspects are considered: 1) The conceptual definition of entrepreneurship, which contemplates its economic meaning, its relevance for the social sciences and as mechanisms to establish relationships between entrepreneurs and the social conglomerate. 2) The ethical dimension of entrepreneurship, its link with social responsibility and with the obligations to the community, which makes us lean towards a definition of entrepreneurship linked to the strengthening of the productive economy and human relations. 3). The role of enterprises in the COVID-19 scenario, a moment characterized by the exacerbation of social asymmetries, the closure of companies, the sanitary confinement, but which also meant the promotion of various enterprises that kept society operational, offering goods, services and inputs in a novel way, supported by digital commerce and other alternative tools. It is concluded that new ventures are part of the current reality, they are a source of innovation, economic growth and effective mechanisms to face the logic of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic reactivation has taken on great importance in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the world, as it is paralyzed by its rapid spread. The objective of this paper is to analyze from different theoretical positions the issue of economic reactivation of the industrial sector, and how it can be influenced from different ideals. This is due to the main implications that have arisen, affecting work stoppages and accelerated infections. Therefore, a theoretical approach will be considered, with the support of the literature, so that this research has the characteristics of a documentary, exploratory and descriptive analysis. Subsequently, it was possible to detect that the use of postures contributes to adopting behaviors that improve the industry, allowing them to remain active and competitive in the market, concluding that the functionality of the theories is essential when described about economic reactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the incidence in our country of the recommendations provided by the OECD in its Guide on the implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on transfer pricing Guidance on the transfer pricing implications of the COVID-19 pandemic published on December 18, 2020 and which represents the consensus perspective of the more than 137 members of the BEPS Inclusive Framework, among which is Peru, regarding the application of the arm's length principle for problems generated or exacerbated by the pandemic. In particular, the problem of comparability analysis is evaluated in a scenario of lack of comparable transactions and companies in the 2020 and subsequent years affected by the pandemic. Likewise, the issue of losses is addressed from two perspectives, those as a comparable result and the generation of losses in business models with limited risk. It is concluded that several of the measures recommended by the Inclusive Framework can be materialized through the flexibility and openness of the Tax Administration in audits; however, allowing the modification of the transfer pricing analysis reflected in the Local Report based on information of comparable companies obtained later requires the issuance of a legal norm that does not condition the rectifying return to the verification of SUNAT and temporarily avoid the application of infractions and sanctions for the declaration of false data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SIR model (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) proposed by Kermack & McKendrick aims to simulate the behavior of a contagious disease's effect-propagation, such as covid-19's; consists of a system of three differential equations, one that models the behavior of the individuals likely to acquire the disease, another equation for the infected ones and the last one for those recovered. This system has two parameters: the transmission rate ß and the recovery rate ?. The objective of the paper is to show the operation of the SIR behavior model using data from the covid-19 pandemic for Mexico, in particular, the effects of health and social containment measures on the dynamics of the model addressed. Based on daily data from the first three phases of the pandemic in Mexico, which runs from February 27 to May 17, 2021, the scenarios with and without public intervention measures was contrasted. The finding is that with sanitary and social containment measures, the rate of transmission is reduced and the curve of infected is "flattened". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity has suffered throughout its history from different types of pandemics caused by deadly infectious diseases. Mathematical models are very useful tools to understand the dynamics of the behavior and propagation of these. Among these models are those known as SIS, SIR and SEIR. This paper presents a brief explanation of the structure of these models and its use in some pandemics. In particular, some SIR-type models without and with delays are analyzed with special interest, as well as their applications to the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. To determine the correspondence between some of the models analyzed and the data of Infectious and Recovered from Mexico reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), simulations are presented in three different time periods between the years 2020-2021. In addition, an unpublished SIR-type mathematical model with three delays is proposed as a main contribution. Finally, a discussion is given on the application of numerical algorithms to identify some parameters of mathematical models, such as ordinary least squares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uruguayan cooperativism is characterized by strong links with guilds and unions, and the cooperative figure has often been a tool to address their demands. This is the case of the Cooperatives of Artists and Related Trades (CAOC), a new figure in the country, created as a result of negotiations between the Performing Arts Unions and the State, which seeks to include an informal and traditionally unprotected sector in the social security system. This paper analyzes, on the basis of a qualitative case study, the singularity of