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The Manuela and Beatriz cases were introduced in the Inter-American human rights system as strategic litigation to provoke an Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling that would create abortion rights in El Salvador, one of the most prolife countries in the region. The American Convention on Human Rights, a regional treaty binding on most Latin American and Caribbean countries, contains no provision on abortion, or on sexual and reproductive rights. It does contain, however, in article 4(1) a recognition of the unborn child's right to life and to legal protection thereof: «Every person has the right to have his life respected. This right shall be protected by law and, in general, from the moment of conception. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life». This paper analyzes arguments in the Beatriz Case, the ruling for which is still pending at the time of this writing, and the Manuela decision, issued in 2022, where the court gave the shocking and unprecedented order to create practical impunity for the crime of infanticide in national law. The paper examines its unexpected results and potential effects in national law, should the state choose to comply with all the orders given by the judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the protection of equality and non-discrimination of healthcare professionals who refuse to perform abortions for reasons of conscience. It also discusses to what extent ethos-based healthcare entities can discriminate their employees on religious or ideological grounds and subject them to duties of loyalty towards their ethos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Foucault's thesis of the reduction of philosophy to a form of knowledge in Descartes and the consequent abandonment of classical spirituality, that is, of philosophy conceived as a way of life based on self-care. From here, as well as observing that Foucault himself will qualify this thesis, it will be shown that in Descartes philosophy is still essentially linked to spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the first study on the construct validity of the GRS 2 Rating Scale for Teachers in Spain, on a sample of 348 subjects. A confirmatory factorial study, CFA, was carried out using robust least squares estimation procedures (WLSMV). A sixfactor structure has been selected that explains 66% of the variance. The fit indices of the model are satisfactory (CFI, .93; TLI, .93). Convergent validity (AVE, .66) and composite reliability (between .87 and .96) are adequate. This scale is the first validated in Spain and provides a relevant measure for the identification of high ability students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) into Spanish educational legislation as a framework for addressing student diversity has been met with criticism. Three main objections can be identified. Firstly, the lack of evidence supporting its neuroscientific basis. Secondly, the scarcity of empirical data to demonstrate its efficacy for improving learning. Thirdly, the difficulty in operationalizing and implementing its framework in practice. Based on a thorough review of key literature on UDL, this paper delves into and discusses these limitations considering the theoretical and practical foundations of the model. Furthermore, research directions are pointed out to advance its development, exploring its potential as a framework for identifying barriers for learning in lesson plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will study the impact of marriage on the social status of three women from the Jewish community of the island of Elephantine during the 5th century B.C. We will see that through the marriage bond, manumission is achieved, social status is maintained, and patrimony is protected. Certainly, only in the case of our first protagonist does her marriage result in a clear social promotion. In the other two cases, marriage serves as protection against the detriment of one's own status. Although, obviously, the primary purpose of the institution of marriage is not to reinforce or maintain social status, a study of the ketuboth (marriage contracts) of our protagonists will show us the clauses that allow room for maneuver in order to achieve the objectives of promotion or protection of status alluded to above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attemps to analyze the consequences of the ethics of care in legal-political sphere. The proposals of a theory of moral development condition not only the individual but also his or her position in the framework of institutions and the international community. The paper first analyzes the contribution of the ethics of care and the differences with respect to the ethics of justice; it then focuses on the analysis of the field of institutions and international law, concluding with a snapshot of the current situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a particular aspect of Paolo Mantegazza's (1831-1910) work: the establishment of the Museo Psicologico as part of his anthropological project. The study begins by examining the general characteristics of Mantegazza's anthropological viewpoint, justifying the inclusion of comparative psychology as a subfield of anthropological psychology, with a focus on the key principles that served as the theoretical foundation for the establishment of the Museum. Subsequently, the proposal for the foundation of the Museum will be analyzed, including a description of the theoretical and methodological principles underlying the selection and arrangement of the objects to be collected. Finally, the paper will describe the Museo Psicologico at the time of its inauguration, providing an overview of its organization in