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The job in medium and high voltages lines for the Enel-Codensa Organization has generated discomfort reports in parts of the body, such as the shoulder and back also has been develop increase in absenteeism due to the development of occupational diseases such as lumbago and illnesses in the shoulder. The muscle evaluation of this case study was applied to a group of workers from the Colombian company, Enel-Codensa, which has an interest in improving the working conditions of its workers including exoskeletons in the development of its work. To achieve this, eight muscles were evaluated in which electromyography (EMG) was used in 20 volunteer participants, consisting of 12 electrical technicians and eight volunteers. The aim of the study was to determine whether a decrease in muscular effort occurred when the workers used the exoskeleton, to compare experienced and inexperienced subjects, and ultimately to analyze whether muscular activity varied with the use of an exoskeleton. As a result, muscular effort was lower in all the muscles when using the exoskeleton. However, the activity remained above 10% of muscular effort on average, which can generate muscular fatigue if such activity is maintained during an 8-hour day. The analysis showed that there is no difference when performing the activity with or without an exoskeleton except for the flexor carpi radialis muscle. Alternatively, when comparing the two groups, experts, and novices, it was found that the muscular activity of the experts was greater by 1%. As the study was performed, it was found that among this group, there was not an equality of measurements in six of the eight muscles. In conclusion, the scaffold erection test demonstrated muscular effort in the forearm and arm for both samples. To reduce this muscular effort, it is recommended to provide tools or redesign the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Puma concolor is one of the largest carnivores present in Chile, although its size varies according to the geographical area in which it is found. It is increasingly common to find them outside their habitat and more in our environment. Its ecological, reproductive and nutritional aspects are known, but very little is known about its anatomy, which creates a challenge in the veterinary morphological area that needs strengthening. The present study consisted of an anatomical description of the appendicular skeleton of three adult specimens of Puma concolor (3 males) in the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidad San Sebastián, headquarters of Patagonia Puerto Montt, which allowed a detailed study of the conformation of the skeleton of each structure present in the thoracic appendicular skeleton of these specimens. This allowed us to achieve results of morphological interest and delve into the anatomy of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematics and anatomy studies have revealed that characteristics of the batoids skeleton show significant variability and provide relevant information on the phylogenetic relationships of this group. Within this framework, our objective is describing the neurocranium morphology in eight species of batoids. Large variations were found, mainly in the rostrum, number of fontanelles, orientation of nasal capsules, and the condition and development of the pre- and post-orbital processes. These variations allowed us to group these craniums in three morphotypes. The first, including Narcine bancroftii, has unique characteristics, such as a squared rostrum and branched anterorbital cartilages; there are no pre-or postorbital processes, supraorbital crest or rostral appendix. The second morphotype includes Rostroraja texana and Pseudobatus lentiginosus, which have a well-developed rostrum with a rostral appendix in the anterior region, two fontanelles, jugal arches in the occipital region, and pre- and post-orbital processes poorly developed. The third morphotype includes myliobatoids species, which have small or absent rostrum, rostral appendix separated from the cranium, one fontanelle, and developed pre- and post-orbital processes. Most species have morphological variations throughout their development; therefore, when conducting phylogenetic studies, using characters from adult specimens is fundamental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los Morteros (5726-5041 cal yrs. BP) is an archaeological site located in Pampa de las Salinas, in the lower Chao Valley, on the northern Peruvian coast. This site includes several phases. One of these belongs to the construction of an adobe-brick monumental building dating 5400-5100 yrs. BP. Excavations carried out in 2017, uncovered a context comprised of burnt areas containing marine animal bones, shells, charcoal, articulated human skeletons, and commingled human bones. This context is interpreted as the remains of an offering related to the closing event of the adobe-brick monumental structure. This interpretation is based on the conjunction of osteological, contextual, and radiocarbon analysis. The closing event of the adobe-brick monumental structure, of which this offering is part, contributed to the construction social and ritual significance at Los Morteros, located inside the Archaeological Complex of Pampa de las Salinas in the Chao Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among several subgrade stabilization alternatives, the improvement with oversized material (boulders of approximately 10-inches in size) has traditionally been used. The Boulders form a thick mineral skeleton that supports the structure and favors moisture control. Nowadays, this technique is not included within the design protocols of Colombia. In