the relationship between these unions and the first two established artists' cooperatives (Valorarte and Coopaudem). The objective is to understand the functioning of these organizations which, as observed in the joint approach to the COVID-19 crisis, are a clear example of the possibility of generating strategic alliances between unionism and cooperativism. The leading role played by trade unions in the process of estabishing this type of cooperatives, as well as in the founding of the aforementioned CAOCs, confirms the clear relevance of this ooperatives as a trade union tool. Likewise, it is noted that this quasi-symbiotic relationship presents strengths in the operational aspect and in the achievement of the goals of each organization, constitutes a novel and innovative modality, but also compromises the principles of free membership and cooperative autonomy. Finally, it is assessed that this relation deepens the weaknesses these organizations inclusion and links with the rest of the cooperative sector, with whom it has had little contact since its inception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the work experience of Higher Technical University graduates of the Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City (Ibero). These experiences focus on the effects social confinement generated by the Covid-19 pandemic had on their employment and working conditions. It is an extract of a broader cross-sectional qualitative research that explains, through the evidence collected by interviews and using the Photovoice technique -from the Sociology of Work-, how their working conditions changed and how they have responded to these changes. The results reveal an increase in unemployment and underemployment and the need to establish working conditions that safeguard health and economy, not exclusive to workers with technical degrees. However, it identifies that they belong to the most affected population because of their job position and activities. Likewise, it foresees a future for graduates with different occupations that will require new skills, which will force Technical Education Institutions to anticipate and design training according to upcoming job needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes, from a philosophical perspective, the scope and limitations of organizational ethics in the context of the era of globalization. Through this exploration, developed under the hermeneutical-documentary method, the following aspects are considered: 1. The elements that make up managerial ethics, as well as the various contexts that constitute the fields of action of philosophy within this universe. 2. The vulnerabilities exposed by globalization, both at an economic, social, and administrative level, as well as in human aspects, which lead to valuing the importance of decision-making, as a fundamental aspect to consolidate spaces characterized by justice and social equity. 3. The challenges faced by business management in the face of the gaps that arose after the COVID-19 pandemic, which, although not new, are intensifying in the midst of asymmetric and dissimilar scenarios characterized by exclusion, marginalization and the invisibility of difference. It is concluded that, in the face of the rise of virtuality, which has strengthened the processes of globalization, an ethic must be maintained according to the guidelines of social responsibility, promoting values such as respect, tolerance, justice and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that statistical sense is particularly needed in the COVID-19 era, when we receive continuous information about the evolution of the pandemic through a wide variety of statistical data, graphs, and tables. Citizens need to confront the arguments based on statistical information to understand decisions that may change every few days. Moreover, students should have adequate statistical and graphical training at any stage of their education to become critical and reflective citizens when facing this type of information. In this paper, we examine some examples of different ways in which this graphic information is distributed in different media and analyse the components of statistical sense needed by students to understand and make decisions based on them. We also argue the need to complement the teaching of statistics with the study of a more complete range of graphs than those included in the curriculum. Finally, we propose that these graphs provided by the government, media, and international organizations are used by teachers as didactic resources to increase the statistical sense in their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the regulation policies taken by the Colombian national government to guarantee the operation of public transport services in the country during the health crisis caused by the covid-19 pandemic. To this end, the paper analyzes the regulations issued during Declaratory of the Economic, Social and Ecological State of Emergency aimed to mitigate the effects of the pandemic crisis on the transportation sector. Especially, the paper focuses in those matters related with the control entry into national territory of passenger, maintaining operations of the transportation sector and the economic relief granted to guarantee the continuity of this service. These measures are aimed to reactivate the public service chain related with the mobility of people and the supply of goods throughout the national territory, all in attention to safeguard the health of all users through compliance with the established biosecurity protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the media agendas on the vaccination process against Covid-19 in the main digital media in Argentina and the consumption of these news on Facebook, the main world´s social network. From a content analysis on the most relevant news in digital media on the subject and on those with the highest level of engagement, it was intended to determine: 1) the thematic composition of both agendas; 2) the differential presence of actors and points of view in the news; 3) the predominant affective attributes in the media treatment and in the public agenda; and 4) the frames that shaped the information in each of the platforms. The results show the existence of news gaps in