the following years and an attempt to uncover the reasons behind its abrupt dissolution after the death of its founder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the uses in legal language of the terms allegality or allegal. Recently these terms have been incorporated into the Dictionary of The Royal Academic Spanish Academy of Language, however, there is a use of them in doctrinal, jurisprudential and even legal language. Firstly, the very definition provided by the Dictionary and its confusing or contradictory nature is studied. Next, the relationship of legality with the principle of permission is raised, that is, if in any case the absence of express regulation of a matter implies that there are a series of behaviors that are allowed by the legal system. On the other hand, it is evaluated if the allegality, the lack of a legal norm that regulates an area of social life, means that we are facing a legal gap or before spaces that cannot and should not be regulated by law. That is to say, if the behaviors not regulated by the law necessarily have to be resolved through the integration of the law or if they are aspects that do not belong to the legal sphere. We also study the fact that the allegal may represent a problem not so much of integration of legal norms but of interpretation of law, in which the attribution of meaning to normative statements may imply a lack of legal response. An analysis is made, below, of the use of terms «allegal» and «allegality» in the legal, jurisprudential and doctrinal discourse. From the legislative point of view, there are few cases in which the normative statements contain the terms allegal or allegality. Very exceptionally, in norms with a lower rank, and in general in the Statement of Reasons, these expressions are used. These terms are used in this speech as a synonymous with illegal. In the jurisprudential discourse we find that our courts make more frequent use of the terms allegal or allegality, even long before its incorporation into the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy of Language. In this language, a plurality of meanings is given to the these statements, perhaps predominating their identification with the assumptions of illegality, the allegal is illegal. However, in other cases these expressions are used to refer to a legal situation with legal significance and the judge integrates the law to provide a legal response. The gaps in the law are resolved through the self-integration mechanisms provided by the legal system itself. But there are also cases in which legality is understood to be those cases that have no legal significance and therefore are unrelated to the judicial decision. The judicial discourse refers to these cases as cases that do not have to be regulated by the legal norm. As for the doctrinal language, it is necessary to point out that terms allegality o allegal also have a plurivocal character, probably having a greater weight than that in which the regulation of a matter is requested, de lege ferenda, citing reasons that would improve insufficient regulation. In most cases, the regulation and prohibition of certain behaviors is postulated. In this sense, the authors allude to the allegal as a pathology of the legal system that must be remedied by the legislator. Notwithstanding this, there are also cases in which conducts contrary to law and, therefore, punishable are indentified with illegality. This plurality of meanings and their redundant nature in some cases mean that we must reconsider the incorporation of these terms into legal language. From our point o view, they do not provide security and create confusion in different legal discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the protection of victims of forced migration from the perspective of the philosophy of law and international human rights law. On the one hand, it focuses on the origin and philosophical-legal foundations of human dignity and its practical requirements as a legal principle. Understood in this sense, dignity is considered as the foundation of the most basic human rights; and implies universally enforceable legal prerogatives in favor of all persons, by the mere fact of their human nature; and without considering exogenous factors, such as origin or nationality. Within this context, fundamental notions such as ius communcationis, or the right of sociability of human beings and hospitality, which entail a common use of the universal land within the comunitas orbis or universal community, are recovered. It is concluded that, despite the efforts and the many legal instruments that exist in this regard, and which are based on the dignity of the individual, the protection afforded to them in practice is not sufficient. The reason for this lies in several factors, in particular, in the fact that although human dignity can be considered as the basis for the recognition of human rights on equal terms, its scope is limited to the most fundamental rights, such as life or the prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, but does not imply more specific rights such as freedom of movement or residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problematic aspects of the thesis that bases human rights on the dignity of the person are presented. Following the metaphysics of the person of Thomas Aquinas, the ontological consistency referred to in this term is studied. Then the ideological inspiration of both modern «human rights» and Kantian ballast dignity is reviewed. The elements of natural rights that still exist in modern human rights theory are based on human nature, not directly and exclusively in the ontological dignity of the person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the practice of photojournalism in Spain