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This paper analyses the communication carried out by IBEX35 companies in crisis situations in order to determine the mechanisms that try to favour dialogue between organisations and their stakeholders. The sample is made up of the tweets that include the word covid and that have been issued by the 27 IBEX 35 companies that had verified corporate profiles on the Twitter social platform during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Taking into consideration the dialogic principles established by Kent and Taylor (1998), which were adapted by Rybalko and Seltzer (2010) for Twitter, an adaptation was made to establish indicators to apply to the conversation established on the platform. To analyse the differences in interaction, the t-test for independent samples and the one-factor ANOVA were used. The results show that companies maintain an interest in engaging with their audiences but continue to deal with topics that are not of interest to users, which makes it difficult for a dialogue or conversation to take place between companies and stakeholders. The article shows that the resources most used by companies in crisis situations are the call to action and dialogue, either by asking their users questions or suggesting the desired interaction. While directly asking users for their opinions does not generate more dialogue, the results show that soliciting attitudes, such as commenting, sharing an image or liking an image, does increase interaction. This implies that there is low interest on the part of audiences to join a real conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses emerging forms in which life and work are interwoven, based on 20 ethnographic studies conducted in enterprises in Spain. Whereas after the Industrial Revolution work processes tended to be autonomous from the living environments of production agents, in recent decades a trend in the opposite direction has been observed in some companies. This re-articulation takes place at several levels: a) through the blurring of the boundaries that separate work and everyday life, b) through the reintegration of affective dimensions into work processes, c) in promoting reciprocity and sociability in the economic sphere and d) in the production of meaningful experiences at work. Are we witnessing an emancipating balance between life and work? Or, on the contrary, is private life being colonized by the sphere of production? In this paper we seek to explore a third form of analysis, that of reflexive modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an ethnographic exploration of the current socioeconomic and political crisis of Spain from the case study of a Rural Development Group in Asturias (Spain). This group channels EU funds into a region undergoing dramatic economic decline and depopulation, while at the same time attempts to create a fictitious territorial identity for commercialization purposes. To do so, a Cultural Park project was planned but never implemented in reality, being replaced by a series of large infrastructure investments. The paper argues that in order to understand the Spanish corporatist neoliberalism, we need to increase our knowledge from an ontological perspective. This implies addressing the realities enacted and constructed by social actors in practice, halfway between traditional clientelist dynamics and neoliberal free market logics. This hybrid phenomenon is publicly criticized but largely unknown. In it, communities of complicity distribute public resources without public accountability. In turn, citizens ignore, tolerate or participate –either actively or passively– in the process. In addition, the paper presents a case study of the failure of knowledge transfer processes in Spain, showing that shortcomings are not due to wrong epistemological practices but rather to the internal dynamics of communities of complicity, which can do without knowledge and academia to reproduce themselves. Finally, it is argued that “politics" should be retained as an ethnographic concept instead of a ubiquitous self-explanatory universal category if we want to retain its critical capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how governance actors in regional business systems engage with foreign-owned multinational corporations which are present within their territory, in attempts to retain investment and link their regions to global production networks. This is done through a qualitative analysis of policy and practice in six sub-national regions in three advanced industrialized economies (Canada, Spain and the UK), thus permitting both international and intra-national comparisons. We find that while there are broad similarities in the types of governance mechanisms used, there are notable differences in the extent and intensity of forms of market, state and associational governance of foreign direct investment. These differences partly correspond to broader institutional differences in the nature of business systems, and partly to the socio-political construction of sub-national governance space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a random continuous-time model that simplifies calculation of insurance linked securitie' (ILS) underlying catastrophic loss index and allows us to price them with the traditional option valuation methodology. Under the hypothesis that the total amount of the catastrophe is defined as the sum of two random variables, the incurred claims amount and the incurredbut- not-yet reported claims amount, we model the decreasing dynamics of the latter through a geometric Brownian process characterized by two Wiener processes that introduce a greater volatility to the model which increases its accuracy. The difference between the incurred-but-not-yet-reported claims amount and the total amount of the catastrophe results in the reported claims amount, which is the numerator of the loss ratio that we intend to determine. In order to verify the validity of the proposed hereby, its parameters are estimated using the maximum likelihood method and a Ji-square normality test is performed on a sample of six floods occurred in several Spanish locations prone to such events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to outline the impact of marital overturns in the legal and economic form of family businesses. This paper is mainly focused in analysing the preferential awarding right set forth in article 1406.2° of the Spanish Civil Code in favour of the managing spouse of the family business which, in our opinion, might be a solution to the distorting effect that the winding up and liquidation of the marital assets may imply to the continuity of family businesses in Spain. It also analyses the major problems that this process may face when it comes to monetize the value of the shares that one of the spouse will receive, especially in those cases of minority holding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to