terms of topics and frames, in a context of a heavily concentrated media environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth industrial revolution is a stage characterized by the use of different technologies in all areas, and this means changes in the way companies work. The health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of a significant number of manufacturing companies. Industry 4.0 represents an opportunity to face this crisis for SMEs in the manufacturing sector in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). The purpose of this paper is to present a diagnosis related to the implementation of the fourth industrial revolution in small and medium-sized manufacturing companies. In this way, we contribute to establish a roadmap that allows the implementation of these technologies in Colombian companies. The methodology was divided into three phases: in the first, characteristics of the problem were identified; the second phase consisted of collecting information through a survey of 100 SMEs in the manufacturing sector; while the third phase reports the results obtained. Among the conclusions of the study, it is highlighted that 85% of the companies studied do not carry out training in industry 4.0 tools. Besides, only 18.6% of these firms have an investment plan in 4.0 technologies, just 3.9% use specialized software to process their data, and 36.3% of companies do not use any cybersecurity method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the bioethical dimension of the vaccination process for COVID- 19 in pregnant women. To achieve this objective, the following aspects are considered: 1) the historical antecedents of immunization, rescuing the importance of the works of Wortley, Jenner, Pasteur, among others. 2) The dilemmas that have arisen around the practice of vaccination, among which the growing commercialization of the pharmaceutical industry stands out, articulating to a macro project of globalization and social exclusion. However, in the midst of this onslaught of the contemporary economic model, key approaches emerge to safeguard the right to life and the protection of human dignity, such as the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights proposed by UNESCO in 2005 3) The various obstetric and ethical positions considered for the use of vaccines in pregnant women. 4) The dilemmas arising from the implementation of vaccines for COVID-19 on pregnant women, not yet having enough scientific documentation to know the adverse effects in the future. It concludes on the need to evaluate each particular case before making a decision regarding the immunization of women in the midst of the pandemic, considering, previously, health as a fundamental human right and the right to information, as a means to take a wise decision in relation to the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a differential study on the way education was delivered within families during the COVID-19 lockdown (spring 2020) in the Valencian Community (Spain). Composite indicators based on responses to a survey for families were used to describe their difficulties (identified as "gaps") in homeschooling. We also considered traditional indicators of family socioeconomic and cultural level. Taking into account the characteristics of the distributions, we analyzed the results using nonparametric tests (chisquare, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H). Our findings advocate more work to further identify and define valid composite indicators to describe the contexts in which families operate as an educational setting, in order to use them as covariate variables for family socioeconomic and cultural level in research on factors associated with performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the changes brought about by the COVID-19 crisis, many affect the management of organisations. This is the case of the sudden implementation of teleworking policies, which, together with social distancing measures and periods of confinement, became widespread in the worst period of the pandemic. This research studies the role of internal communication in the management of telework during the Covid-19 crisis through document review and expert interviews. The results indicate that internal communication is a very important element for these policies and that during the pandemic its relevance in keeping employees aligned with the interests of the brands has been highlighted. To execute these policies, organisations have developed new channels, enhanced team cohesion and fostered empathy from leaders and the separation of work and personal life. Communication with employees is the cornerstone of these telework policies, which require the implementation of strategies and tools to facilitate the well-being and happiness of remote workforces. This paper also incorporates recommendations for internal communication management in relation to the new organisational needs arising during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: this paper studies the effects of full COVID-19 lockdown of Spanish families affected the following aspects: play and school tasks time, school counselling to families and priorities of families regarding play, school tasks, and extracurricular activities. Method: quantitative. Online questionnaire administered during full lockdown in Spain to 622 participants with underage children. Conclusions: playtime increased significantly and school tasks time grew moderately. Play counselling from schools increased during lockdown, although it did not become widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the argumentative structure of fake news in the Covid-19-era by focusing on its argumentative strength and persuasiveness. The concepts of Rhetoric of Reaction (HIRSCHMAN, 1992), Ethos and Pathos of Aristotle's Classical Rhetoric and Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's New Rhetoric (1996) were the framework for the analysis. Our methodology was based on the analysis of three fake news reports related to the negationist campaign against the Covid-19 pandemic, each of which was taken as a prototype of the following categories proposed by Hirschman (1992): perversity, futility, and jeopardy theses. The results indicate that fake news should be