this research, the mechanical properties of the pavement are quantitatively evaluated through 2Dnumerical-elastic modeling employing the improvement of soft subgrades with boulders. Comparative studies of performance and analysis of the fundamental variables in pavement design are carried out through 2D-numerical modeling. This way, guidelines to sketch a design protocol are suggested to improve mechanical properties in soft subgrades through the inclusion of oversized material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Currently, the specie that is cultivated in Cuba is the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), due to its rapid reproduction and food conversion and is mainly used for export. In its processing, large amounts of waste are generated that can be used for obtaining products of commercial value, thereby reducing the environmental impact of this industry. Objective: To evaluate the deacetylation stage of chitin obtained experimentally from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp exoskeleton by chemical means. Materials and Methods: The chitin was obtained from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp exoskeleton, it was deacetylated with a NaOH solution at 10 mol/L, in a solid-liquid ratio 1: 4 (p / v), at 80 °C, 250 min-1, for two hours. The degrees of acetylation (DA) and deacetylation (DD) were calculated according to Khan et al., (2002). The test of the solubility of chitosan was also carried out according to Barra et al., (2012). The infrared spectra of chitin and chitosan were determined with FTIR equipment with ATR attachment. Results and Discussion: The degree of deacetylation for chitin was similar to that for chitosan, due to the effect of insufficient deproteinization of chitin. This was corroborated by the chitosan solubility test which showed a low quality. The IR spectra of chitin and chitosan were similar. Conclusions: The deproteinization of chitin influenced in the quality, and therefore, in its deacetylation. It must be guaranteed to work at temperatures close to 100 °C to achieve a good quality chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laguna Las Vegas is a high integrity and high resolution site. It is a penecontemporaneous record that was formed around 3050-3210 BP which is remarkable due to the high frequency of guanaco bones (Lama guanicoe) and, to a lesser extent, of cauquén remains (Chloephaga sp.). Additionally, a high frequency of bone pounders and chalcedony scrapers was recorded. We propose that this site was a campsite originated by an attritionally discard behavior within a short time frame, in which whole preys (guanacos) were taken for processing, consumption, and subsequent transport of their axial skeleton. The fact that cauquén remains were found suggests that human occupations took place, at least, during spring and summer. Due to these features, Laguna Las Vegas stands out as a valuable site, one which adds useful information about faunal resource management and mobility of the hunter-gatherer populations of the Coyle River middle basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by impaired communication and social interaction skills, and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Multiple studies report that there are synaptic dysfunctions in ASD, in which important substrates such as morphology and neuronal function are involved in this pathogenesis. In this review we discuss the data available at the levelof neuronal abnormalities in ASD, and emphasize the morphological aspects of dendrites, dendritic spines, and actin cyto skeleton. Actinrich dendrites and dendritic spines shape the postsynaptic part of the most excitatory synapses. In ASD, the data points to a dysregulation in dendritic growth and development, as well as an alteration in the density of dendritic spines. This is accompanied by alterations in there modeling and composition of the neuronal cytoskeleton. In orderto better understand the pathophysiology of ASD, further informationis needed on how the elements of synaptic morphofunctional changes impact circuits and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work applies an integrating procedure with biomechanical and clinical design criteria in the development of an exoskeleton for the rehabilitation of the upper limb in patients afflicted with hemiplegic injuries. The research work presents the process of selection of force actuators, mechanisms of arm rotation and forearm pronosupination, as well as the mechanical structure. The design is complemented by simple control and safety systems and an interface for exoskeleton control by the physiotherapist. The designed prototype has been manufactured and tested in pilot studies carried out at the Santiago de Cuba Clinical Surgical Hospital Cuba, in hemiplegic patients suffering from painful shoulder syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Gingival fibroblasts (GF) are cells of gingival connective tissue that have taken promising relevance in recent years due to their probable use in cell therapy, given their multipotencial and self-renewal capabilities. Objective. To know and to describe the impact of the absence of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS supplementation on the survival of gingival fibroblasts in cultures. Materials and methods. Gingival fibroblasts were isolated from gingival tissue of healthy patients and cultured in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified of Eagle Medium) culture media in absence and supplemented with 0.2% FBS at 37 ° C in a humid atmosphere with 5% CO2. A morphological evaluation, survival and proliferation of GF were carried out, as well as the identification by the immunofluorescence