36 results
Search Results
2. Sostenibilidad, cambio climático y ¿biodiversidad?: el apoyo de las redes municipales transnacionales a la gobernanza medioambiental.
- Author
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Ruiz-Campillo, Xira
- Subjects
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NETWORK governance , *BIODIVERSITY , *TREATIES , *SUSTAINABLE development , *LOCAL elections , *GENEROSITY ,PARIS Agreement (2016) - Abstract
The paper identifies the links between transnational municipal networks and international agreements in the environmental arena. It is taken for granted that transnational municipal networks support global environmental action and the process of sustainable development, in particular giving access to resources, with technical support and knowledge, but to what extent international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, or the Convention on Biological Diversity guide the action of these networks? The research resorts to content analysis to examine the goals, mission, and published documents of two networks in particular, ICLEI and Mercosur, in the search for clear connections with the intergovernmental level. The paper contributes to the understanding of the role of transnational municipal networks in environmental governance, identifying through abductive reasoning the diffusion of norm from the international to the local level and underlining the importance of the role of international, national and local actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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3. ALGORITMO SOCIAL DE ELECCIÓN: ALTERNATIVA AL DETERMINISMO NEOCLÁSICO.
- Author
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Rosas Sánchez, Gabriel Alberto and Vera Gómez, Ernesto Xavier
- Subjects
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NEOCLASSICAL school of economics , *CONSUMPTION (Economics) , *INDIVIDUALISM , *ECONOMIC decision making , *EMOTIONS , *SOCIOECONOMICS - Abstract
Neoclassical economics has established itself as the discipline of rational choice. Consequently, under methodological individualism and in the context of consumption, an agent's choice is based on the ordering of preferences determined exogenously, disregarding any emotional, biological influences, or factors from socio-economic dynamics. Therefore, this paper aims to present an alternative framework for the decision-making of economic individuals at a theoretical and formal-mathematical level, grounded in the principles of evolutionary economics and complex adaptive systems. It is argued that the process of making choices in consumption is inherent to social dynamics. From an individual-holistic perspective, the mechanism motivating action can be characterized as an evolutionary algorithm that integrates biological, historical, cultural, social class, and market competition influences as endogenous elements in determining choice and consumption behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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4. BUENAS PRÁCTICAS DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES A NIVEL MUNDIAL EN EL ABORDAJE DE LAS BRECHAS DE GENERO EN LA PRODUCCIÓN ACADÉMICA.
- Author
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CORTÉS TORRES, MARÍA ANGÉLICA, GARZÓN AUDOR, MARIA ALEJANDRA, RESTREPO RUIZ, SANDRA MILENA, and VEGA VEGA, MÓNICA MARCELA
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BURDEN of care , *ACADEMIC achievement , *GENDER , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges - Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a benchmark method to identify best practices in higher education across the country, in relation with management practices of academic productivity gender gaps and their impact on family responsibilities. This paper uses a qualitative approach to collect relevant information from official web pages from sixteen international universities previously selected. All information related to best practices policies implemented in each university was charted and assigned to one of the following categories for further analysis: ranking, gender policies, gender gaps, academic productivity, and childcare responsibilities. Results from this study revealed that the main best practices implemented in the included universities were practices related to harassment prevention, gender equality at college admission, development of protocols, leadership training, scholarships for study and research programs, adequate infrastructure, childcare financial support, flexible work schedules, family leave policies, improvement of the work environment and the development of departments in charge of follow-up and regular assessment of the proposed strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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5. REFLEXIONES SOBRE EL MODELO DE GOBERNANZA Y EL POLICENTRISMO EN LAS AREAS METROPOLITANAS.
- Author
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BLANCO CRUZ, LUIS ARMANDO
- Subjects
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URBANIZATION - Abstract
In the final decades of the 20th century, territorial political economy was influenced by both urban and regional economy. The first called attention to the "triumph of the cities" and the second to the importance of consolidating "a new regionalism." Over the course of the 21st century, on the other hand, urban and regional economies have been conceptually articulated as a result of the "metropolitan revolution." The central objective of this article is to reflect on the characteristics of this process, the possible impacts and the great challenges. To conclude, this paper suggests that regional cohesion is determined by a functional polycentric territorial structure, a productive and sustainable economy and a multilevel and multi-scale governance model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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6. Estimación de la eficiencia de las empresas de servicios públicos domiciliarios en Colombia.