design integrated product-service offerings and implement servitization processes, manufacturers need practical and tangible methodologies. Service design has been suggested as a way to facilitate such processes. This paper assesses the results gathered from an experiment of the implementation of service design in six Basque manufacturers already undergoing servitization processes. Data was collected by means of participatory observation and semi-structured interviews. The findings suggest that service design allows manufacturers to go beyond product-oriented mindsets and to design integrated product-service value propositions through focusing on the experience offered to customers. Moreover, it concludes that service design can be applied without needing to fully transition towards services as a core offer. Nonetheless, manufacturers participating in this experiment highlighted the need to consider business competencies in service design in order to properly assess and manage all the change elements inherent to servitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the staffing policies of some leading consulting firms in Spain are analyzed to identify the factors that characterize them, as well as similarities and differences among them. The case study method is used for this analysis, and three case studies are considered: Accenture, IBM and Company Z. The results suggest that the professional partnership model and the managed professional business model are still relevant but are insufficient in explaining the various policies. Five factors are identified in addition to major trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a growing number of social enterprises in Spain. Like any other organization, they must be managed efficiently. However, few studies have analyzed the direction of this type of business and, to a lesser extent, how they manage their human resources. This paper focuses on how Spanish social enterprises manage their human resources by using a case study methodology. The results confirm that social companies do follow human resources practices but, due to the strong social component that moves and attracts workers to contribute to their missions, these practices differ from those made by non social enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the escape of talent from social companies by applying ethical and social responsible human resources practices, and by managing volunteers in accordance with their social characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the internationalization of social economy companies generates balanced profit and loss accounts (triple bottom line) and spreads still further a way of doing business which focuses on a socially sustainable production economy, at a great distance from the speculative economy. Previous evidence of the differential and strategic fact of social economy companies and their need to internationalize in order to guarantee their sustainability triggered this investigation. Its aim was to generate knowledge about the international orientation of cooperative companies and worker-owned companies in Andalusia and to link this to their economic results and the outcome of their innovations. Confirming the Uppsala Model through the international orientation status of social economy companies in Andalusia, this paper shows how a series of specific factors, in addition to the relationship with increasing commercial innovation, have an impact on this orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies dynamic capabilities approach to the study of family businesses. We introduce the term ‘dynamic familiness' to show the capability of family firms to create, extend, or modify their unique bundle of resources coming from the interaction between the family, the individuals and the firm. Our aim is to give empirical evidence about the process of generation and reconfiguration of the resources in the family firm. This process will allow the firm to evolutionary adapt and survive through the generations. To achieve this objective, we conduct a case study in Grupo Yllera, a representative firm of Spanish family firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study corporate volunteering through both theoretical and practical analysis of the situation in Spain. It outlines the conceptual framework and classification employed, the positive effects and synergies that flow from corporate volunteering and models and strategies for its development, then presents the main data on the extent and the reality of corporate volunteering in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to identify the roles played by major Spanish NGOs (44 of the 100 largest in terms of their budget) in the process of collaboration between them. The results seem to show three groups of organizations with homogeneous behaviour. The first, those with very large budgets, engage in very active collaboration with other less related sectors. The second group is also made up of large-scale organizations, which focus on development activities and collaborate with other organizations in their sector. Finally, the third group is more heterogeneous, and the organizations cooperate less, for different reasons: either they are very wary of engaging with other organizations, or they prefer to engage in smaller-scale collaborations with other organizations with which they share a mission (values, ideology, beliefs, etc..), or they are isolated from the rest because they are involved in some legal process or judicial intervention. The method applied is Blockmodel Analysis, in the context of Network Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) researchers focus on the performance of the firms indexed in their field, and they reach different conclusions. This paper analyses if there are differences in financial performance of companies considered as highly socially responsible (those that compose the Spanish sustainability index FTSE4Good IBEX) as well as other IBEX companies not included in that index. We theoretically examine the relationship between a Jinn responsible behaviour and its financial performance. We also make an empirical study to analyse this relationship. The results show that the differential aspects between both groups of companies are market risk variables and debts and size variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact online social networks are having nowadays as a marketing tool in the performance of companies is yet to be made clear. Such an impact is being looked into in this paper on the basis of Spanish companies' data. Structural equations being applied to a multi-group are the channel through which an attempt is being made to ind out whether an intensive use of these networks in the marketing ield shall somehow restrain the relationship between dynamic capabilities, market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation, and what is