technique of cellular cytoskeleton markers such as actin and mitochondria. Results. The GF grown in the absence and with supplementation of 0.2% FBS showed a fusiform shape, with oval nuclei and numerous cytoplasmic extensions during the culture time. A slight increase in the proliferation of GF was observed in those cells in contact with the DMEM medium +0.2% FBS compared to the medium where the supplementation was absent. Immunostaining of actin and mitochondria showed that the absence and supplementation to 0.2% of FBS did not affect its location in the evaluated. Conclusion. Gingival fibroblasts survive and proliferate in the absence of FBS, preserving their cellular morphological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article, developed within the framework of contract archeology, discloses the first in situ finding in the Lípez region of Potosí, Bolivia, of the semi-complete skeleton of an American cougar. It was discovered inside a collca, a pre-Hispanic deposit corresponding to the Late Intermediate Period (ca. 1100 years - 1450 years AD), and was associated with a Lampaya filiation vessel. An archaeozoological and taphonomic analysis revealed that it was an adult female feline of thin constitution and low weight. It was skinned for the extraction of its skin, and its meat was probably consumed as ritual food. The skeleton was placed on the floor of the structure in a left lateral decubitus position and oriented from west to east. It appears to be the final offering as part of a ceremony. According to Andean ethnohistorical, ethnographic and historical data, felines are sacred animals. Based in this worldview, this offering could symbolize fertility (due to its feminine condition), the transition from some important natural or social event that involved signs of hierarchy, power, and strength or could have been related to the moon and other important elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skeleton is made up of 206 constant bones (200 bones and the 6 ossicles of the ear). However, apart from these there are other bones that can be inconstant, which are called accessories and sesamoids. Based on the above, the objective was to identify to the Os peroneum, which is one of the sesamoid bones that could be present in the human foot, relating its presence with sex, age groups and dominance, also recording measurements of each bone found. A descriptive study was carried out, in which radiographs of 200 patients of both sexes were used, Chilean, from the IX region of La Araucanía, 50 male and 150 female, aged between 15 and 90 years. Of the 200 patients studied, 28 (14%) were found with the presence of peroneal bone, 23 of the female sex and 5 of the male sex. In 16 (57.1%) individuals it was determined that the bones were bilateral. The biometric records of the bone under study are shown in tables. The data obtained will complement the morphological and medical knowledge about this bone in the Chilean population, since the pain in the lateral zone of the foot can be caused by a spectrum of etiologies, and with the data obtained, characterize our population, providing another possible cause to lateral standing pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sternoclavicular epiphysiolysis is a rare lesion, the posterior variant being even less common. Its clinical presentation may be subtle, or it may compromise mediastinal structures, either initially or during evolution, which is a serious and potentially fatal picture. This case report documents sternoclavicular dissociation in a patient with an immature skeleton, given by a Salter and Harris 1-type injury, which was surgically treated by open reduction and internal fixation with transosseous configuration with non-reabsorbable suture. With a 10-month follow-up and excellent results. This technique seems to be a good option for the treatment of sternoclavicular dislocation in the schematically immature patient, regaining function and avoiding complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5) regulates several functions in neurons, endothelial, and epithelial cells, including the cytoskeleton dynamics. Likewise, it has been reported that some cytoskeleton elements, such as actin filaments and microtubules, play an essential role during Dengue virus (DENV) infection. This work aimed to evaluate the role of CDK5 during DENV-2 infection by two methods, chemical inhibition, and gene silencing. The antiviral activity of roscovitine was evaluated using Plaque Forming Units (PFU) assay. The transfection efficiency and knockdown of CDK5, using artificial miRNAs, was carried out by flow cytometry. The effect on the viral envelope protein and cytoskeleton elements was evidenced by advanced fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. Roscovitine showed antiviral activity in pre and post-infection stages in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with roscovitine and miRCDK5 decrease the amount of CDK5 in uninfected cells. In cells infected and transfected with miRCDK5, as well as treated with the inhibitor, a significant reduction of the viral envelope protein was observed; however, no significant reduction of CDK5 was found. Also, evident morphological cellular changes were observed during the treatment with roscovitine in infected cells. The results indicate the potential participation of CDK5 during DENV-2 infection, possibly mediating protein translation or replication of the viral genome through the cytoskeletal dynamics regulation. Additional data are required to clarify the mechanistic of these phenomena using alternative methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction- An exoskeleton can be understood as a mechatronic structure with the capacity