and, specifically, focuses on the study of the graphic archive of the EFE Agency (1939-) and its own production, developed within and outside its borders. The acquisition of funds has been taken into consideration as part of this process and, in the same way, it has also been necessary to consider the creation, in the year 2000, of the digital graphic archive: The Photo Library, inheritance of the thematic classification of analog and the nomenclature and, in this process, the documentation system used has been contributed as a result of the conclusions - through primary sources and direct observation - with emphasis on the thematic classification used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between Erasmus and stoicism is very lightly discussed in contemporary political and philosophical historiography, being itself extremely relevant in helping to understand the complex spirituality of late 16th-century courtly and humanist circles. Moreover, it is of great interest with regards to the understanding of the anthropological and political limits of ErasmusÂ's project, whose philosophical sources have not been sufficiently analyzed. This paper aims to explain and clarify the nature of thus relation, positing it in the context of the great historical and intellectual problems of the Hispanic Monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the traditional interpretation that reduces Spanish-French rivalry to a succession of military confrontations that originated during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, this paper offers a more complex reading of the phenomena of emulation/competition and admiration/seduction between the two monarchies during the first phase of the Italian Wars. Thanks to a re-reading of diplomatic sources and propagandistic production, it shows to what extent the yearnings for religious reform, defence against Ottoman expansion or the recovery of the Christian East conditioned the perceptions and justifications of both powers, which needed the Apostolic See to legitimise their Mediterranean aspirations and their leadership in Christendom. However, there are differences in the means employed and in the degree of synergy with the papacy between the Valois and the last Trastamara monarchies that explain the ascendence of the latter in the early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the drafting of the section on other acts of worship, and sacred places and times in the current Code, it was necessary to define and distinguish between canon and liturgical law in order to decide which canons were to be retained and which might be rewritten into the new text of the CIC. This paper explores the documents that deal with this subject, already known due to the publication of the proceedings, and presents fragments of other, previously unpublished documents, from the ‘minutes’ of the process stored in the archive of the Dicastery for Legislative Texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers, in their teaching practice, link the use of ICT with their pedagogical beliefs, although this connection needs further study. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to determine the structural relationship between the use of ICT and the pedagogical beliefs of teachers, since both constructs contribute to ICT integration. A quantitative research design of correlational type and a sample of 1002 teachers of Primary Education and Secondary Education were used. The results show the positive relationship of the use of technological resources with the constructivist conception, while in the traditional conception the results are reversed. Similarly, they point to the existence of three groups. Therefore, teacher training in the constructivist conception is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 19th century, Cardinal Mercier founded the Higher Institute of Philosophy (HIPh) in Louvain, an academic centre that sought to harmonise Thomistic doctrine with both modern science and philosophy. The Vasque priest Juan Zaragüeta Bengoechea was trained in the HIPh and occupied a prominent place in Spanish academic life during the first half of the 20th century, making important contributions to philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, and Spanish culture in general. This paper presents a portrait of Zaragüeta and briefly outlines some of the key aspects of his conception of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to focus on two controversial points of Professor Riccardo Guastini’s theory, on the one hand, and on the way in which the indeterminacy of the field of application of constitutional principles bears on the discretionary power of constitutional judges, on the other. Thus, the thesis that I defend in this paper is that, despite the constitutional judge have a wide margin of discretion, also there are objective parameters into his decision process that rationalize this discretion; which is more clearly appreciated from functional and institutional point of view rather just one theoretical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the concept of crime and the different types of crimes included in Revised Book VI, comparing it with the previous version of Book VI in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, and highlighting similarities, differences and novelties. Some critical commentary is also provided, comprising proposals de iure condendo. The new system of titles categorizing the different crimes is discussed, as one of the most innovative and positive elements of the reform. The new types of crime outlined in Part II of the new Book VI are briefly described, except those in c. 1398, which would require more detailed, separate study. The author also analyzes the origins of the newly included crimes. Finally, the paper describes the most innovative and positive aspects of Revised Book VI, such as the formulation of the principle of the presumption of innocence, new financial crimes, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After situating the encyclical Spe salvi in the double context of the theology of hope and the thought of Joseph Ratzinger-Benedict XVI, the paper deals with two particularly important topics of the encyclical. The first concerns the profound relationship between faith and hope, taking into account the two biblical texts that are used as a reference by Benedict XVI, namely: Eph 2:12 and Heb 11:1. The second topic dealt with in the paper relates to the places where hope is learned (prayer, action, suffering). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross between aging and progressive dependence gives rise to one of the most vulnerable stages in the existence of every human being. In this paper I ask myself to what extent the perspective of human rights is being correctly applied to this group of elderly and highly dependent people. To answer this question, I begin by distinguishing between the concepts of existential vulnerability and constructed vulnerability. While the first must be assumed by individuals and cared for by society, the second must be fought. Next, I review the public policies that have been promoted at a global and regional level in relation to the recognition of the rights of older people who are becoming increasingly dependent. This review leads me to notice a certain disproportion between the insistence on guaranteeing the rights of the elderly who can act autonomously compared to those who, being highly dependent and close to dying, can barely lead an independent life. This emphasis on active and healthy ageing, if it does not integrate long-term and end-of-life care, may end up turning against older people when they are more fragile, because it is based on a lack of knowledge of existential vulnerability that generates constructed vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper points out the legal vulnerability to which doctors and other health agents are exposed as a result of the approval of the Spanish Organic Law 3/2021, of March 24, regulating euthanasia. The first part offers a comparative study of the various deontological oaths for physicians in ancient times and in the present. The essential principles of medical activity and the doctor-patient relationship are deduced from them, as well as the intrinsic relationship between medical work and the ethics of care; in the second part, the articles of the new law that seem to harm doctors and/or the exercise of their activity are analysed and counter-argued. The third part concludes with a reflection on the necessary measures that should guarantee the protection of the fundamental rights of health agents and their professional activity in accordance with the current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the evolution of the memory of the conflict known as the Rif War (1921-1926), both in Spain and Morocco, contrasting the visions in both countries and making a special emphasis on its main milestones and protagonists, such as the episode of Annual and the figure of Abdelkrim. In the Spanish case, both the Franco dictatorship and the democratic period up to the present day will be covered, while the Moroccan case will be analyzed from independence in 1956 to 2021, the date on which the centenary of Annual was commemorated. Attention will be paid to the political and social uses of history through the politics of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the encyclicals Fides et Ratio (1998) and Lumen Fidei (2013), the mysteries appear as key elements when analysing the relationship between faith and reason. Fides et Ratio deals with the mysteries as a formal category (without forgetting the content); in Lumen Fidei it is the content of the mysteries that is important. In the article, first of all, the basic texts of the two encyclicals on mystery are presented. It then examines the relationship betwen mysteries and rationality. Negative theology and its expression in paradoxes are also considered. The incarnate mystery and liturgical celebration of mysteries are the final points of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the thought of Pope Francis on the nature of the university and its mission as expressed in Veritatis gaudium and proposes a reading of Fides et ratio and Lumen fidei in its light. The starting point is the situation of the university in the liquid modernity as described by Bauman, whose reflections partly inspire Francis’ sociological analyses. According to the Pope, the university must contribute to the rooting of persons by building a true community of study and research. This requires a science free from the temptation of sophistry (a form of domination) and inspired by concern for the other: friendship is thus the context in which the rationality proper to a new humanism can develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the principle of subsidiarity in light of the provisions set out in Praedicate evangelium, taking its cue from the lively canonical debate on the subject and the immediate premises of the current legislation. The content and scope of the principle evince difficult compatibility with the canonical order and the need to defer to other categories (co-responsibility and decentralization). The reform of the Roman Curia has undoubtedly promoted organizational decentralization and co-responsibility in particular Churches and Episcopal Conferences. What emerges above all is a commitment on the part to the Curia to coordinate, promote and integrate the work of bishops and episcopal conferences. The norms regarding