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The aim of this paper is to describe academic self-efficacy in students of technical-professional training at a university in the south of Chile. Numerous studies have established that, in order to have autonomous and self-regulated students, it is necessary for them to be academically self-efficient and the literature shows that the teacher with a self-efficient teaching identity promotes this type of competences in the students. The research is ascribed within the positivist paradigm, with a quantitative research approach that seeks objectivity, describing, explaining, proving and/or predicting phenomena, using data collection with the purpose of testing hypotheses through statistical analysis. The design is non-experimental, since it is carried out without manipulating the variables and the situations are not intentionally provoked. Additionally, it is of a cross-sectional nature, since the data are collected at a single moment of the research, to analyze the relationship at a given time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the development of Pitrufquén (located in the Araucanía Region, Chile, and founded in 1897) from a historical, territorial, urban, and architectural point of view. It is proposed that the city’s development is framed in a new moment, where the Chilean State abandons military criteria and assumes economic-territorial factors where the railroad’s presence is a determining factor. The choice of the site, its particular layout, and the development of its architecture are evidence of this change. From the historical point of view, it is analyzed how, in Pitrufquén, the Mapuche society had cattle raising as the main economic activity, as it had pastures to feed the cattle, the land was suitable for crops, and there was a vital ford to cross the Toltén River. This strategic location was maintained and accentuated by the city’s founding and the railroad’s arrival in 1898, turning the town into a railhead for progress towards the south of the country. In the case of the urban layout, its peculiarity was addressed since, together with Lonquimay, these are the only sections in the La Araucanía region organized based on an ellipse, which, in the case of Pitrufquén, also coexists with a checkerboard layout. The study analyzed its squares, diagonal avenues, and the perimeter ring road. At an architectural level, the article explores the three layers or aspects of the city: The first one studies the wooden architecture with works from the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the second refers to public architecture, represented by buildings such as the municipality, public services, the post office, and others; and a third layer addresses the modern architecture, such as housing and stores from the period between 1940 and 1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper studies the first Chilean school newspapers led by women and the role of high school students as mediators of scientific knowledge at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The analysis is part of the expansion and modernization of the press and publishing industry, as well as the in$uence of positivism and the educational reforms that were implemented in Chile during that period, a context in which the ruling class considered scientific knowledge, both its development and access to it by the population, as a priority. Methodology: The article is based on the studies of historians of science who have understood audiences as active agents in generating new knowledge, problematizing categories such as expert, amateur and layman, and examining the types of relationships they sustained. This theoretical perspective is applied to analyzing the magazines of four women's high schools that took advantage of the valid study plans to access the university in the period and is complemented with other sources, such as prospectuses and relevant administrative documents. Originality: The study makes visible the role of women in science and, specifically, Chilean schoolgirls in this context, which have not been studied from the perspective presented here. Conclusions: Despite the lack of attention given to this population group in terms of scientific contribution, it is shown that high school students were active readers, disseminators and producers of knowledge, managing magazines, generating networks and circulating the knowledge beyond the walls of their educational establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of the social processes -inherent to the drive to modernise the state undertaken under the first government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo- that surrounded the gestation of works of institutional architecture as an expression of political aestheticisation. Primary and secondary sources were used to uncover a series of works of institutional architecture that laid the foundations for the modernisation and standardisation of school buildings in Chile at the beginning of the twentieth century. The results revealed the significant role played by The Foundation Company, the American company responsible for the Standard Schools, which were expressions of political aestheticisation that set the guidelines for educational architecture in Chile for the following five decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration among peers is recognized as a practice that strengthens teacher training. Hence it is necessary to move towards systematic collaboration that addresses issues around the practice of teaching, and that makes the work done in the classroom more open, in order to develop a professional learning community. This paper uses a mixed study of multiple cases to analyse the possibilities for establishing educational collaboration among working teachers. The cases come from three schools in Chile: teachers were asked to complete a questionnaire (PLCA-R) and two discussion groups with teachers and administrative staff were held. The findings indicate that these cases offer limited opportunities for classroom observation, feedback or peer mentoring practices. However, the study found a positive view of informal dialogue between teachers for sharing ideas aimed at improving student learning. It concludes that collaboration requires sufficient distribution of material resources and methodological resources to encourage cooperation between peers, as well as a strengthening of leadership that