- Author
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Rodríguez Guevara, David, Restrepo Giraldo, Fred, and Trespalacios, Alfredo
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PUBLIC utilities , *PUBLIC companies , *ECONOMIC efficiency , *MUNICIPAL services , *DIVIDENDS - Abstract
The administration of the domiciliary public utility companies must ensure compliance with their demand, ensuring the available financial resources cover the costs and achieve dividends for owners. This paper proposes a methodology for measure the efficiency of domestic utility companies in Colombia through a stochastic frontier, considering information from 2014 to 2018 from 44 companies, showing an efficiency ranking of firms, the result shows company's resource efficiency rate is 39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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7. La economía política del crecimiento económico: la inestabilidad fundamental y el caso del supermultiplicador Sraffiano.
- Author
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Morillo Martínez, Oscar Esteban
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ECONOMICS , *ECONOMIC expansion , *ECONOMIC equilibrium , *NEOCLASSICAL school of economics , *ECONOMIC policy , *ECONOMISTS - Abstract
In this paper, we develop the idea of the Sraffian Supermultiplier, presenting it as an alternative to traditional neoclassical thought about economic growth and economic policy. Thus, a brief introduction is made about the importance of economic growth for classical economists, followed by the development of Harrod's model and the different solutions that have raised for sorting the problem of instability. Finally, we present the supermultiplier model of Serrano together with international empirical evidence that supports it and some proposals of economic policy are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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8. Dinámica de sistemas y crecimiento económico.
- Author
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Ramoni Perazzi, Josefa and Orlandoni Merli, Giampaolo
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SYSTEM dynamics , *ECONOMIC expansion , *ECONOMIC systems , *SOCIOECONOMICS , *ECONOMIC models , *MATHEMATICAL models , *DIFFERENTIAL equations , *ECONOMISTS - Abstract
This paper shows that economic theory can be analyzed by means of system dynamics, an intuitive approach that makes it possible to represent graphically the feedback loops between the variables involved in the models. It models Adam Smith's view of growth, according to Robert Heilbroner's highly simplified interpretation, (developed in a more comprehensive and exhaustive way by his teacher, the German sociologist and economist Adolph Lowe) by proposing a computational system for the study of complex models. The paper does not intend to make an original contribution to economic modeling, but to show a tool that allows simulations based on the principles of system dynamics, using specialized software. This tool can be used in teaching to show alternative modeling options to the conventional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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9. La adhesión de Colombia a la ocde como una estrategia de inserción en un contexto desfavorable.
- Author
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Fernando Vargas-Alzate, Luis
- Subjects
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COVID-19 pandemic , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *FEDERAL government , *POLICY analysis , *GRAND strategy (Political science) - Abstract
This paper concerns the study of Colombian foreign policy. Specifically, it applies foreign policy analysis (fpa) methods to the study of Colombian international politics and international relations. Embarking from the analytical framework of International Regimes, the work describes a specific approach to their study, and thereafter traces the process that preceded Colombia's accession to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd). It analyzes how the decision to join the oecd is best understood as a foreign policy strategy on the part of the national government. The paper also offers a preliminary evaluation of the process of institutional adaptation accompanying oecd membership and its impact on Colombian society. The article is based on the analysis of primary sources related to the decision-making process carried out by both the national government and the oecd. Additionally, it uses a variety of other sources to illuminate a foreign policy strategy implemented in a complicated international context, one only made more difficult by the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. In this manner, the paper discusses the challenges and importance of oecd membership, including the delay of its formalization to the point of coinciding with the Covid-19 pandemic. Such unfortunate timing has likely contributed to the perception among many Colombians, of the fruitlessness of membership. While indeed complex and challenging, the paper seeks to present the situation of Colombian membership in more nuanced light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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10. ¿INSTITUCIONES DEL PUEBLO, POR EL PUEBLO Y PARA EL PUEBLO? EL PODER Y LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL DE LOS BANCOS CENTRALES EN UNA DEMOCRACIA.
