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Introduction: This paper analyses the pressures that journalism has exerted or attempted to exert from politics. Methodology: The study uses a combination of qualitative methodologies, such as focus groups discussion, and quantitative ones, such as surveys of journalists; both methodologies allows to know how politics influence journalists and how it can limit media instruments of accountability. Results: this study presents the results of an investigation that shows that journalists and citizens share the perception that political influence is one of the main assumptions that affect the development of good journalism. Discussion/conclusion: Although journalists recognize political and government pressures, the study concludes that they do not give in or feel responsible to political parties or governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to focus on the relationship between Spanish journalists and politicians in order to understand what journalists require from political power and how collaborative ties between governments and reporters could be established. This study also compares the views of journalists with citizens in order to know if there is a relationship between what media professionals and audience think about the relationship between media and political power. One of the project's main goals is to contrast the existing normative framework with the prevailing value system in ethical criteria as taken onboard by media professionals. The methodology used in this paper to achieve this goal is based on 26 questions that refer to different issues, such as the influence of political power in their daily professional lives or in certain case scenarios. The sample was designed in accordance with different independent variables: type of media, position, department, sphere of diffusion, gender, ideology and age, so that the entire profession was represented in some way. The same methodology was applied to each autonomous region, whether it be Catalonia, Madrid, the Basque Country or Andalusia and the paper as a whole offers the answers given by about 3000 Spanish journalists throughout the whole of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia is the property of Centro Latinoamericano de Administracion para el Desarrollo (CLAD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes perceptions of animal symbolism and personality in seventeenth century Spain, using the behavior of human beings as a comparison. Questions that the article explores include whether animals were below or on equal moral ground with humans, whether or not they could be saved by Jesus, and what the role of animals in the Renaissance was. The article relies principally on a dictionary written in 1611 by Sebastián de Covarrubias called "Tesoro de la lengua castellana" to make its inferences.