the impact these networks are having on the latter. Survey outcomes show that this intensity somehow makes the relationship between market orientation and performance and entrepreneurial orientation smoother. A strong and determined marketing strategy in social networks could strengthen up these relationships thus enhancing their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Businesses use their resources and abilities to maximise their efficiency, and the implementation of innovative tactics has become common in recent years. Based on the evaluation of a performance model based on the variables of the Cobb-Douglas production function, the present paper intends to empirically confront the ways in which Spanish agribusinesses and farming companies, particularly the ones located in the Murcia region, can improve their management through their efficiency and their relation to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of considering a cooperative's transactions with its members in pursuance of its objects (its 'cooperativised activity') to be related party transactions and applying the fair value criterion to them has given rise to some debate in Spain. To move the debate forward, this article first studies the related party rules in the IFRS, the US GAAP and the Spanish PGC-2007 accounting standards then examines the economic background to cooperativised transactions, concluding that the fair value criterion is not appropriate in these cases. It continues with an empirical study of information on related party transactions divulged by cooperatives and the valuation criterion employed in transactions with their members by cooperatives that report in accordance with IFRS, and concludes by comparing the results of the empirical study with the previous analytical study. The main contributions of this paper are that to the best of our knowledge this is the first study of this kind on related parties; the comparison between its conclusions and the recent Normas sobre los Aspectos Contables de las Sociedades Cooperativas or Rules on Accounting Aspects of Cooperative Societies (Order EHA/3360/2010); and the suggestions to the accounting regulators for improving financial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the whole role of both board of directors and ownership structure on the effectiveness of executive compensation design in Spanish listed firms. Using a principal-principal agency framework and based on panel data methodology analysis in the period 2004-2011, results show that high level of ownership concentration influence negatively in the executive compensation alignment, having an adverse effect on minority shareholders' interests. Moreover, evidences show that type of controlling shareholder determines supervisory board effectiveness, which only exert an effective monitoring over executive compensation - increasing variable pay and diminishing fixed salary-, when majority shareholder has not linked to management of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the level of consciousness that Spanish organizations have on their value system. The Executive Committee, as representatives of the organization, should get the values of their workers were coincident with the values of their organization or at least not incompatible between them. For that reason it's necessary that the organization uses strategies, which allow it to join the values of its members and its own values to get Shared Values. Through the investigation, it is observed a strong coherence between organizational and member's values, so it's checked the existence of Shared Values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish social economy enterprises (SEE), like capital-based ones, have been facing a general economic crisis since 2008. SEE in the Murcia region are no exception. They are mainly small and mediumsized companies and because of their lack of size and structure they face considerable competitive difficulties in fighting this situation. This paper is based on a survey of 102 social economy enterprises in the Murcia Region, essentially labour companies and cooperatives in the service and industrial sectors, which was conducted in early 2010. To examine the situation in which companies from these sectors - mostly micro-enterprises - find themselves, information was collected on their main ratios in 2009, their expectations and their assessment of the competitive context and the main difficulties they face in the current situation of economic and social crisis. The extensive questionnaire made it possible to classify these enterprises into four types, based on the evolution of their main economic ratios (jobs, sales, investment and profits), and in a second stage, to consider the relation with whether or not the companies had adopted active innovation strategies and strategic planning. This made it possible to define the companies that had been able to improve or at least maintain the levels of their principal ratios even in times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing how financial managers assess capital budgeting allocations is a relevant issue beyond the mere desire to know what others do and how they do it. In this paper, we report some of the findings from a survey conducted in 2011 among 140 financial managers of Spanish companies. The main conclusion from the study is the existing divorce between theory and practice in investment project valuation. However, when analyzing this split in depth using certain essential value sources, such as future growth opportunities, the divorce might emerge as more apparent than real. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to analyse the presence of women in different spheres of the agri-cultural cooperative enterprises in the province of Teruel, where the preponderance of the agricultural sector is paramount. This research compares, firstly, the extent to which the participation of women as against men differs both in employment and in the governing and representative bodies of cooperatives in the rural agricultural environment in Teruel. Subsequently the presence of women in agricultural cooperatives is compared with other sectors and the existence of statistically significant differences is confirmed for some of the variables analysed. This study contributes to the literature on gender and cooperatives in the agricultural sector, an aspect which has hardly been studied in previous works and which enhances the knowledge on the value provided by the presence of women in agricultural sector cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to build the satellite accounts of the Social Economy enterprises in Asturias for 2005, in order to ascertain the chief macroeconomic dimensions so that the importance, strengths and weaknesses of this sector may be explored. These accounts are drawn up according to type of activity and enterprise. A prior descriptive analysis of the Social Economy of