encourages the development of workplace training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the history of education in Chile in the 19th century, focusing on its institutions and fundamental actors. For the analysis, we analyse legal and educational texts, which structure the gestation and evolution of the education throughout this century More specifically, we pay attention to the aspects concerning grammar. The externalist and epihistoriographical approach adopted in this research allows us to draw essential conclusions for further general and particular research in this period, which emanate from the interdependence between education and the historical, social and cultural context. The results demonstrate both the importance given to Spanish grammar at all levels of teacher training, which would subsequently be transmitted to the students, as well as the preponderance of the figure of Bello in its theoretical bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent global trends show high levels of households' indebtedness in developed and emerging economies. This paper proposes a method applicable in those economies where a household financial survey and interest rate caps exist. The method applies to the country with the most indebted households in Latin America, Chile. The results state that: (i) the same debt threshold does not apply to all households as variables such as income affect it; (ii) the debt threshold increases with households' income level; (iii) the presence of mortgage debt increases the debt thresholds; (iv) Chilean households overindebted are more than a quarter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the backgrounds of LGBT+ migrants living in Chile, and considers the various types of violence they experience at the intersection of vectors of differentiation: national origin, sexual orientation-gender identity and socioeconomic position, as well as markers of ethnicity and racialisation. The results show that many LGBT+ migrants leave their place of origin not only because of social and economic factors, but also due to the discrimination and violence they experience due to their sexual or gender identity, which is known as sexile. These forms of violence occur throughout their migrant experience in ways that vary but are nevertheless constant. In the context of migrant reception in Chile, the presence of these people poses a double threat to the State's hetero(cis)patriarchal order, on the one hand, and the national order, on the other, straining the conventional idea of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: The paper examines the contribution of think tanks (TTs) to debating ideas and their relationship with the environment. Specifically, it analyzes the variations introduced by the electoral campaign in the political positions of TTs and the role of ideology and party affiliation as possible determinants. Methodology: The content of the web pages of ten TTs is monitored before and during the electoral campaign for the 2021 presidential elections in Chile, where numerous TTs have become protagonists. For each TT, attention to socio-political issues is analyzed, and the trend of their positions is recorded. Conclusions: The analysis shows that TTs adapt their communicative agenda to the electoral campaign and that their ideology is a principal variable in this strategy. Originality: Evidence is provided on the entry of TTs in electoral campaigns with differences between conservatives and progressives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a part of the EIS-COVID project on the access and use of information during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile, the objective of this paper was to ascertain how people's informational environment was constructed during the first stage of the pandemic. It discusses the results of a qualitative study of people belonging to risk groups for COVID-19: people over 18 and under 65 with chronic diseases (hypertension and diabetes) and people 65 and over. Ninety semi-structured interviews were conducted in the Metropolitan and Valparaíso regions between September 2020 and January 2021. The results reveal the problematic nature of the information overload encountered by these groups and the strategies they used to navigate it: a) information avoidance; b) content corroboration and active search for reliable sources; and c) differentiated media use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together some of the results of the first phase of the study Plataforma LMS LIDERESASCHILE.CL: Tecnología para promover el liderazgo de nuevas juventudes femeninas [LMS LIDERESASCHILE.CL platform: Technology to promote the leadership of new female youth], whose main objective is to create a platform that promotes leadership in girls and adolescent women in Chile. To understand the content that would be hosted on the platform, a series of surveys and interviews were developed for girls and young women in the Los Lagos region, to find out their views, and to research their needs for empowerment in relation to the following: participation; role models; roles and stereotypes; self-image and self-esteem; and interests. The results demonstrated the importance of valuing and validating female role models from early childhood and throughout all stages of their education; and of strengthening role models that play a key role in the social, cultural and political history of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the scientific productivity of researchers in Chile during 2019, based on a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the scientific articles published during that year. For this purpose, we worked with the SciVal and Dataciencia databases from which we obtained data on publications per researcher, number of publications, their h-index, and number of citations. The results show a gender difference in the number of publications and consequently in the h-index. Thus, women publish less than their male counterparts, which in turn has an impact on their lower average h-index, establishing a gender gap in the scientific publications of that year. The results show that men predominate in the group of the most productive researchers. Similarly, there is an underrepresentation of female authors in the scientific productivity of greater impact; on the contrary, their male counterparts stand out for a higher average number of publications and a higher