understood as an inherently digital phenomenon that uses well-developed argumentative strategies as its objective is to cause discredit and doubt in the public opinion. Therefore, if we take the average citizen into account, fake news is highly persuasive and consequently should be considered of extreme danger to society and its democratic and scientific principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IThe paper focus, first, exposes the general framework of public intervention in the real estate market, in which the impact on property rights is inherent. After that, secondly, are described some of the challenges that the Pandemic has posed in that industry and, finally, are critically examined some regulatory initiatives adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze irregularities and responses deployed by women workers recruited at origin in Morocco and workers from other African countries during the soft fruit season. The growth of an intensive, globalized, and delocalized food production model is giving rise to a growing population inhabiting a fourth world. The southern border of Europe and Africa make up one of the largest soft fruit producing and exporting regions. This region is the province of Huelva, where in 2020, the soft fruit season coincided with the first wave of COVID-19. A qualitative methodology based on ethnographic interviews, observation, and specialized literature allowed us to analyze the shortcomings of those who managed to safeguard production and how their essential status, granted to them for the first time, does not guarantee them their fundamental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a great challenge on health research because of the pressing need to respond promptly and effectively to this crisis situation. It is important to offer a high level perspective of the main barriers and facilitators found when conducting health science studies during the COVID-19 crisis and to discuss the research initiatives suggested by global, regional or local health research authorities. Materials and methods: A systematic scoping review was carried out. A literature search was conducted in the Medline, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Google Scholar databases. Original research studies, review and opinion articles and editorials available in full text published in Spanish, English or Portuguese between January 2020 and May 2021 were included. Two authors working independently selected the papers and collected the data. The barriers and facilitators identified were described and organized in four categories according to the literature: sociocultural, administrative, organizational and methodological. Official documents and communications from global, regional and local health and research authorities were also included. Results are presented in narrative and table form. Results: Overall, 26 documents were selected for data analysis and synthesis. The barriers most frequently mentioned in the literature include issues with access to participants, ethics committees paperwork, biological risk for the researchers, and lack of inter and intra-institutional coordination. On the other hand, the facilitators identified include the adoption of on-line solutions, cooperative work among research actors, and a more flexible informed consent process. Regarding the initiatives disseminated by health and research authorities, four strategies were identified: prioritization of research questions, cooperation and inclusion promotion, fight against infodemia, and strengthening of the methodological quality of the studies. Conclusions: Continued cooperation and interoperability among institutions, countries and disciplines to facilitate future research processes is a challenge in the context of the pandemic; similarly, it is now important to maintain open science and funding of cooperative studies when other priorities emerge. Likewise, there is an evident need to develop and sustain efficient information management systems to help with decision-making. Ongoing review of the effects of the pandemic on health research practice is needed in order to gain comprehensive insights of what we need to learn as a society from this crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has caused various changes in the public and private context, raising moral, legal, political and social challenges for the daily life of the society around the world. This paper offers some reflections on the ethics and care for life, in a time when sudden changes were associated with the challenge of survival viability and the importance of relational care in the context of the pandemic. In view of the mandate for social isolation and distancing, protection strategies were sought for a social continuum. In this context, the care framework was built around the notion of salutogenesis and self-preservation, which underlies a value system incorporating knowledge related to health, quality of life and well-being. In a systemic view, through public policies and humanitarian aid, there is the assumption that new principles and values will guide the future experience focusing on the preservation of human life, ethical health care and planetary preservation for the good living of humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic produced immeasurable impacts on the economy, education, and socialization, besides the loss of millions of lives. Thus, there has been an accelerated development of an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates to control the pandemic. The World Health Organization's emergency use authorization of COVID-19 vaccines still in clinical trial allowed immunizing the population. This paper presents a perspective of the bioethical precepts of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice in the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of surveillance at all stages of vaccine development to detect adverse effects and ensure compliance with bioethical precepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed businesses, causing a global economic crisis. In this paper, the support that the Mexican government intends to give to companies that fell into crisis is analyzed. The problem lies in a lack of knowledge of these companies: those that were