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This paper considers the notion of "gambiarra", a feature of Brazilian and Latin American culture, as a literary element in two short stories of the Uruguayan writer Eduardo Galeano. In this sense, some theoretical-critical approaches will be proposed for possible meanings to "gambiarra," not only as a materially objectified element, but also as a process, an action and a production method. I present as hypotheses some of the socio-historical determinations that enable "gambiarra" as a social phenomenon as well as its categorization as a concrete expression of a certain ontological human tendency. The analysis of the short stories, after brief considerations about the author and his work, seeks to understand how the articulation of the "gambiarra" manifests itself in the narratives, allowing also dialectical glimpses about its social dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the participation of the Chinese in the development of firms in the transit area of the Isthmus of Panama during the nineteenth century (Railroad Co. and French Canal) and their inclusion in the Panamanian republican social life throughout the twentieth century, through inquiry into literature as a discursive practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican intellectual Francisco Bulnes is one of the most outstanding members of the so-called group of scientists during the Porfiriato. He forms part of the Mexican Astronomical Commission to Japan in 1874 as an official writer. In addition, Bulnes published in 1875 a personal and well-documented account of the scientific expedition in Japan and the vicissitudes of the journey through the East: On the Northern Hemisphere, Eleven Thousand Leagues. Travel impressions to Cuba, United States, japan, China, Cochinchina, Egypt and Europe. This paper studies the details of this exceptional chronicle of a renowned Hispanic American intellectual, chronicle that with a rich cultural baggage expresses his own vision of the world, his country and East Asia. The positivist liberalism of Bulnes's contrasts with his skeptical worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the symbolic matrix of the North-American political discourse developed by José Vasconcelos in his essay La ra%a cósmica (1925). Vas-concelos' essay contains a paradox: The semiotic and ideological constant incidence of the North-American political discourse in his own thesis on Latinamericanism and anti-North-americanism--these thesis are summarized in Vasconcelos' concepts of misión [Mission] and destino manifiesto [Manifest Destiny], The aproppiation of this North-American Rethoric is determined by two reasons: on one hand, Vasconcelos' subaltern experience; on the other hand, Vasconcelos' strategy to get political support from the North-American community. This paradox could be explained by the notion of enunciation--as developed by E. Benveniste and re-developed under the paradigm of Post-Colonial Studies. According to my reading, in Vasconcelos' essay, under the North-American rethoric, there are two underlying motivations: Vasconcelos' symbolic Split, and the "significant double intention" of his politic enunciation. Keywords-, enunciation, symbolic split, Mission and Manifest Destiny, Latin-Americanism, post-colonialism, anti-North-Americanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does it mean to refer to a corpus of diverse sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Latin American chronicles as "mestizo discourse" or as defined by a "mestizo rhetoric"? In this paper, I analyze, from a metonymical and critical perspective, Libro X II from Códice florentino by fray Bernardino de Sahagún, to answer, at least, part of that question. My goal is to show how this book, and specially its beginnings, points out the ways in which a mestizo rhetoric takes form and functions, due to the uses of transposition, metaphors and authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze César Calvo's Las tres mitades de Ino M oxoj otros brujos de la Amazonia in order to rethink how the Amazonian universe (with its beliefs, myths, and knowledge) participates in the construction of Peruvian identity', assuming a notion of identity that is defined by heterogeneity. We propose a reading of Calvo's novel in the frame of Amazonian indigenism, which creates tensions with other literary formulations of the Andean utopia. The paper also looks into how the invention of an ethnographic narrator allows the intersection of diverse sociocultural universes in the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 1979, the argentine writer Beatriz Guido (1922-1988) published La invitación (Losada), a successful novel republished by Alianza Editorial in 1982 and by Círculo de Lectores in 1984. Moreover, the cinematographic director Manuel Antín prepared a film version in 1982. In our possession is a typed draft of this text, with Beatriz Guido's handwritten anotations, that shows the latest rewritings and variants made by the author before the first edition. In this paper I analize some interesting examples to identify the different methods she used in her polemic writing, frequenty reported by the specialized criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes that the colonial discourse by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, the Official Chronicler of Indies in the first half of the 16th century, takes in contact with certain pre-Columbian indigenous expressions of the Caribbean and Central America. In particular, we focus on the representations that the chronicler creates about the areíto, or Indian feast, the most indescribable and incomprehensible manifestation among their practices. I propose that, in presence of the areitos, Oviedo's colonial discourse becomes brittle and contradictory, plurivalent. Thus, to approach the symbolic level of the Historia General j Hatural de las Indias, I utilize a literary-critical perspective together with the help of the study of some information provided by ethnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1870 and 1890 several women's magazines from Buenos Aires assiduously began to publish texts from Peruvian writers, influenced largely by the arrival of Juana Manuela Gorriti to that city. These magazines became a platform to promote transnational dialogues among their female contributors, legitimizing the figure of the female American writer in this process. This