h-index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing shift in research on sexual orientation. This focus has moved from centering on negative experiences, related to psychopathology and stigmatization, to examining subjective wellbeing factors in individuals belonging to these populations. In Latin American countries such as Chile, a scarcely explored link in this regard is satisfaction with life –the cognitive component of subjective well-being– and associated variables. The minority stress model indicates that individuals who belong to minority groups are exposed to additional stressors to which the general population is not exposed. These specific stressors are related to the marginalization, prejudice and exclusion suffered by the minority group of belonging. Researchers have shown that these stressors and their consequences may result in lower life satisfaction in non-heterosexual people compared to their heterosexual peers. Furthermore, different non-heterosexual orientations face specific forms of prejudice and, therefore, could experience a different impact on their life satisfaction. In this paper, the distinction is made between individuals with a monosexual orientation (towards one gender) and those with a plurisexual orientation, (towards more than one gender or independently of gender); namely, lesbians and gay men (LG) on the one hand, and bisexuals and pansexuals (BP) on the other. Research indicates that BP people experience lower levels of well-being than LG individuals. Compared to the latter, BP individuals tend to disclose their sexual orientation to a lesser extent, perceive less social support, and experience greater exclusion from community spaces destined to the general community of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and other queer identities (LGBTIQ+). Moreover, these differences between non-heterosexual orientations in terms of life satisfaction have been little explored in Latin American university students. To fill this gap in the literature, the general objective of this study was to compare the levels of disclosure of sexual orientation, perceived social support, connectedness with the LGBTIQ+ community, and life satisfaction among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and pansexual university students. Four hypotheses were proposed that addressed the comparisons between LG and BP participants for these variables. A non-probability sample of 82 LGBP university students was recruited to answer an online questionnaire. Of the sample, 32.9 % were lesbian or gay, and 67.1 % were bisexual or pansexual. Most participants were women (67.1 %), compared to 29.3 % men and 3.7 % of another gender. The questionnaire consisted of a section of sociodemographic data, a sexual orientation disclosure scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the LGBTIQ + Community Connectedness Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Analyses included comparisons of means between groups. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the Connectedness Scale to test its validity. Results showed that LG and BP students reported similar levels of perceived social support, community connectedness, and life satisfaction, while LG students tended to disclose their sexual orientation to more people than BP students. A positive association was also found between perceived social support and life satisfaction, and between connectedness and disclosure of sexual orientation. The CFA showed that the Connectedness Scale is valid for its use in university samples in Chile and other Latin American populations. Limitations regarding sample size and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to the knowledge about variables associated with life satisfaction in non-heterosexual university students, highlighting the differential needs for support of those with a monosexual orientation (lesbians and gays) and those with a plurisexual orientation (bisexual and pansexual). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ne consequence of Chile's socalled "estallido social" (social outburst) of October 2019 was the erosion of the hegemonic ideological canon, in other words, of neoliberalism as a paradigm of modernity. That several currents of opinion have since (re)emerged within conservative Chilean intellectual thought reflects not only this loss of ideological hegemony, but also shows an ability to react and adapt to a setting in which this belief system is under threat. This paper analyses some of these currents, taking four authors as paradigmatic examples: Axel Kaiser (liberalism), Pablo Ortúzar (corporatism), Hugo Herrera (social Christianity) and Alexis López Tapia (nationalism). Of particular interest are their readings of the nature of the outburst, the political displacements provoked, the ideological and conceptual tensions that emerged, as well as the continuities and departures in terms of social imaginaries, traditions, practices and ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous localized solar radiation monitoring in different broadband spectral ranges has several important advantages over isolated measurements for both basic and applied research. Its integration into a network under standardized protocols has, in turn, worthy benefits including the possibility to characterize geographically the solar radiation levels in large regions. Recently, an integrated UV-Total solar irradiance monitoring network has been deployed in Argentina in 8 stations with new instruments, measurement sites, and protocols into the frame of the Saver-Net project (Japan, Argentina, and Chile) carried out during the period 2013-2018. The network is managed by the Argentine Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) and Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF - UNIDEF). In this paper, the structure, capability and several initial achievements of the Argentine UV-Total solar irradiance monitoring network are described with the aim to make these databases available to the scientific community for their broad use in basic and applied research. In addition, the irradiance characterization at each monitoring node of the network is presented. Extreme values over 1000 Wm' 1 2 of Total solar irradiance, 60 Wm-2 of UVA solar irradiance and UV Index of 9 are registered even in the southernmost stations, with their consequent signification for the practical applications of the solar energy and health implications such as the risk to cause