decentralization, however, require some hermeneutical clarification or refinement and appropriate technical-procedural support. A more in-depth ecclesiological-canonical understanding of some of the basic notions used (such as communion, mission, collegiality, synodality and decentralization) might benefit the development of the system, so as to guarantee rights as well as the rationale and functionality of the Curia’s work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to study how the new organization of the Roman Curia, established by the Apostolic Constitution Praedicate Evangelium influences the way in which the central government of the Church is exercised. The paper aims to reflect on the subject from a legal point of view and, to this end, first of all takes into consideration the existence and scope of the fundamental right of the faithful to good governance. It then identifies the principles of reform that may influence good governance. Finally, it examines the distribution of the functions of government (legislative, judicial and administrative) within the Roman Curia and analyzes their exercise, taking into account at all times the fundamental right to good governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes its cue from the obligations that may arise for ecclesiastical institutions within the Italian system of administrative responsibility for crime ex d. lgs. 231/01, which frames the actions required in the broader context of the currently intensifying ecclesial commitment to the renewed centrality of the human person in secular legal systems and, especially, in criminal law. In a general way, albeit applied to the specificities of various contexts, the study aims to highlight the need to develop a greater degree of awareness of one’s own normative role and a capacity for more effective interactions among recipients of the law, thus ensuring that cooperation between state law and private self-regulation does not result merely in the intrusion of criminal law systems and defensive/sanctioning approaches on the daily lives of those involved in the institutions’ activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is an attempt to show that the philosophical distinction between "rational being" and "use of reason" lies at the core of Francisco de Vitoria's position and offers the legitimacy foundation for its political-legal development. A careful examination and analysis of Vitoria's Relectiones brings to light a variety of arguments (anthropological-philosophical, epistemological, and ethical), all of which presuppose a universal concept of human being. The analysis reveals that such concept serves, in turn, as the foundation for a universal concept of law, which concerns every human being, and explains why the Vitorian view would reach global acceptance and repercussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with CELAM's II Conference (Medellín, 1968) reception of collegiality and communion, and shows that, even if the Conference did not talk about synodality, it anticipated the idea. It assumes that synodality is a way of being and operating in the Church that defines pastoral work. Thus, it explains that Medellín was original in the use of an enlarged notion of collegiality, which would lead to the actual use of the term synodality. The paper stresses the importance of the main speakers at the Conference for the correct assimilation of such ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores whether the creation of a parliamentary investigation commission on the abuse of minors by members of the clergy or in the context of activities organized by the Catholic Church falls within the remit of the nature and purposes of such commissions. The article also examines whether or not the creation of an Ombudsman-led commission for the same purpose complies with the constitutional precepts that regulate that office and the relationships between religious confessions and the State. Finally, the paper discusses whether the current legal procedures and rules justify the number of cases of abuses committed by members of the clergy brought by the State Attorney General's Office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of a broader discussion about the role of legal precedent in the jurisdiction of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, this paper focuses on certain aspects of its jurisprudence in terms of legitimacy and the exact observance and uniform interpretation of the law. Focusing on the specificity of some definitive sentences in which, hypothetically speaking, the ratio decidendi may be identified as an indispensable assumption of precedent, the paper emphasises some advantages of judgement based on precedent. Drawing on an analysis of its legal activity, it may be concluded that judgment via precedent is, for the time being, a principle of lege ferenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "School of Salamanca", as a historiographical concept, has been discussed in relation to its dating, the members who would be part of it and its characteristics. This paper analyzes the emergence and the origin of this concept in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the purpose of knowing if the characteristics that were given to this group of thinkers when for the first time they were spoken of as a school, can clarify some of the debates that are taking place today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the concepts of compassion and responsibility from a specific view of the legal ethics of vulnerability. The study examines both concepts from an ethical and legal point of view to advocate for a vision of responsibility as an epistemic tool to rethink end-of-life care. The paper is divided into six parts: 1) an analysis of the legal ethics