in crisis before the epidemic and those that went into crisis because of it. To avoid economic and social losses, an asymmetric game is presented, the results show a mechanism to incorporate signals and improve uncertainty. The analysis deduces a threshold that determines a percentage of companies to support, showing that it is optimal to support 46% of the approximately 4 million MSMEs that exist in Mexico. The scarce official information limits the results, in addition to the fact that the model only shows a resource allocation mechanism and not an equilibrium, since the company player only emits an exogenous signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland was one of the countries that was hit by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, and its government imposed restrictions to combat the spreading of the virus. The Internet and social media became outlets for people's reactions to the events that unfolded, including the lockdown. A part of this reaction came in the form of creating and sharing memes - an expression of digital participatory culture. This paper aims to analyze how Covid-19 was communicated and narrated through Internet memes and how they presented the pandemic and actors responsible for fighting it. 1,763 memes from six media platforms were analyzed using content analysis with framing elements and a comparative narrative analysis. The results show that the memes provided a form of commentary on the situation experienced by Poles. The most common category of memes was "bans and orders", involving restrictions that were often criticized and ridiculed as pointless. The main characters within the memes were ordinary citizens, often portrayed in a comedic way as careless in regards to the virus and violating the restrictions. They were also presented as victims of the police and the government. Furthermore, the people responsible for fighting the pandemic were portrayed as incompetent and imposing needlessly severe restrictions and penalties for not abiding by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the current situation of the use of nudges to face the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper presents theoretical and practical explanations for the use of nudges during a pandemic, as well as concrete examples, patterns and limitations of the approach. Nudges can be considered as a complementary behavioural tool to the restrictions that have been imposed in several countries. This approach can be effective in bringing the behavioural changes needed to reduce the number of infections, such as encouraging people to stay home or washing their hands on a regular basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse whether the right of withdrawal provides consumers a real and effective protection, that is, if it finds a real opportunity to exercise it without being deterred by external factors. For this purpose and, in particular, if we think in new reality we face with after COVID-19 pandemic, this paper provides solutions that involve a balance between the economic operators involved -consumers and entrepreneur-, thus being aware that the first one needs enhanced protection. These solutions are based on European caselaw and imply a reformulation of the right of withdrawal. Also, the author studies the current regulation of this figure in Spanish Consumer Act in relation to some practical problems such as its distinction from the right to end the contract and its coexistence with the term clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to characterize the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Central America, showing its difference with Latin America and pointing out the negative economic growth forecasts and government laws approved through the integration of information and offered by organizations such as the Inter-American Development Bank, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Central American Integration System, which predict a shorter period of economic recession but a high social cost for the sub-region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the relationship between the health management of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic outcomes. It shows economic and mortality indicators as well as other social and cultural variables affecting the results. It takes into account the effect of oil prices upon the exporting countries leeway. It also shows how the disruption in international trade affected global value chains. Countries with better health results during the pandemic showed better results in economic growth in the second quarter of 2020. The best predictor of economic success was the health system strengh measured by number of beds prior to the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the relationship between organizations belonging to the sharing economy and their practices, behaviors and postures in organizational communication due to the pandemic of the new coronavirus. We define the sharing economy (or collaborative economy) as the goods and services provided by the digital platforms of the network through the sharing of resources and trust. We take as a premise the compulsory digitalization that many businesses have been subjected to and we started the reflection from there. Our analysis, based on bibliographic and exploratory research, was located in brands chosen intentionally, in Brazil and Portugal, seeking to reflect on the context of covid-19 and its respective communication actions in their digital properties or in their social media profiles. We illustrated strategies for exposure and communicational visibility from March until August 2020, reaching a reflection on the urgency to act actively in social demands, characterizing them as social brands. In our understanding, a social brand has a strong presence in digital, stands out with good communication practices and, above all, has a performance strategy that goes beyond its business or direct profit not only during a period of crisis, but also aware of its social role and the impact that its responsible performance generates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper describes and analyses recommendations to protect and mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, on the physical and