erythema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the perceptions about university access, sense of effort, meritocracy, and social inequalities of students from 8 elite Chilean higher education institutions. Using 1773 responses to a questionnaire that was applied to a stratified sample of students from these universities, regression models that control for differences between socioeconomic groups, types of university and time of stay are estimated. The results show that the type of university is the main axis of differentiation in these perceptions, with traditional university students being more skeptical of meritocracy and individualistic explanations than their peers from emerging private universities. Furthermore, there is a relative homogeneity within each type of university, except in those items related to university entrance. It is concluded that the different types of elite institutions are a relevant distinction for understanding the diversity of perceptions that exist among those who transit through these highly influence spaces at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the governmental measures implemented by Chile and El Salvador during the pandemic to manage the repatriation of their nationals and resident citizens who were stranded abroad due to the closing of borders, a decision imposed by governments worldwide as a measure to contain the health crisis generated by COVID-19 in their territories. The restriction to the freedom of movement of people across borders caused in several countries of the region an additional humanitarian drama to the devastating effects of the global health crisis, so this paper examines this problem from the coverage given by the Latin American media to the repatriation processes of Chileans and Salvadorans as case studies, through a qualitative documentary analysis of the news about the main difficulties and consequences generated by this humanitarian drama. An important conclusion of the study recognizes the relevance of the administrative, logistic, and communicational capacity that the diplomatic missions of Latin American countries should develop, as well as the preeminence of human rights in international relations in order to face more responsibly the migratory crisis caused by the closing of borders for sanitary reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mendoza river basin, the occurrence of heavy rainfall events in the summer months causes severe erosion processes, debris flows, and flash floods that modify the turbidity of the Mendoza river. The excess of sediments dragged during the occurrence of these events affects the functioning of the water treatment plants, which causes cuts in the supply of drinking water in the Gran Mendoza area, the fourth most populated city in Argentina. Based on this issue, this paper presents a characterization of precipitation events that affect the distribution of drinking water over the region, considering 13 case studies over the period 2013-2020. High-resolution satellite estimates were used for the quantification of precipitation, which were validated with data from six meteorological stations throughout the basin. Based on a composite analysis considering a set of meteorological variables, two synoptic configurations that favor the occurrence of heavy precipitation were obtained: a mid-troposphere low pressure system off the coast of Chile and a thermal anomaly that generates isolated convection in the valleys of the basin. These results could be used to create early warning systems to improve water resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the results of the 2018 university admission process in Chile of students belonging to the 10% with the best performance in their graduation schools (Top 10% ranking). Through a descriptive-correlational analysis of PSU scores and enrollment processes, we explore the incidence of school trajectory and socioeconomic profile components in the university access of talented students. The findings highlight the role of parental socio-cultural capital, PSU results and the quality of the school of graduation as factors of segmentation among Top 10% ranking students. The conclusions highlight the difficulties of the educational institution to incorporate added value in vulnerable students, even in spite of the talent deployed, as well as the need to incorporate public policy measures that promote effective access to higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matters of care has been a relevant issue for several decades in feminist studies, particularly in relation to the power relations that have been built from their feminization, and the consequences they have had in all spheres of life. Despite their importance, the way care is spatialized has not been sufficiently treated based on the daily interrelations in which they are part of. Based on research taken place over the course of a decade by a collective group of researchers on the daily mobility practices as well as on care issues, we have been able to identify six categories that contribute to the spatialization of care from a relational spaces approach. Through mobile ethnographies of urban dwellers' daily lives, we were able to understand how care strategies and circulations take place, and their relation with subjects of care, practices, time spaces, places, affects, materialities and objects that support care in cities like Santiago, Concepción or Temuco. Understanding them from a perspective of relational space helps to visualize the complexity that care implies, and at the same time the intertwined implications of space that go beyond domestic space. This paper contributes to the existing work on the invisible aspects of care including the spatialization of care and to the discussion on the need to defamiliarize and collectivize care in Chile. This is particularly relevant today, as care became a major issue in Chile and globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was possible to identify the material reality of care in tangible ways, and also to question the ways we want to care for ourselves and our living space in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of the scientific inquiry in rural science classrooms brings up important challenges for the teachers leading them. This current paper analyzes the importance of the teacher's role in a scientific inquiry activity. Therefore, an analysis was carried out in the case of the Mitigation of the whitefly