of vulnerability raised in the paper, 2) the role of this legal ethics is analyzed in the face of changes in medical ethics, 3) the concept of suffering is examined in the context of human rights, 4) compassion against the different in legal ethics, 5) responsibility as a value and principle at the end of life, 6) it draws some conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to try to decipher the meaning of the human condition, as a presupposition of all social organization, taking into account the profile of today’s society. The debate that Hervada raised between natural and positive law has been argued by different authors in very varied terms and the question about the foundation of the legal norm is still valid. The purpose of this paper is not to compare Hervada’s work with that of other authors, but rather, in homage to him, to try to delve into the narrative that could justify legal norms. In this sense, the article seeks to analyze first of all, the terms of definition of the human condition; and subsequently to situate it in a context of society influenced and conditioned by big data and by the so-called surveillance capitalism. The goal is ambitious, but having a snapshot of the situation can help to build the narrative with which to respond to the articulation of the human condition in a specific political and social context, such as this first part of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze some dimensions of the general Hervadian principle that nature as essence is both the principle of action of the human being and its own purpose. To this effect, the first part of the paper is intended to glean the main meanings of nature in the classical world, and how it joins the idea of finality in Aristotle; and then in medieval thought represented by Aquinas. The second part, from the affirmation that nature is a measure of order and proportion, briefly develops four aspects of the problem in the context of the work of the great jurist of the University of Navarra. These aspects are: (a) empirical nature and nature as ratio; (b) nature as a measure of order and conduct; (c) nature and universal order (immanence and transcendence, and (d) finality in the world to come (a new civilization). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will try to demonstrate how two fundamental notions in Levinas' ethics, the of idea God and responsibility, can be understood respectively as actual and potential infinity, according to the classic distinction suggested by Aristotle. In addition, I will show that both infinities can exist (something that classical metaphysics did not admit) as long as they are comprehended from an ethics of alterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacques Derrida's philosophy is known for being methodologically structured by the question of inheritance as a general form of historicity, which implies a complication of the traditional ways of understanding historical time. In this paper we show how this way of conceiving historicity in terms of inheritance and tradition is shaped by three developmental phases: first, it has its antecedents in Husserl's phenomenology; subsequently, it is developed through the notions of trace and mourning, in relation to Levinas, Freudian psychoanalysis, and Hegel's philosophy; finally, it is formulated as a logic of haunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this monograph is to create crossed dialogs or to recover some of the dialogs that are the warp and woof of Levinas and Derrida's thought. This polyphonic issue offers the opportunity to listen to some of the voices with, against, from, by, for which these two philosophers of otherness wrote. Thus, those who read the papers included in this monograph will not find articles that are dual or marked by binomials. Instead, they will be confronted with possibilities, traces, faces, debts, duels, ghosts, and alterities that speak from the margins with others about the other. They will find crossed dialogs on otherness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing social acceptance of euthanasia contrasts with the opinion of the medical profession that, although it enjoys certain guarantees in the LORE, its deontological code may be altered if the National Health System transforms the human relationship between doctor-patient into a relationship, increasingly expansive, of a technological nature. The complexity of the evaluation of the euthanasia context and the strong animosity of the medical profession towards the application of euthanasia, cannot serve as a criterion to promote the robotization of a healthcare whose principles are respect for human life, the dignity of person and the health care of the individual and the community. This paper presents a critical analysis of the hypothesis of the application of new technologies that could replace individual conscientious objection and that of the medical profession regarding euthanasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the concept of human rights in Jacques Maritain and his the role in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 continue to generate significant interest among scholars and researchers. This interest is driven by a desire to understand the foundations of human rights in a multicultural context as well as the influence of the French philosopher on the composition of the UDHR. Charles Malik, a Lebanese philosopher and diplomat, was a nuclear drafter of the UDHR. An extensive archive of Malik’s papers is preserved at the Library of Congress, including large sections from his university years and his tenure as Lebanon’s ambassador to the United Nations. In order to provide original sources, this article presents Charles Malik’s references to the person and thought of Jacques