Asturias has been made, both at the level of sector enterprises and the employment it generates; likewise, a geographical study of where these third sector enterprises are located and their characteristics has also been undertaken. To enrich the data, a comparative study of the importance of the Social Economy in relation to the "rest" of the economy of Asturias and with the Social Economy nationally was also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main proposal of the paper is to analyze the human resources management practices adopted by some Spanish SMEs in order to promote and develop corporate entrepreneurship. A case study method is used to explore the corporate entrepreneurship activities developed by three SMEs. The main results show the importance of establishing good relationships among companys' members, creating an appropriate working environment. Also, the relevance of promoting risk attitudes and the participation of employees in corporate entrepreneurship activities is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows Spanish companies' position on work-life balance, considering two industries: food & drinks and information technology. The offer of work-life benefits is not very extended, and its use by workers is still lower. The positive and negative consequences of the benefits and the existence of institutional pressures on employers to achieve work-life balance are also considered. The sector the organization is in is relevant, and IT companies are more involved with work-life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at analyzing to which extent the role played by the cultural distance on the choice of entry mode is conditioned by third variables related to the investment. In particular, the potential existence of an interaction effect between the cultural distance and the host's country risk is analyzed, as well as the role of such interaction depending upon the establishment mode used by the investing firm to carry out its investment. In order to empirically test our predictions, a database of 383 foreign direct investments made by Spanish firms is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the knowledge-based economy, the wealth creation is associated with the development and maintenance of competitive advantages based on intangible elements. Faced with this growing strategic importance of intangibles, it seems necessary that companies disclosure information on those elements. However, although companies disclosure information increasingly on a voluntary basis, they are still many which merely comply with legal requirements, omitting highly relevant information on their intangible resources. The objective of this paper is to have data on what level of interest in providing this information by Spanish companies. Therefore, a review of the most important literature about intangibles disclosure in Spanish companies is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses collaboration with suppliers in the process of new product development. It contains a description of the benefits and challenges this collaboration poses and shows the experience of Spanish industry regarding such practice. From this experience, one may conclude that collaborating with suppliers in the development of new products leads to shorter and more efficient innovative processes and to better products, but one can also observe that Spanish firms are still in the learning stage. As a result, lessons learned are presented as a guide to managers in improving collaboration with suppliers in the innovation process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the main corporate private actors in the Spanish media system. The text updates the primary data on corporate owners of media in Spain in early 2009 through the analysis of publicly available corporate information, including financial results, ownership, origin, main media assets, degree of multimedia activities, degree of diversification outside the media market, and market share. The goal is to assess the degree of concentration in the sector, as well as the financial strength of media groups operating in Spain in the face of the financial crisis starting in 2007. Data shows a high degree of concentration and financial dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of mergers and acquisitions and cooperative agreements within the European Union increased during the last century. Nevertheless, the new century seems to show a change in the trends. Therefore, the objective of this work is to analyse the characteristics and evolution of these growth operations in recent years (2000-2007). The different data presented in the paper have shown a growing economic integration process through cooperative strategies such as mergers, acquisitions and alliances. Spanish firms have actively taken part in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure exerted by interest groups is one of the main reasons that have led organizations to introduce Environmental Management Systems. Research provides evidence on the existing relationship between Stakeholders' pressure and their influence on business environmental management. The aim of this paper is to analyze 142 Spanish business centers, holders of ISO 14000 and /or EMAS certificates, in order to empirically probe the relationship between different kind of stakeholders and environmental management. We found a significant and positive relationship between stakeholders and environmental management within organizations. Additionally, the analysis clarified the individual influence of stakeholders (normative, organizational and social) on different aspects of environmental management. According to our analysis, this influence varies depending on each type of stakeholder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse the impact of the Fifth EU R&D Framework Programme (1998-2002) in the Spanish regions, considering the characteristics of the respective regional systems of innovation. The starting theoretical framework is the interactive pattern of technological change where the interaction among the different phases of innovation processes and between actors involved is emphasized. The important role that firms play in this process is also underlined. This model links with the concept of regional innovation systems. The contextual character of technological innovation is furthermore highlighted as well as its importance for the effectiveness of technology policies that should respond to the necessities defined by the innovation system to which it is directed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses current developments in public intervention in local economies. The changing Fordist/Keynesian paradigm takes aside the dominance and hierarchy of public action and gives way to a new governance model where the public administration is one more agent among several. We take into account the social innovation view in the analysis of