mental health of children and adolescents. Objective. To analyze recommendations to manage the COVID-19 pandemic of several restoring rights programs for children and adolescents in American protection systems. Methods. A literature review was done, using the form of rapid evidence syntheses, to provide information about social and health policies. Results. The results show that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a convergence of both the interest in promoting mental health in girls, boys, and adolescents and the interest to prevent COVID infection through the recommended biosecurity measures. Conclusions. Recommendations show the need for reviewing the internment treatment as a main caring program, considering the side effects of institutionalization on children and adolescents mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the biopolitical implications of COVID-19 pandemic in Peru and the world. It proposes that, due to the coronavirus characteristics and its effects on the populations' health, security and economy, this disease has the ability to reveal the true biopolitical approaches adopted by each nation. The application of necropolitics as government measures to confront the coronavirus, with inequity and inefficiency, is reviewed. In the same way, the concept of ontopolitics is developed as a fundamental tool for defining reality and its components, an act that will decide the implementation of the different disease containment plans. After reviewing its historical and practical connotations, the term "idiopolitics" is proposed to denote that type of government that, in open contradiction with the main objective of politics, of seeking the common good for the citizens of the state, manages and disposes of the public resources guided by particular needs and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction-- A mathematical model for flexible electrical loads and energy storage system scheduling is presented in this paper, leveraged by the hourly rates according to resolution CREG 015/2018 and analyzed at the residential sector in the context of new demand curves resulting from measures against the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives-- Three mathematical optimization models are proposed, aiming to find the lowest billing cost for the end-user through flexible load characteristics and seeking optimization through mixed-integer linear programming models. Methodology-- For the calculation of hourly rates, the mathematical formulation described in resolution CREG 015 is implemented and hourly rates are obtained in three different levels following a logic similar to the demand response schemes called Time of Use. Results-- The results obtained show that a demand response program with hourly rates effectively introduces an economic incentive during the evaluated period, through the possibility of modifying consumption patterns that reduce the payment of the electricity bill. Conclusions-- The proposed model of energy demand through scheduling selected flexible loads model and the opportunity to use the energy stored in electric vehicles generates economic benefits for the user by minimizing the cost of energy during the teleworking period in COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article presents a brief analysis of the effects on the economy and international trade of the rules and policies implemented in the world to face and contain the covid-19 pandemic, including: i) export restrictions on medical supplies and personal protective equipment, as well as import facilitation measures; ii) travel limitations and border closures; and iii) the effects of the uncertainty generated by the sanitary emergency on foreign direct investment. In addition, the paper proposes that one of the long-term consequences of covid-19 will be a generalized increase in protectionist policies through trade remedies and tariff and non-tariff barriers, in response to the economic recovery measures implemented in each country. Particularly, China has such an aggressive exports recovery plan, that it will potentially trigger a wave of trade remedies across the globe, to contain its expansion on foreign markets. The history of international trade development demonstrates that an increase in trade remedies, has been a usual response in the world, after deep financial crisis. In this case, early signs of the increase in protectionism are already appearing in some countries, especially in the steel industry. Thus, it is probable that, in the context of a global economic recovery, countries continue to adopt measures to protect the sustainability of their national industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the debate presented in Colombia on the possible implementation of the universal basic income. It is understood as a measure that seeks to guarantee a minimum income for people who cannot access to the labor market. Thus, first we will explain the context in which the proposal arose in Colombia (The covid-19 pandemic), then we will study the experience of other countries and finally, we will analyze if in the current economic, political and social context of the country, it is possible to apply this policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a multidimensional reflection on the covid-19 pandemic. It states that the dominant analytical approach to the pandemic is medical and epidemiological, which leads to an underestimation of its social, economic and political causes and impacts. It also calls attention to the fact that scientific knowledge on covid-19 is still scarce and contradictory. The essay starts with a review and analysis of the magnitude of the problem compared to other causes of death in Mexico, and a review of how different social and economic conditions seem crucial for the frequency and severity of the disease. It examines the behavior of the medical industrial complex relative to the production of vaccines, drugs and other medical devices, and detects divergent conducts: one highly speculative, including financial speculation, and another that, for the time being, has promised not to take a profit. Finally, there are some considerations concerning how the virus is changing political processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]