to be coupled to an external extremity and which allows the development of the movements in the different articulations of the same one. These movements are developed with the support of actuators that define the degrees of freedom of this type of device. Objective- Given their versatility, these structures can become a useful tool in the assistance of rehabilitation work of human upper and lower limbs, and in some cases, such as this work for example, help patients with paralysis in their limbs for the development of activities as complex as human walking. Methodology- Although there are some important advances in this area, it is still in the research phase and many of the developments are not yet available or affordable for massive use in countries such as Colombia and Latin America in general. From this point of view and as a contribution to the development of this area in the country, this work presents the development of an active exoskeleton, which was designed to assist in the rehabilitation of patients who have had some type of sequelae as a result of a Brain Vascular Accident (stroke), also known as Stroke. Results- The article includes information on the modeling, design, control and construction of the exoskeletal device, as well as the development of preliminary tests aimed at showing its use in the development of repetition tests in the sagittal plane. Conclusions- The result of these analyses shows the potential of the system developed for its application in this type of rehabilitation therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pudú (Pudu puda), one of the smallest deer in the world and indigenous to Chile, is considered vulnerable (VU) throughout the national territory, there is little specific information on the organic systems that compose it, and it is becoming more common find them in urban areas. These problems awaken the need to strengthen research and study of this species. Consequently, in the present study an anatomical description of the cranial skeleton of two specimens of Pudú puda was made, where their main bony characteristics were highlighted by comparing them with domestic species already studied (sheep and goats). Thus, it was possible to determine differences between the species studied and the need to deepen the analysis through measurements of the bone pieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European anatomists headed by the German School and its Anatomical Society, decided to order the great anatomical house so that they were forced to reconsider the problem and establish a structured, systematic, coherent terminology; That would be worth, both to interpret the known in a unanimous way, and to be able to classify and integrate in the same conceptual structure the discoveries or modifications of the future. A study was carried out on an anonymous survey of 101 specialist doctors and postgraduate residents of the university specialization in orthopedics and traumatology of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zulia. During the period of october 2016 / march 2017. Knowledge of anatomical nomenclatures, identification of anatomical structures, and the latest bibliographic update on terms and structure of the appendicular skeleton were considered. Of the 101 physicians surveyed, 62.3% were postgraduate residents of the university specialization in Traumatology and Orthopedics, 37.6% specialized in Traumatology and Orthopedics. 99.0% were unaware of a TAI listing of the general terms used in the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton, only 1.9% were aware of that list, but did not remember or was inaccurate their name. When asked in the survey to identify anatomical structures of the appendicular skeleton based on the general terms updated by the TAI, the total 100% could not answer correctly. 100% had surgical activity on the appendicular skeleton. 100% answered not knowing the update time. Conclusion. The International Anatomical Terminology (TAI), as an official source of anatomical terms, is of great benefit, since it falls on the unification of terminological criteria in a fluid, effective and universal anatomical language that allows to avoid the errors of interpretation in the deep learning of the skeleton appendicular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the bioarchaeological material from ten sites of the lower basin of the Uruguay River, stored in the Museo Arqueológico Manuel Almeida (Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos). The bioarchaeological analyses focused on estimating the anatomical composition, the MNI and the sex-age structure for each site of the collection. Based on analyzing catalogue data the precedence of some skeletons was defined and mortuary practices were inferred. A minimum number of 80 individuals of both sexes and different ages have been estimated. It was also possible to recognize primary and secondary burial modalities. At the areal level, bioarchaeological research had little development, so this work provides new information that will extend the discussion on the pre-Hispanic occupations of southern Entre Ríos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach for passive upper limb rehabilitation based on four case studies by analyzing the pathologies and exercises that are applied. To carry out the experimentation in the proposed cases, the data from the trajectories of the patient's arm articulations were registered, performing the rehabilitation exercises with a therapist. The ERMIS exoskeleton's seven degrees of freedom was designed to emulate the anatomical movements in the arm during rehabilitation from the requirements of the case studies. To validate the exoskeleton performance in the study cases, the