- Author
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Rochon, Louis-Philippe and Vallet, Guillaume
- Subjects
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CENTRAL banking industry , *SOCIAL responsibility , *POWER (Social sciences) , *INCOME distribution , *MONETARY policy , *DEMOCRACY , *ECONOMICS , *ETHICS - Abstract
This paper sheds light on an overlooked issue in economics, namely the social responsibility of central banks in a democracy. We consider central banks as institutions of power, and, as such, neither are they nor their policies neutral, in the sense that there are inevitable winners and losers. We explain why and how their power should be regulated and controlled by society. Specifically, we focus on the income distributive nature of monetary policy to demonstrate this assertion. From this, we explain that the time is ripe to build a new framework for central banking aiming at improving central banks' social responsibility consistent with the spirit of a democratic system, and resting on new rules, new types of inner organization and, more broadly, an ethics of responsibility of a new kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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11. EL RESCATE DEL OLIGOPOLIO BANCARIO ESPAÑOL.
- Author
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Francisco Bellod, José
- Subjects
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BANKING industry , *OLIGOPOLIES , *FINANCIAL crises , *FINANCIAL bailouts , *BANKING policy , *COMPETITION in the banking industry - Abstract
This paper analyzes the main features of the restructuring of the Spanish banking system after the 2008 crisis. The Bank of Spain -the enforcement arm of the European Central Bank's policy- and successive governments accentuated the oligopolistic nature of Spanish banking, as their measures contributed to limit internal competition (eliminating savings banks) and to socialize the costs of the bank bailout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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12. KINDLEBERGER, MEHRLING Y ESE PREMIO NOBEL.
- Author
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Tooze, Adam
- Subjects
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NOBEL Prizes , *ECONOMICS , *MACROECONOMICS , *GREAT Depression, 1929-1939 - Abstract
This paper argues that this year's "Nobel" prize in economics celebrates one of the weakest aspects of modern macroeconomic thinking: its limited ability to understand the macro-financial instability of modern capitalism. Instead of challenging the stubborn refusal to take seriously thinkers who confront the essential importance of finance and its dangers for the modern world, such as Hyman Minsky or Hyun Song Shin, it flaunts the tendency to ignore them. And it argues that if the Prize Committee had wanted to reward those who seek to understand the dynamics of the modern global financial system and its interconnections with the real economy, it should have given it to the BIS team, which dates back to the time of William White, and to academic economists associated with the BIS such as Hyun Song Shin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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13. BRASIL, BALANCE ECONÓMICO DE LA PRESIDENCIA DE BOLSONARO.
- Author
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Salama, Pierre
- Subjects
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STAGNATION (Economics) , *DEINDUSTRIALIZATION , *INCOME inequality , *ECONOMIC expansion , *STANDARD of living , *LABOR market - Abstract
This paper makes an economic assessment of Jair Bolsonaro's presidency. It analyzes the triangle of incompatibilities: high income inequality-reprimarization of the economy-high economic growth; and if one adds the environment, one could say the impossible squaring of the circle. The result of this impossibility is economic stagnation, persistent high inequality, deterioration of the standard of living, especially of the poorest, and serious damage to the environment through deforestation. The pandemic and the war in Ukraine have shaken an already "sick" economy and reveal the structural crisis in Brazil, as well as the turning points in the functioning of the labor market. The present ruptures suggest the political exhaustion of the current presidency and that the country is at a crossroads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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14. ESTA NO ES LA INFLACIÓN DE TUS PADRES.
- Author
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Keen, Steve
- Subjects
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PRICE inflation , *PRODUCTION (Economic theory) , *KEYNESIAN economics , *DEMAND function , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *WAGES , *CREDIT , *COST - Abstract
This paper provides a theoretical and historical analysis of inflation in monetary production economies since World War II. It shows that the "Keynesian" interpretations of the Phillips curve trade-off and the monetarist interpretations of "inflationary expectations" and the natural rate of unemployment did not establish the proper causal relationship between credit and unemployment, and between costs and inflation. It was Hyman Minsky, an American economist, who - following Keynes' ideas and the bank endogenous currency approach - showed that it is the increase (or reduction) in credit that explains the reduction (increase) in unemployment. The resurgence of inflation today can be explained by a Kaleckian approach in which the reduction of productivity is the efficient cause of an inflation that can become persistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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15. LA ECONOMÍA DEL GOTEO.