in the ficus tree. This inquiring experience was applied with 22 sixth to eighth grade elementary students from a vulnerable rural school in Chile. The main results support that the students' learning through inquiry demands a guidance and an adequate support offered by the teacher. Besides, the case study shows how the inquiry-based science education can emerge from deprived rural contexts through inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the design and validation of the Socio-Familial Questionnaire of Emerging Literacy Domains (CSDAE), which evaluates the context of socio-familial literacy of Chilean children at early ages. The study included a sample of 213 families of low, low-middle and middle socio-economic levels. The results show a reliability according to Cronbach's alpha of 0.90 and an omega coeffi cient of 0.94. The fi rst version of the questionnaire grouped the items into fi ve factors that explained a satisfactory fi t. The proposed instrument contributes to studies related to the evaluation of the literate socio-familial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socionatural disasters are highly demanding episodes for the affected populations; however, there are groups that, due to their characteristics, may be more exposed to inequalities, such as women. The general objective of this paper is to analyze the emergency and the reconstruction process of the 2010 earthquake and tsunami in Chile, from a critical perspective that considers social factors from a gender approach based mainly on the experiences of the women victims of the town of Arauco in the Bío-Bío Region. It is evident that in the framework of a subsidiary and highly centralized State, responses are generated in disconnection with the territories and population affected by the disaster. Thus, under these conditions, women are forced to assume leadership and community care roles as a mechanism of resistance and subsistence in the face of the state policy limitations. As a result, the sexual division of labor increases to the detriment of women, who are highly demanded during the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Te Ckunza of the Lickan Antai people inhabiting Chile, Bolivia and Argentina has been declared extinct. However, it is argued that reconstructing the elements of the grammar could facilitate its revitalization. Tis paper seeks to account for these elements in the ckunza of San Pedro de Atacama. To this end, a review of the phonetic, phonological, lexical, semantic, morphological and syntactic elements of the Amerindian language will be provided. Tis analysis also informs about the agglutinative characteristic of Ckunza. Te corpus of this research comes from the samples collected by the pioneers in its study. Te aim of this review is to show the grammar of Ckunza, since its reconstitution will provide the rules that will allow the creation of new sentences that will contribute to its revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Public Education Law (NEP) has imposed a structural reform of the public school system in Chile, transferring the control of municipally-run schools to state services that are under the authority of the Ministry of Education. This implies an unprecedented process of recentralization and an increase in administrative scale not seen previously anywhere else in the world. In this paper, we carry out a qualitative analysis of the implementation of a Local Public Education Service, which combines three municipalities of Greater Santiago. We identify serious institutional design flaws that generate labor distress, offset by a sense of heroism with which staff aspire to improve the future of children and public education. This situation is not sustainable over time and it is essential to improve working conditions to guarantee the quality of education in this service. With this aim, we highlight the need for urgent improvements in the administrative operation of the NEP in terms of financial management, human capacities, and institutional learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the experience of a group of students conducting their intermediate teaching practicum while studying an English Teaching Program at a Chilean university. The main objective is to explore, from the student’s point of view, the factors which lead to their recognition as teachers during that practicum experience, despite their marginal structural position as pre-service teachers in the educational establishments. The study is based on the analysis of five semi-structured interviews, following the conceptual apparatus offered by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. We argue that the main factor determining how preservice teachers acquire capital, authority and recognition as teachers in their practicum classrooms is the negotiation of the asymmetrical power relations which emerges between the trainees and their mentor teachers (i.e., the actual classroom teachers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1972, the Sub Department of Design of the Corporación de la Vivienda (CORVI) published a document with eighteen housing prototypes developed by its teams between 1966 and 1971. This document was the result of the previous experience of those teams in developing a large part of the social housing built in Chile, of the work of systematization and standardization of that set of works, and of the design indications given by the managers of these teams. Drawing on the document itself, secondary sources that report on CORVI's decisions, and interviews with Orlando Sepúlveda Mellado, an architect member of CORVI's design teams, this paper analyzes the practical meaning of "Tipología de viviendas racionalizadas 1966-1972" and suggests that it performs a non-canonical mode of the notion of typology, articulates a standardization of project ideas, and responds to the contingencies of the sociomaterial environment. This helps to conclude that the inaccuracies observed in the document are part of an objectual strategy of communication of the technical aspect that aims at its practicality, that is, to efficiently narrate the complexity of architectonic rationalization as a political and socio-technical program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between leadership and performance in teams of higher education students. For this, first, we conceptualize leadership as an influence process between team members and, second, we model