paper aims to study this circuit of publication, which would extend until the late nineteenth century, when writers like Clorinda Matto de Turner and Carolina Freyre de Jaimes settled in Argentina and developed their own journalistic projects there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the central role played by Argentinian modernista writer Enrique Rodriguez Larreta in the vindication of the Castilian cultural heritage in early 20thcentury Argentina. As part of the wave of hispanophile sentiment produced by the Spanish-American War and the debates on identity linked to the celebration of Argentina's Independence Centenary, Larreta aims to create a new Argentinian identity of Castilian filiation based on the Spanish cultural heritage epitomized by Golden Age. This profoundly conservative aesthetic project finds expression in his successful historic novel La gloria de don Ramiro, conceived as an archaist textual simulacrum that reconstructs the historical reality of Phillip II's reign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the complex relationship between mid-19th century Hispanic American culture and Europe by looking at one of the salient sentiments in Domingo F. Sarmiento's Viajes (1845-1847): his antihispanism. Specifically, it focuses on the sections on France and Spain, where Sarmiento's work significantly eschews the style of “travel impressions". In those sections, Romantic orientalism allows Sarmiento to both inscribe the minority status of Río de la Plata's culture and language politically, and to position himself in the larger context of European culture. This rhetorical maneuver enables Sarmiento to revisit and reconfigure notions of local color, exotism and orientalism he had explored in Facundo (1845). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence on the controversial trip of José Juan Tablada to Japan in 1900. Most scholarship studying the book of chronicles En el país del sol (1919) refers to the lack of evidence of José Juan Tablada's trip to Yokohama. Until now there was no concrete evidence to prove his travel, beyond the book mentioned and some watercolors. As a result of a search at the National Archives in San Francisco among the documents that record the arrival of travelers, I found that passenger twenty-one was, indeed, Tablada, who traveled back from Yokohama on December 5, 1900 to arrive in San Francisco on December 22 aboard the ship “America Maru". This was a crucial trip for Tablada, which marked a watershed moment in his artistic creation and reaffirmed his intellectual passion for the land of the sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how the influence of the extirpation of idolatry and the perspective of the writer of the Huarochirí Manuscript go parallel, and walk towards a (mis)encounter amongst the voices of the subject of enunciation and the enunciated. In the analysis of chapters 20 and 21, in which the devil Llocllayhuancu has tempted Don Cristóbal Choquecaxa, I will demonstrate the intention of Don Cristóbal to project himself with the attributes of a good Christian by using his faith to be part of legitimate religious circuit. At the same time, the survival of pre-Hispanic beliefs, questions the legitimacy of the indio converso and postulates the active presence of an Andean alternative discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars often see in the chapters of Guaman Poma de Ayala's Nueva coránica y buen gobierno devoted to the history of the conquest of Peru a strong critique of Spanish chronicles accounts that ground his claim of restitution, allegedly the work's central claim. Through a close reading of its other historical chapters, those dealing with pre-Hispanic Andean history, this paper offers a new interpretation of the text. It argues that the Nueva coránica is a theologicallyorganized didactic text whose goal is to produce in the reader a radically new way of seeing the world, and that the historical narrative of the pre-Hispanic past in particular lays the foundation that will render intelligible in an alternative way the present of the colonial society and its future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the positions of Xavier Abril, Emilio Adolfo Westphalen, and José María Arguedas in the context of the discussions of the avant-garde, indigenismo and socialism that sought the renewal of the Peruvian imaginary between 1925 and 1940. The framework of the analysis intends to capture the complexity of the influences of José Carlos Marátegui's discourse in the debate, abandoning the contrast of the "Andean" and "West" categories and proposing a reading that emphasizes three other premises: authenticity, territoriality and modernity. In this sense, this work examines the relationship between Abril and Westphalen (1930-34), showing their image of Lima as a primitive space and a cultural wasteland in contrast to Europe and studying, among other texts, an unpublished manifesto. This paper then addresses the intellectual relationship between Westphalen and Arguedas at the end of the 1930s, showing how their representation of Lima as a hostile place was complemented by the proposal of an indigenous subject capable of the artistic modernity. This mapping of Lima's cultural scene of the time will explain how, according to these intellectuals, being primitive or modern depended on the authenticity of the artistic/intellectual pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the exaltation of doctitud and understanding as a strategy for self-legitimization, put forward in the discourse of colonial Peruvian scholars, particularly in the work of Juan de Espinosa Medrano (Cuzco, 1630?1688). Exploring various writings, it emphasizes consistency in the attitude of the priest and the adoption of certain ways of expressing the "creole claims" (charges, recognition, attention), underlining the humanist tradition that the colonial elite prolongs, imposing their ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the hidden role of the Charrúa Indians in the formation of a national Uruguayan identity by examining the official lack of consensus in determining Uruguay's date of founding as a country and as a collective identity. The article emphasizes the different initiatives to celebrate Uruguay's Centennial and Bicentennial in the light of its own contradictions and the traditional concealment of the indigenous element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]