- Author
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Roberts, Michael
- Subjects
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TAX base , *TAX incidence , *ECONOMIC policy , *ECONOMIC expansion , *STAGNATION (Economics) , *ECONOMIC demand , *EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper criticizes the supply-side economic policy promoted by the UK government under Prime Minister Liz Truss. According to the conventional interpretation, the stagnation and productivity crisis in the UK economy is due to the excessive tax burden on large corporations and the tax burden on the richest 1%. If these tax liabilities were reduced, it would increase the profitability of investment, demand and the rate of growth. This would translate into better incomes and higher levels of employment. This story is based on the Laffer curve and associated with the "trickle down" hypothesis, falsified by empirical evidence. Tax reductions for the richest people worsen the distribution of income, and do not raise income or employment. The cause and effect is from profits to investment and growth; not from spending to profits and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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16. Teoría moderna de portafolio: desarrollos fundamentales, extensiones y enfoques robustos.
- Author
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Zapata Quimbayo, Carlos Andrés
- Subjects
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PORTFOLIO management (Investments) - Abstract
This paper presents the main theoretical developments of modern portfolio theory. At first, the fundamental elements of the Markowitz mean-variance model (MV), its formulation and solution of the optimization problem, as well as its limitations, are introduced. Then, different extensions of the MV model are presented by introducing alternative risk measures, as well as the adjustments of the portfolio construction model. In that sense, the downside risk approach is presented. Finally, robust portfolio approaches are introduced considering Bayesian, robust optimization, and risk-parity approaches. From these novel approaches, the adjustments that allow us overcoming some of the limitations of the MV model are highlighted. Also, recent developments that extend the original formulations of the portfolio model to address new challenges and current issues are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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17. TRIBUTACIÓN EN COLOMBIA: APROXIMACIÓN TEÓRICA Y EMPÍRICA DE LA CURVA DE LAFFER.
- Author
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Herrera Saavedra, Juan Pablo, Villar Otálora, Juan Camilo, and Campo`Robledo, Jacobo
- Subjects
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TAXATION , *LAFFER curve , *INCOME tax , *ECONOMETRIC models , *OPTIMAL taxation , *TAX incidence , *TAX rates - Abstract
This paper estimates the Laffer curve through a comparative statical analysis and an econometric exercise. Starting from a microeconomic specification, it first analyzes the distortion caused by an indirect tax and the welfare implications of maximizing tax collection. Then, using data on real per capita tax revenue and the tax rate, an estimate of an econometric model to calculate the optimal tax rate in Colombia is made. The results show that Laffer's postulates are proven with an optimal rate of 32% and suggest that the government has a margin of almost 12 percentage points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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18. Inestabilidad financiera y regulación bancaria. La experiencia de imperios y naciones ibéricas a principios del siglo XIX.
- Author
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Blasco-Martel, Yolanda and Rosado Gambi, Thiago Fontelas
- Subjects
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BANKING industry , *NINETEENTH century , *BANKING laws , *SHADOW banking system , *CRISES - Abstract
Historically, financial instability has been encouraged changes in the regulation of banking institutions. This paper deals with the first banking experiences occurred in Argentina, Brazil, Spain and Portugal and their crises in the first half of the 19th century. As issuing banks, the main obstacle that these institutions had to overcome was to guarantee the convertibility of their bank notes. In all countries the state intervened, initially and in general, granting the issuing privilege in exchange for economic favors. This had a negative impact on the first banking experiences, mostly unsuccessful. The surviving banks received support from the state to continue, but also had more restrictive regulations regarding issuance. In the analyzed cases, the banking crises produced changes in the regulation of banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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19. ¿Hacia una escuela china de relaciones internacionales? Enfoques predominantes y su concepción de la cooperación internacional.
