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The anatomical understanding of cortical and subcortical distribution of language is beyond the already known Broca's and Wernicke's areas (44 and 22 of Brodmann) and the connection between themselves through de arcuate fascicule. The cortical and subcortical network extension is consisten with the idea that language comprehension is a complex process in which, like in another human behaivours, exists a coordinated activity between several brain regions, each one performing subprocesses integrated to develop final comprehension. Finally, it results essential to know the anatomy of these pathways and their connections in order to understand the functionality in case of pathology and the ulterior recovery. The aim of this work is to show and describe using DTI-MR and corticographies, the normal anatomy of the subcortical bundles which compose the language pathways. Define anatomical landmarks to identify cortical areas and language pathways in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. By tractography, white matter bundles implied in the processing of language were searched according to previous anatomical descriptions: superior longitudinal fascicle, arcuate fascicle, inferior longitudinal fascicle, inferior frontooccipital fascicle and extreme capsule. Then, using MRI the previously mentioned tracts and the areas involved in language were localized. Finally, 3 patients were studied from intraoperatory electrostimulation in which cortical areas of language were mapped. The forming areas and pathways of the language were successfully localized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Electromyography (EMG) provides an essential method in the evaluation of the pathophysiology of the muscle cell. Dystonias (abnormal movements) of the face and neck region, including the Essential Blepharospasm and the Meige's Syndrome, can be valued by EMG, being able to obtain confirmation of the diagnosis and likely prognosis for the choice of therapeutic options. The aim of this study is to investigate by EMG the response through voluntary and involuntary movement of the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles to improve the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics for dystonia of the muscles of the head and neck region. The hypothesis of this project is that the pathophysiology of faciocervical dystonias as Meige's Syndrome present an evolution of a primary pathology that through EMG is possible to value the involvement of another muscle group in subclinical stage. During the execution of this study plan 17 people with and without known pathology in the face and neck region have been evaluated. Participants were divided into 3 groups, A: No pathology, B: With Essential Blepharospasm and C: With Meige's Syndrome. Orbicularis oculi muscle (OO) and the orbicularis oris muscle (OB) were studied by EMG. We also analyzed the Blink Reflex. Recruitment pattern, latency, duration, amplitude and habituation of each of the answers were measured. Group A: 11 participants, activation of OO and OB can be done in an absolutely independence. Group B: 4 participants, co-contraction of OO and OB. Group C: 2 participants, OO and OB spasms occur in clinical and EMG. Applying trains of paired stimulus, the persistence of R2 was observed in both B and C groups. The 75 % of our patients diagnosed with Essential Blepharospasm had subclinical forms of OB spasm, a result that suggests evolution to Meige's Syndrome. Patients with any disorder of the electrical activity in a muscle of the head and neck present, in subclinical stage, changes in another muscle group and this is clear thanks to the EMG study. The trigeminal-facial reflex is inexhaustible in people with these conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Electromyography (EMG) provides an essential method in the evaluation of the pathophysiology of the muscle cell. Dystonias (abnormal movements) of the face and neck region, including the Essential Blepharospasm and the Meige's Syndrome, can be valued by EMG, being able to obtain confirmation of the diagnosis and likely prognosis for the choice of therapeutic options. The aim of this study is to investigate by EMG the response through voluntary and involuntary movement of the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles to improve the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics for dystonia of the muscles of the head and neck region. The hypothesis of this project is that the pathophysiology of faciocervical dystonias as Meige's Syndrome present an evolution of a primary pathology that through EMG is possible to value the involvement of another muscle group in subclinical stage. During the execution of this study plan 17 people with and without known pathology in the face and neck region have been evaluated. Participants were divided into 3 groups, A: No pathology, B: With Essential Blepharospasm and C: With Meige's Syndrome. Orbicularis oculi muscle (OO) and the orbicularis oris muscle (OB) were studied by EMG. We also analyzed the Blink Reflex. Recruitment pattern, latency, duration, amplitude and habituation of each of the answers were measured. Group A: 11 participants, activation of OO and OB can be done in an absolutely independence. Group B: 4 participants, co-contraction of OO and OB. Group C: 2 participants, OO and OB spasms occur in clinical and EMG. Applying trains of paired stimulus, the persistence of R2 was observed in both B and C groups. The 75 % of our patients diagnosed with Essential Blepharospasm had subclinical forms of OB spasm, a result that suggests evolution to Meige's Syndrome. Patients with any disorder of the electrical activity in a muscle of the head and neck present, in subclinical stage, changes in another muscle group and this is clear thanks to the EMG study. The trigeminal-facial reflex is inexhaustible in people with these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: El abordaje pterional (fronto-temporo-esfenoidal) centrado en el accidente óseo que lleva su nombre es uno de los más utilizados en neurocirugía. Con el objetivo de realizar una menor retracción del parénquima cerebral, se hizo hincapié en la mayor remoción ósea, llegando al abordaje fronto-orbito-cigomático. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir de forma sistemática el abordaje Fronto-órbito-cigomático realizado en 2 piezas hecho en un laboratorio de anatomía, lo cual es una herramienta fundamental en la formación de un cirujano para luego poder aplicarlo en la cirugía convencional. Material y método: Se analizaron abordajes fronto-órbito-cigomático realizados en un laboratorio de anatomía, describiendo cada etapa quirúrgica, con sus respectivos reparos anatómicos y su aplicación en la Neurocirugía convencional para resolución de patología de base de cráneo (aneurisma de bifurcación de arteria de carótida interna, adenoma de hipófisis, craneofaringiomas). Resultados: Se describieron las siguientes etapas en el abordaje quirúrgico tricotomía, marcación de la piel, posición de la cabeza, incisión de cuero cabelludo, disección interfasial del musculo temporal, craneotomía, drilado, apertura de la dura madre, exposición de giros y surcos. Con la craneotomía fronto-órbito-cigomática se logra un mayor ángulo de visión y trabajo tanto en el plano horizontal como en el vertical. La remoción de la porción orbitaria es útil cuando se utiliza un acceso subfrontal o transilviano. De la misma manera la remoción del arco cigomático es útil cuando se utiliza un acceso pretemporal. Conclusión: El abordaje fronto-órbito-cigomático, realizado en 2 piezas, en un laboratorio de anatomía con preparados cadavéricos nos permite reconocer mejor los reparos anatómicos claves en cada etapa del mismo, para luego poder realizarlos en cirugía convencional. Logrando una menor retracción del parénquima cerebral y mejor resultado clínico neurológico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]