ERMIS's dynamic model was simulated and the data were compared with the sampled data of the exercises. At the end, the results obtained from exoskeleton exercises emulating rudder therapy, where shoulder, elbow and wrist movements were showed with an accuracy of 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motor disability is a problem at the global level and according to the census 2010 from INEGI, in Mexico, people with mobility problems represent 58.3% of the population with disabilities. To face this problem, robotic devices for rehabilitation have emerged which allow to perform therapies with accuracy, efficiency, reduction of physical efforts and the opportunity to perform them in group. However, these devices may not match the mobility of the members to rehabilitate and their adaptation to the mexican anthropometry is limited. In this article, the design of an exoskeleton focused on the Mexican adult population with partial loss of mobility in the shoulder is presented. The objective is to develop an exoskeleton capable of generating the 3 basic movements of the shoulder (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and internal-external rotation) considering the anthropometric measurements of the target population. For the design of the prototype, an adaptation of the mechatronic design methodology for robots is used. The proposed design is validated kinematically through numerical simulations in Matlab® and ADAMS™, the numerical results prove the range of mobility of each exoskeleton joint. Moreover, a finite element analysis is carried out to quantify the stress and strain levels in the exoskeleton, verifying the selection of materials for its manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main cytoskeletal proteins, such as vimentin, actin and tubulin have rearrangements during insulin-stimulated that induces the plasma membrane distribution and rearrangements after adipose tissue growth. Recently has been described in several mammalian tissues, the septins such as a new component of the cytoskeleton. The aim of this study was characterize the expression and regulation of septin 11 (SEPT11) in human adipose tissue in an obesity and insulin resistance state. Paired samples from 64 patients were used obtained the omental and subcutaneous adipose from these samples. Adipocytes contributed to overall expression of Septin11 in adipose tissue and this protein show a caveolar distribution in fat cells. A direct relationship of SEPT11 with caveolin-1 in fat cells. During adipogénesis change the SEPT11 distribution from filaments to rings. SEPT11 was regulated by lipolytic (isoproterenol), proinflammatory (TNF-α and lipopolysaccharide) and lipogenic (insulin) stimuli in human adipocytes. Accordingly, SEPT11 was associated to the obesity and adipocyte size in visceral fat and to insulin resistance biomarkers in subcutaneous adipose tissue. All of this suggest that, SEPT11 constitutes a novel cytoskeletal protein in human adipocytes strongly influenced by obesity. These results show a new understanding of the cytoskeleton remodeling during the obesity and insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the prevalence of metastatic bone pain is estimated in our country in no less than 3 750 patients. Moreover, the role of 32P-phosphate, which effectiveness is comparable to other radiopharmaceuticals, and the possible return to its previous general use, as it is cheaper, is examined. The fact that 32P is considered more radiotoxic doesn’t invalidate it as a treatment option, which is also evidenced by the Cuban experience. The Center of Isotopes (Centis) has established a production line of up to 37 GBq (1 Ci) per week of high quality 90Y. The fact of its being obtained through a radionuclide generator by electrochemical separation from 90Sr makes the import of radioactive raw material practically not required for indefinite time. This implies that the radionuclide could be available in a sustainable way. By having the 90Y greater β- emission energy, it might be more radiotoxic than 32P. Nevertheless, some evidences show that 32P in the form of orthophosphate is more radiotoxic than 90Y citrate. In Europe, a radiopharmaceutical consisting of a lyophilized kit of EDTMP and 90Y Chloride solution was able to relief pain in 191 patients. Centis has registered the 900Y chloride solution for labeling. Then the task is to introduce in the market a radiopharmaceutical with this radioactive precursor and the imported lyophilized kit in order to increase the treatment to an important number of patients that, as a result, could be benefitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Isurus oxyrinchus, also known as Mako Shark of commonly as Shortfin Mako, belongs to the Lamnidae family, of the Condrictis class. The main anatomical feature of this class is a skeleton fully composed of cartilage. Considered to be a vulnerable species according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), as a result of its extensive use in food industry and hunting sports due to its high speed. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, being found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. In Chile, a variety of this species has a distribution from the North to the Central-South regions of the country (according to industrial fishing data). Specimens are large in size, reaching 3.5 m and around 570 kg of weigh. The aim of this work was to perform a gross anatomy study of a juvenile Mako Shark, obtained by incidental fishing off the coast of Maule, Chile. The description of the skeleton was carried out in a systematic way by segments: skull, spine and fin. A photographic record of the specimen was obtained. According to the results, there is great similarity with what was described for the prickly shark and white shark, except for some shape variations in the skeleton. These differences could be explained by its ability to swim at high speed. The present description allows expanding knowledge of the anatomy of the Mako Shark, generating more information on this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deficit and excess of vitamin A causes birth defects affecting different organ systems. The objectives of this study are to determine the effect caused by the administration of different doses of retinoic acid on bone morphogenesis of the axial skeleton in embryonic mouse Mus musculus. By simple randomization newly pregnant females were distributed into 4 categories: A, B, C and D. On day 8 post fertilization, 40 mg/kg was administered by weight of retinoic acid to the group A, 20 mg/kg body weight of the group B solution 1 ml/kg body weight of dimethyl sulfoxide and group C. Group D is the control group. On day 17 of gestation the females and their fetuses were anesthetized and euthanized with an overdose of intraperitoneal sodium pentothal. Fetuses from each litter were processed using diaphanization and Alcian blue staining to hyaline cartilage and alizarin to observe bone tissue. The results are expressed as percentages of malformations in the following three segments: 1) cranio-cervical spine, 2) thoracic and abdominal segment and 3) pelvic segment, considering 100% when all the bony elements were compromised. Fisher's exact test for comparison of frequencies of malformations was used and considered statistically significant when p<0.05. In group A, major malformations and defects were evident in the indemnity of the cranial vault, exencephaly, defects in the number of vertebrae, and fusion of ribs. In group B minor malformations as numerical alterations and rib fusions were observed. Significant differences were found between both groups. In groups C and D no malformations were recorded. Retinoic acid administered intraperitoneally at doses of 40 and 20 mg/kg acts as a teratogen in mouse embryos. There are significant differences between the defects induced by concentrations of 40 mg/k and 20 mg/k of retinoic acid. Both concentrations affect the bones of the three segments studied (cranio cervical, thoraco-abdominal and pelvic) in a cephalo caudal gradient, independent of the embryonic origin of the structures. Changes in retinoic acid concentration alter the behavior of cranial neural crest and changing the order of the HOX gene expression in the axial skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows how the co-simulation increases the advantages and decreases the drawbacks for exoskeleton design. The proposed methodology has three stages: the design of a biomechanical part, the mechanical design and the control system. For the biomechanical analysis, OpenSim R solves the muscle-skeleton system and includes models for different conditions that can be used in the design process. SolidWorks R that is applied in assistive computer design evaluates the mechanical part of the exoskeleton and Matlab R solves the control system that takes over the exoskeleton. It allows getting a personalized design which simulates the complete walking movements, covering the kinematic restrictions to achieve a natural human movement and the user limitations when they have any problem for to walk. The results show how the co-simulation is applied to complete a virtual prototype and the programs are linked hand in hand. Although conventional simulation by one program can save money and time, it cannot solve the entire exoskeleton design problem; as a result the co-simulation is an excellent option in biomechanical, mechanical and control systems that need accurate and swift results in each part of the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Short height in Colombia has an estimated prevalence of 10%. The 2009 Nosology and Classification of Skeletal Genetic Diseases described 456 clinical conditions using biochemical, molecular and radiological criteria for diagnosis. Objective: To analyze demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables in a group of patients with skeletal genetic diseases referred to the Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt. Materials and methods: Patients referred between 2008 and 2014 were analyzed filtering 167 diagnoses of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD 10), related to skeletal genetic diseases. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical variables were explored using descriptive statistics. An intervention score was generated contemplating different combinations of treatments. An inferential statistical analysis using Student's t test was performed on such variables. Results: The most frequent reason for consultation was suspicion of a genetic skeletal disorder. The types of treatments considered included support, surgical, pharmacological and orthotics, and it was established that genetic skeletal disorders were associated with higher intervention scores while tall and short height showed a lower score. Conclusions: Most referred patients were classified with genetic bone diseases, short stature and other monogenic genetic diseases. Significant differences were found between the age at symptoms onset and the age of diagnosis. Diversity was found in the therapeutic approach among different groups of pathologies. Patients with tall and short height showed lower intervention scores, which may warn on the need to reassess the therapeutic requirements of these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el descubrimiento de un esqueleto humano en el sitio arqueológico de Hoyo Negro en Quintana Roo, México.