- Author
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Marchett, Agustina
- Subjects
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INTERNATIONAL relations theory , *GREAT powers (International relations) , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *INTERNATIONAL schools , *GEOGRAPHICAL positions , *ASIANS - Abstract
At the beginning of the 21st century, an unprecedented theoretical change in perspective took place, and non-Western theoretical approaches began to be developed as an alternative to traditional theories of International Relations. In this way, some specialists began to debate about the emergence and consolidation of a "Chinese School of International Relations", based mostly on the Asian culture. The aim of this paper is to present the main streams of international studies in China, among which the reverse, obverse and interactive approaches stand out. Likewise, it is particularly intended to understand the conception of international cooperation of each of these approaches. In addition, it is intended to highlight the evolution of international studies in China and departs from the assumption that the production and changes of the axis of international studies follow the rise and geographical position of the great powers. In the Chinese case, they have been growing in parallel with its international prominence and the attainment of great power status. The theoretical framework proposed for this research takes as a starting point the so-called non-western theories, that is, all those theories that are not part of the mainstream of the Western International Relations Theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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20. UN MÉTODO PARA EL ANÁLISIS DE CÓDIGOS DE ÉTICA.
- Author
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SCHUMACHER GAGELMANN, CHRISTIAN TOMÁS
- Subjects
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ETHICS , *VALUES (Ethics) , *CODES of ethics , *LINEAR network coding , *SOCIAL responsibility of business , *ORGANIZATIONAL aims & objectives - Abstract
This research paper presents a method for the analysis of codes of ethics driven by the strategic interests of the organization. For the review of codes of ethics it is important understand your value structure. The first step consists in a statistical analysis of terms that denote values. The second step consists in a semantical network analysis of the code. This method is presented on the example of the code of ethics of the Fiscalía General de la Nación, Colombia (2008). The proposed method is able to detect, in a detailed manner, emphasis as well as biases in the values' structure of codes of ethics. Thus, it is possible to propose revisions of codes of ethics that are guided by the organization's strategic values. The proposed method fills a void in the literature in relation to general methods for the analysis of codes of ethics with strategic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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21. APORTES AL DISEÑO MULTIACTOR DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS BOTTOM-UP. ANÁLISIS COMPARADO DE EXPERIENCIAS DE INNOVACIÓN SOCIAL PARA LA PAZ DESDE LA ACADEMIA.
- Author
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GÓMEZ RAMÍREZ, OLGA JANNETH, PÉREZ MOLANO, HERNÁN, and SÁNCHEZ ACOSTA, CHRISTIAN CAMILO
- Subjects
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SOCIAL innovation , *ARCHITECTURAL details , *LOCAL knowledge , *PEACEBUILDING , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
In recent decades, the design of public policies has gathered diverse disciplines to propose new ways to build knowledge destined to heed society's needs and opportunities. In Latin America, the multicultural and pluriethnic character of the societies has supposed special interest to their design. The case studies allow to locate experiences and to build comparisons and detailed and complex readings of the phenomena present within the territories. Through the compared analysis of four experiences led by the National University of Colombia, with a social innovation approach, this paper describes the contrasts and nuances found in the interaction of local ecosystems of collaboration. Morin's complex thinking, and the social innovation approach are proposed to analyze the contributions of the academy in the scenario of peacebuilding, through the role of mediation in the interaction of local knowledge. This is fundamental for the consolidation of territorial communal processes, and to establishing potential recommendations for the multi-stakeholder design of public policies in the pos-accords scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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22. Informalidad laboral y homicidios en Cali, una ciudad de alta violencia.
- Author
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Herrera Giraldo, Magaly Faride and González Espitia, Carlos Giovanni
- Subjects
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HOMICIDE , *INSTRUMENTAL variables (Statistics) , *CRIME statistics , *ECONOMETRIC models , *LABOR market , *ECONOMETRICS , *VIOLENCE - Abstract
This paper estimates the effect of labor informality on homicides in Cali through an econometric analysis using instrumental variables. The results show a positive effect of labor informality (not being affiliated to the health system and not paying pension contributions) on homicides: on average, a one percentage point increase in the labor informality rate increases homicides by 4,2%, significant at the 1% level. These results are relevant for the study of the economics of crime in developing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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23. Pandemia y política económica: la política monetaria en discusión.