Maritain, which will serve as a valuable resource for future researchers seeking to explain and clarify Maritain’s role and ideas in the drafting of the UDHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the presence of Spaniards in the Doctoral Colleges of Naples, from its erection in 1584 to 1699. The characteristics of the Colleges and the sociology of the doctors are explained and the graduates who declared themselves as Spaniard and those who were originally from Spain are studied. This provides a more accurate profile of the presence of Spaniard Doctors in Naples and allows new prosopographical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexander the Great is a historical figure who has caught the interest of the academic and artistic world. In cinema, we must highlight the films by the American directors Robert Rossen and Oliver Stone. This paper reflects on the idea of empire that is developed here considering that the United States is the current empire and that both filmmakers show a critical position with certain policies of their country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relevance of the term taste and other associated concepts (reason, imagination) in the Enlightenment. It begins by clarifying the process that leads from an innate sense of taste to an intellectualised idea of taste that becomes an acquired capacity for knowledge and discrimination. Firstly, we analyse how the Enlightenment theorised to base its origin on the observation of nature and, at the same time, to relate it to the creative imagination and to reason or acquired knowledge. Secondly, it studies the role attributed to taste in the formation of critical judgement and, by extension, in literary criticism. Finally, we study the role played by literary reading as an instrument for educating taste through literary works and its relationship with the formal materialisation of discourse and with the idea of aesthetic pleasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the readers of Ramon Llull in the 17th century, through an analysis of references and allusions in printed texts in Spanish. A classification scheme of the main themes is proposed, and significant examples of texts ranging from literature to theology, including alchemy and medicine are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the manuscripts of the Ducal Library of Medinaceli. First of all, we give a general vision of the collection, put together in the 18th Century in certain special rooms in the Library. To achieve this, we make use of its catalogues, kept today in the Library of Fundación Bartolomé March, (in Palma de Mallorca). Secondly, we detail the methodology followed in the reconstruction of this part of the collection, determining the origin of the volumes and identifying and locating some of the currently existing copies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1691, after leaving the post of viceroy of Peru and during his return to Spain, Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, Duke of La Palata, died in Portobelo. The news of his death was received in Lima with some poems against him written by the poet Juan del Valle y Caviedes. In these verses, using mainly the model of funeral poetry, a series of accusations are made against the duke in which his avarice and pride are criticized. In this paper I will comment a poetic epitaph, in the form of a sonnet, in which, in addition to moral accusations, echoes of political attacks against the ex-viceroy are also manifest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the masterpieces Quevedo wrote while he was in jail at San Marcos de León, Providencia de Dios is a text that has been thoroughly studied over the last decade. This paper aims at examining more specifically the presence of mockery in this treatise in which satirical and theological matters tend to meet. We would also focus on how Quevedo read Tertullian's De anima in a wide fragment he reproduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oath was historically one of the most important institutions in legal procedure. Its form was established in perfect detail by the classical canonists, who thereby ensured that its application would continue into modern times. Its origins can be found in Holy Scripture, in both Old and New Testaments, and an important factor in its development was traditional Roman law, which has always played a crucial role in the evolution of canon law. Precisely through the agency of the oath, defined in one sense as a particular form of ordeal, it became possible later to progress from the older type of common-law ordeals towards the standard of Roman-canon law full proof, and equally to the principle of free assessment of evidence by a judge. The main aim of this paper is to present the conceptual definition of the oath as an institution in classical canon law specifically on the basis of the most important sources and procedural-law manuals, describing its origins in the Bible and Roman law and emphasizing its role in the formation of modernday procedural standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on the best way of approaching Canonical Administrative Law, one of the most extensive and recent branches of Canon Law. To this end, it proposes recourse to the traditional forms of administrative intervention used by secular approaches in this area (control, public service and promotion) to categorize the way in which administrative functions are exercised in the Church. The article argues for the suitability of these categories to organize and explain many of the actions of ecclesiastical administrative bodies, as well as to improve their regulation by taking developments in secular law as a standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]