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This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses relations between political parties, parliamentary groups, and members of the Chamber of Deputies, with the aim of measuring the extent of existing party discipline. Unlike other studies that have examined this issue, the current analysis is not limited to descriptive discussions of disciplinary measures, but uses quantitative tools in order to assess the extent of parliamentary discipline. As a result, we obtain crucial information on the nature of party discipline, the costs and benefits that parliamentarians face when acting individually versus collectively, and the factors that affect levels of cohesion and discipline and how we determine them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the historical importance of the Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre for the development of psychology in Spain. The Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre was a private institution which gave support to Spanish psychology in a very crucial moment of its history. As identified in the analysis of primary sources, the Institute promoted the attractiveness of psychology in a growing number of potential customers. Indeed, while Spain was going through a political transition from dictatorship to democracy, and psychology was striving for its academic, scientific and professional consolidation, the Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre organized a number of activities which greatly contributed to stimulate an interest in psychological knowledge. The work of the Instituto, however, has gone inexplicably unnoticed by most of the historians devoting themselves to the institutional analysis of Spanish psychological history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the introduction of the new physical therapies in the years prior to the Second Spanish Republic. It concludes that the physical treatments in force in the international literature were introduced early in Spain and were put into practice by the most important psychiatrists, although in few cases. Given the generalized criticism on the efficacy of psychiatry as a specialty, there was a general bias towards a positive evaluation of the efficacy of the physical therapies by the new generation of Spanish psychiatrists that did not occur in other countries of our setting. The psychiatrists who disagreed professionally with the above-psychiatrists opposed this tendency, there not being sufficient empirical support for the opinion of any group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose in this paper an approach to the history of Communication Research in Spain, taking into account the scientific production and the structure and historical context in which the scientific community interested in this field have performed their work. For this task we have established a temporary frame beginning from the moment communication became an autonomous field of research and education in Spain, during the mid-sixties, until present time. This period has been divided into three stages, typically defined as emergence, consolidation and development (or maturing) of communication studies in Spain. In each of these stages, the scientific community interested in communication research have worked in different social, academic and epistemic or scientific contexts. These particular conditions contribute to understanding the different orientations which have inspired historical communication research in Spain (research objects, theoretical and methodological approaches, contributions and limitations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since J. Brewer's description of Britain as a fiscal-military state, the expression has become a source of inspiration for other country's studies, as well as a methodological tool to examine the relationship between military spending, the Treasure, the Central Administration's organization and the economy of states. This methodology of study has been applied a few times to eighteenth century Spain, assuming in a way or another, that Spain was also a fiscal-military state at that time. Nevertheless, its final defeat against Britain invites us to consider not only what kind of a fiscal-military state could Spain have been, but if it really can be considered like that. As an alternative reflection, this paper argues that Spain could have not been a fiscal-military state, a description that in the end, can give us a better explanation of the Spanish final military and naval defeat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finding of the field notebooks of Gustavo Schulze brought to light the unpublished studies that this Mexican-German geologist carried out in the Picos de Europa and neighbouring areas from 1906 to 1908. These notebooks, full of lucid geological interpretations, along with part of the interesting fossil materials that Dr. Schulze collected in northern Spain, were donated in 1953 to the University of Tübingen. Presumably, this donation reflected Dr. Schulze's assumption that he never would be able to publish his materials himself. However, a document recently discovered, shows that one year after, in 1954, Dr. Schulze addressed a formal application to the Government of Spain, in which he explained the significance of his studies in the Cantabrian Mountains and asked for financial support to acomplish the research commenced nearly 50 years earlier. This document, bearing remarkable historical importance, is included in this paper, together with the analysis of the personality and outstanding scientific figure of Dr. Schulze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]