- Author
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Baquero Beltrán, Amy and Villamil, Jaime
- Subjects
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COVID-19 pandemic , *ECONOMIC policy , *MONETARY policy , *ECONOMIC expansion , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *PRICE inflation , *CENTRAL banking industry - Abstract
This paper explores the credibility of monetary policy in Colombia and its evolution after the adoption of the inflation targeting system. To do so, a non-linear Phillips curve is estimated based on unemployment for an open economy, which incorporates the direct effect of past inflation rate on price formation and a prospective component. It shows a deeper trade-off between inflation and unemployment and lower inflationary persistence. Consequently, the country could emphasize the greater responsibility of the central bank in economic growth and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Corrupción, transparencia y participación política en Colombia.
- Author
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Arévalo Bencardino, Julián, García Albarracín, Andrea, and Ortiz Escobar, David
- Subjects
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CORRUPTION , *TRANSPARENCY in government , *POLITICAL participation , *PUBLIC demonstrations , *PRACTICAL politics , *SOCIAL movements , *HUMAN rights - Abstract
This paper studies the relationship of the perception of corruption and lack of transparency with voting preferences and protests. It examines the case of Colombia using data from the 2015 Latinobarómetro Survey and a multinomial logistic model that assumes a simultaneous choice of participation type (or a combination of types), which allows us to establish whether the preference for protest substitutes or complements the preference for voting. A positive relationship was found between the perception of corruption and lack of transparency with the preference to protest in addition to voting. If citizens perceive greater corruption or doubt government transparency, they are more willing to participate in demonstrations, without reducing their support for electoral participation. This suggests that there is a general acceptance of formal democratic participation despite the shortcomings of the political regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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25. Hegel y la economía política en la escena intelectual alemana. Bases históricas y bibliográficas.
- Author
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Narváez León, Angelo
- Subjects
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MERCANTILE system , *FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 , *INTELLECTUAL capital , *ECONOMIC reform , *ECONOMICS , *CAPITALISM - Abstract
Between the French Revolution (1789) and the outbreak of the Springtime of the Peoples (1848), European economic thought debated between the defense of protected markets and the proper opening of capitalist markets. In this paper, we address this process specifically in the framework of the German intellectual scene, from the bibliographic debates of the time, as a historical marker for a more complete understanding of the Hegelian conceptualization of political economy, its scope, limitations, and projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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26. Sraffa: el pensamiento económico como coherencia.
- Author
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Gallardo, Álvaro
- Subjects
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ECONOMICS , *NEOCLASSICAL school of economics , *MERCANTILE system , *MICROECONOMICS , *ECONOMISTS , *PROFIT - Abstract
Sraffa rescues the classical analysis and puts it in discussion with mainstream theory. The thesis of this paper is that his ontological analysis, specified in the market snapshot, allows us to understand Sraffa's theoretical position and, in turn, is a method to assess his traditional interpretations as well as the new perspectives arising from the reading of his drafts. Its position is not entirely precise, so it is necessary to include conventions, which open the way to institutional analysis. Finally, starting from the contrast with other interpretations, it proposes to defend the coherence between the vision of the world and the ideas developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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27. ¿Qué es la economía? Una disciplina política para el mundo real.
- Author
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Galbraith, James K.
- Subjects
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ECONOMICS , *SCHOOLS of economics , *INSTITUTIONAL economics , *ECONOMIC policy , *PUBLIC welfare , *SOCIAL structure , *ECONOMIC competition , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
Economics is a policy discipline that deals with the problems of social organization and the general good. It co-evolves with circumstances, and it is historically contingent. The world to which economic policies are ultimately addressed is a complex system. Yet economists seeking to develop appropriate policies are necessarily guided by simplifications and heuristics. The question before the discipline is to decide what sort of simplification is best suited to the task. In the spirit of modern science, this paper argues that appropriate generalizations, simplifications, heuristics, and principles are to be derived from a study of the actual world. While these may deploy mathematical tools and draw on insights from the behavior of mathematical systems, the latter by themselves are inadequate, especially where they start from the dead dogmas of the neoclassical mainstream: ex nihilo nihil fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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28. El racismo encubierto en economía.