the keys for the deployment of socially inclusive governance policies. We focus on the development of social or institutional capital and the innovation of the governance itself as the main axis for the social innovation processes. Consequently, we will consider the case study of general scientific and technological policies and particularly those developed in the Basque Country as one of the most important areas of local economic intervention nowadays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to analyze the communication strategies used by Spanish franchises which, targeting at any objective public, would like to promote their market expansion and marketing organization. In this paper, we establish a comparative study between the strategies used by franchises in their first stage of market expansion and those used by established franchisors. To accomplish this, we base our research upon qualitative (participant observation) and quantitative methods (survey) to a fixed number of franchise companies. In conclusion, we attempt to set the possible differences between strategies followed by this kind of companies, according to their location in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical evaluation of the economic survival of labour-managed firms (LMF) compared to that of conventional companies, paying particular attention to their different forms of capital ownership. There are many arguments both ways; some argue that LMFs enjoy a higher likelihood of survival, since they offer greater employment stability and their workers enjoy more incentives as they are involved in the decision-making process. The counterarguments claim that LMFs are less efficient, due largely to the free-rider problem, serious agent-principal problems, a higher degree of risk aversion on the part of their worker-owners and degeneration due to rent-seeking behaviour, which reduces their likelihood of survival. The results of this evaluation point to the divergence between most of the predictions of economic theory and the successful development of LMFs in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information Systems Outsourcing is a growing phenomenon in many businesses nowadays, which has been characterised, in general, with an insufficient level of detail and analysis. For this reason the main aim of this piece of work is to deepen into every aspects which define the outsourcing contract. We will do this by showing the results of a survey carried out in the biggest Spanish firms, and we will suggest the future which is glimpsed in relation with outsourcing in the firms subjected to study. In the paper also it is presented a longitudinal analysis, which shows the evolution in the last years of many variables which define the outsourcing relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship between technological capabilities and firm performance. To achieve this objective, firstly, it is proposed a typology of technological capabilities and, secondly, it is defined a model where different technological strategies and industry structure are both taken into account. The empirical test was developed in the Spanish biotechnology industry. Results show that not all technological capabilities have the same effects on firm performance, as the strategic potential of such capabilities notably depends on competitive conditions. These results justify that certain traditional evaluation criteria for resources and capabilities can be criticized, and the need of contingent views to analyze the role of technological knowledge in firm success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common topics in recent marketing research literature is the study of market orientation, this concept being understood as a certain inclination by organisations towards improved understanding of their surroundings. Many of these studies analyse the relationship between the degree of adoption of the concept of market orientation by organisations and the results they obtain, although there have been a large number of contributions that attempt to explain how various factors of an environmental nature affect this causal relationship either negatively or positively. Thus, in line with this latest research trend, this paper analyses the role of intermediation that certain environmental variables play in the relationship between the market orientation of Spanish university marketing teachers and their results in teaching, research and university extension activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper analyzes the participation of workers in companies, the general reality of co-management and the legal regulations in Germany, Spain and in Venezuela due to the creation of the projected of Law of Co-management. The research is descriptive and the technique of documentary observation was utilized. The conclusion is that the legal orderings in the matter of labor co-management in Germany, Spain and Venezuela differ from one to another, and in case of Venezuela the projected of Law of Co-management would complement the Statutory Labor Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration between firms and universities is a phenomenon of increasing importance for the creation and transfer of innovations and that is necessary for the economic development of the countries. In practice, several obstacles arise that make more difficult the management of this kind of relationships. To know and to identify them is critical in order to improve the success of the cooperation process. In this paper the problems that arise in the cooperative relationships firm-university in Spain are analysed and some measures for make lesser the negative effects of these problems are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The achievement of competitiveness advantages by companies is something vital for their survival and success. With this paper we try to know which factors explain the competitive success of SMEs, using a sample of 1.201 Spanish enterprises that develop their activity in the industrial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) usually have wide cooperation networks. High levels of cooperation facilitate the acquisition of knowledge by clients, suppliers and competitors. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence trust, compromise, knowledge, the management team, and the expected benefits have on three levels of cooperation (suppliers, clients and competitors). The results indicate that whilst expected benefits are the key to moving on to further levels of cooperation, trust is needed. Satistical confirmation of the hypothesis was carried-out using a logistical polytomic regression model, and the data came from 88 SMEs in Murcia, Spain. An additional investigation in other regions, to analyze the interrelation of different forms of IT cooperation in SMEs and large enterprises, could help improve the rigor of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]