this team process using social network analysis. To study the proposed relationship between leadership and performance, we conducted a study at 164 students of 41 teams of industrial engineering students of two universities in Chile. We analyzed our data using linear regression analysis, and our results showed that leadership network density is positively related to performance, and leadership network centrality is negatively related to performance. These results help teachers, and higher education institutions have a reliable statistical tool to track student leadership development throughout the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes expedients of daily mobility that -though fundamental for the sustainability of life, have been marginalized in territorial planning: the pedestrian trajectories of migrant women. The research explores urban walking practices in the La Chimba neighborhood, Santiago of Chile, using a qualitative perspective trough focus groups and directed interviews combined with shadowing techniques of women from the global south. From the observation of the rhythms, affects and wisdoms of the participants in the study, the paper concludes that personal pedestrian experiences depend principally on the (re)productive roles that they assume; the contingent otherness of their bodies; and the social and communitarian networks that they establish with their territory of arrival, sharing a common epistemic privilege to know the place they inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper has been to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and financial performance, based on two constructs, human capital (HC) and relational capital (RC), measured in financial terms. The methodology was applied to a sample of Universities of Chile. This was done at public and private universities during the 2014-2018 periods. In this investigation, we used descriptive statistics, level of correlation, and panel data analysis to demonstrate the existence of a positive relationship between each component of IC and the performance of universities, measured in terms of financial performance. The panel results confirm the hypothesis that HC and RC positively impact the university financial performance (return on equity, ROE, and return on assets, ROA). The article contributes to improving the conceptualization of Intellectual Capital and its relationship with the financial performance of Universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile in the mid-19th century was the moment of affirmation of the national state. In this context, the expansion of the educational system was necessary, which in turn required the production of books for teaching in schools. As far as grammatical discourse was concerned, although it generally showed a remarkable stability, the manual genre of school grammar, on the other hand, was not yet established, nor were the differences between the texts for the different school levels (primary and secondary) clearly established. This instability explains the vacillations exhibited by the texts of the period and the various theoretical, methodological and discursive options that are set. In this paper, we focus on two early school grammars: Fernando Zegers Tratado de gramática castellana dedicado a la juventud americana de los pueblos que hablan la lengua española (1844) and Andrés Bello’s Gramática castellana para uso de las escuelas (1851). The first precedes Bello’s consecrated grammar of 1847; the second summarizes how Bello believes grammar should be taught to children. While Zegers had teaching experience, Bello was the great grammarian who repeatedly reflected on the importance of teaching grammar in elementary schools, as shown in several notes he wrote and in the typographical separation he designed for his key work of 1847. In particular, we will analyze from the glottopolitical approach how one and the other author resolve in their respective works the tensions between the grammatical tradition and the new space of school circulation, and between the legitimized grammatical knowledge and the specific objectives of teaching. In this sense, we observe three aspects that operate differently. First, the parts of the traditional study of grammar that are consigned (analogy, syntax, orthography, orthology, prosody, metrics). Second, the type of discourse adopted, which accentuates, with greater or lesser emphasis, the dogmatic tone based on the presence of normative sequences rather than reasoned exposition. Finally, the function of the examples that in one case privilege a religious formation and in the other lead to an indoctrination that contemplates the integral development of the citizen. In summary, we perceive two opposing models of grammar teaching: while Zegers is in line with classical studies that focus on teaching the language in order to reach the written text; Bello, on the other hand, is concerned with promoting grammatical reflection. Both models expose, in addition, different configurations of collective imaginaries and social projects from their discourse on language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explore the concept of research-creation and its applicability within anthropology, focusing on the creation of plastic-sensorial artifacts as a valid source of knowledge. To this end, we first present a bibliographical review to contribute to the articulation of a field of methodological experimentation within anthropology, highlighting its interdisciplinary nature and the dialogue with other knowledge from sociology, design, and media arts. Next, we present and critically discuss the concept of research-creation, indicating its relevance in conducting research whose results go beyond the textual, while producing knowledge that is inscribed in plastic-sensory artifacts. Three interconnected dimensions are proposed to understand a process of research-creation from anthropology: a methodological one, referring to the creation of records or data during fieldwork; a curatorial one, concerning at the possible combinations of the collected material; and a third public dimension, focusing on the circulation and agency of the outcomes of these research-creations. Finally, we investigate and describe an ethnographic case study with family members of people deprived of their liberty in Chile, a collaborative research-creation process that culminated in a sound installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]