- Author
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Komlos, John
- Subjects
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RACISM , *POVERTY , *ECONOMICS , *INDIGENOUS peoples , *ECONOMIC systems , *SOCIOECONOMICS , *INCOME inequality , *DECISION making - Abstract
Mainstream economic theory is replete with assumptions that feed into structural or systemic racism. It supports an economic system that severely disadvantages people at the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum, which in the U.S. includes a disproportionate number of Hispanics, indigenous people, and descendants of slaves ((would Afro-Americans be more appropriate?)). The paper discusses 15 such assumptions that are generally trivialized, including the crucial role information costs play in decision making. In turn, costly information implies that its acquisition by poor people requires a greater share of their income, making it more difficult for them to make well-informed decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Hacia un mundo sin colonias. El papel de los movimientos nacionalistas en la incorporación de la cuestión colonial en la agenda de las Naciones Unidas (1945-1961).
- Author
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Galiana, Sergio
- Subjects
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DECOLONIZATION , *IMPERIALISM , *ANTI-imperialist movements , *NINETEEN sixties - Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the approach to the colonial question at the United Nations, and its impact on African independence and the abolition of minority regimes on that continent, from the Organization's foundation in 1945 until the adoption of the Special Committee on Decolonization in 1961. The issue we intend to address is the role of the United Nations in the transformation of the post-war world, and especially in challenging colonialism. The problem we will focus on is how that body, founded by the victorious powers of World War II, became by the 1960s, a forum for discussion, coordination and implementation of policies that promoted the elimination of colonial empires and settler regimes in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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30. Emergencia del 5G en el Sur Global: India y Brasil entre Estados Unidos de América y China.
- Author
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Gonzalo, Manuel and Haro Sly, María José
- Subjects
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COMMUNICATION infrastructure , *SPANISH literature , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,DEVELOPING countries ,CHINA-United States relations - Abstract
The increasing dispute between the United States of America and China finds a main area of competition around 5G, which will enable a substantial improvement in the capacity for vehicle auto-guidance, remote operations, robotics, artificial intelligence and other dual-use applications. While 5G is still emerging, the global shaping of the network infrastructure, regulations, patents and standards involves the Global South. It is an eminently global dispute for markets, but also for national security, which has gained a central place on the foreign policy agenda of most of the countries around the globe. In this context, the objective of this text is to analyze the emergent conditions of 5G in two of the main countries of the Global South, India and Brazil, within the dispute between the US and China. Through the contextualization of this dispute and its implications in India and Brazil, we seek to extract a series of preliminary reflections for other countries of the Global South. Thus, this paper contributes to a key area understanding the emergent conditions of a new phase of the mobile telecommunications paradigm developing two main cases still unexplored systematically by the literature in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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31. Política de descentralización y sector educativo en el departamento del Huila.
- Author
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Rojas Velásquez, Libardo and Sierra Chavarro, Jakeline
- Subjects
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SCHOOL decentralization , *EDUCATION policy , *EDUCATION & politics , *EDUCATIONAL quality , *MUNICIPAL government , *UNIVERSITY & college administration , *CITIES & towns - Abstract
This paper analyzes the impact of the decentralization policy on the education sector of the Department of Huila. It uses panel data on fiscal, administrative and political decentralization, as well as educational coverage and educational quality of all its municipalities in the period 2005-2015. The results show that educational coverage has a positive relationship with administrative decentralization, and that fiscal, administrative and political decentralization contribute to improving the quality of municipal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Capital humano, desigualdad y crecimiento económico en América Latina.
- Author
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Brito Gaona, Luis and Iglesias Vásquez, Emma
- Subjects
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HUMAN capital , *EQUALITY , *ECONOMIC expansion , *FOREIGN investments , *ECONOMIC policy , *EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Macarena Suanes and Oriol Roca studied the main determinants of inequality and economic growth in Latin America between 1980 and 2009 and found that one of the main determinants was foreign direct investment. This paper extends that study to 2015 and shows that such investment is no longer significant. In contrast, increasing human capital significantly reduces inequality and improves economic growth. It is recommended, then, that economic policies are oriented towards raising educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Probabilidad e incertidumbre en Keynes. Una revisión de tipo bayesiano.
- Author
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Esteban Jacobo, Juan
- Subjects
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KEYNESIAN economics , *BAYES' theorem , *MAXIMUM entropy method , *FREQUENTIST statistics , *UNCERTAINTY , *PROBABILITY theory , *ENTROPY - Abstract
This paper analyzes the concept of probability in Keynes' work and proposes a method for formalizing the notion of uncertainty in the General Theory using Bayes' theorem and the principle of maximum entropy. One of the main conclusions is that, despite sharing his rejection of the frequentist approach to statistics, it is unreasonable to think that numerical probabilities cannot be determined, even if some criterion of objectivity is met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Optimización robusta de portafolio empleando métodos bayesianos.
- Author
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Carmona Espejo, Diego Felipe and Gamboa Hidalgo, Jhonata
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DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory) , *ROBUST optimization , *GAMMA distributions , *GAMMA functions , *GENERALIZATION - Abstract
In this paper we implemented a Bayesian robust optimization model to select an optimal investment portfolio. To do that, we extended the model developed by Meucci, which consists of incorporating the Bayesian approach into the robust portfolio model in order to define an ellipsoidal-type uncertainty set under an Inverse Wishart Distribution. Thus, the uncertainty of the estimated parameters for create the robust counterpart in the portfolio model. The proposed model uses a Gamma distribution function, as a generalization of the Wishart function. Results confirm Meucci's conclusions and, it corroborates the properties attributed to those portfolios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Paridad de riesgo jerárquico: aproximación al método y aplicación para el mercado estadounidense.
- Author
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Aragón Urrego, Daniel
- Subjects
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EXPECTED returns , *HIERARCHICAL clustering (Cluster analysis) , *COVARIANCE matrices , *ALGORITHMS , *ASSETS (Accounting) - Abstract
This paper presents the Hierarchical Risk Parity (hrp) approach proposed by López de Prado (2016, 2018, 2020) for the construction of optimal investment portfolios using unsupervised learning, hierarchical clustering, which allow overcome some limitations of the Mean-Variance (MV) model, in particular those related to the need to invert the covariance matrix when implementing the cla algorithm. A sample of 7 assets from the American market is taken, with which an application of the hrp algorithm proposed by López de Prado is carried out, finding that under this model the distribution of assets in different clusters generates improvements in terms of the expected return, as well as of the Sharpe coefficient compared to the results of the Mean-Variance portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Modelo Media-Varianza y criterios asg: de Markowitz al portafolio socialmente responsable.
- Author
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Zapata Q., Carlos Andrés
- Subjects
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ETHICAL investments , *DISEASE risk factors , *ENVIRONMENTAL responsibility , *PORTFOLIO diversification , *SOCIAL impact , *PORTFOLIO performance - Abstract
This paper presents an approach for socially responsible investment portfolio selection through the incorporation of esg criteria: environment (A), social (S) and of good governance (G); to the Markowitz's mean-variance (MV) model. For that, different formulations of the MV optimization problem are revised, as well as its adjustment to incorporate these indicators in the construction and optimization of the portfolio. This new approach, known as the MV-esg model, allows the construction of a complete set of feasible optimal portfolios based on the three relationships: return, risk and the esg score; resulting in an efficient surface (ES) on a three-dimensional space. Results show that the achievement of an increasingly higher esg indicator not only reduces the performance of the portfolio with respect to the MV portfolio, but also reduces its risk diversification capacity. However, the fact that the incorporation of esg criteria allows investors to incorporate their preferences to minimize the social and environmental impact of their investments is highlighted, since the optimal esg portfolio generates better indicators than any portfolio that pursue only the optimal risk-return ratio, in addition to outperforming the benchmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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