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Ostensibly, Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential elections should have placed United States international policy back on a familiar path. However, despite the prevalence of a highly traditional vision of US foreign policy, the Biden administration has maintained significant continuities with the previous administration, as reflected in the policy towards China and the withdrawal from Afghanistan. In part, this is due to the constraints produced by the deep divisions that exist at domestic level. This paper aims to unravel the fundamental elements of Biden's foreign policy, focusing on possible ideological and doctrinal elements, strategic priorities, and any continuities and changes relative to his predecessor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reflection on borders that considers its operability as a governance space. This reading means transcending the territorial aspect of a border - and its sense of sovereign affirmation - and looking at its functionality in terms of circulation being a matter for government, in what should be called the border's biopolitical decline. In this sense, government practices that define the border may be read in terms of the striation of space rather than the containment of a territory. The governance problem the border poses is one of reconciling porousness and selectivity. This encourages the construction of "smart borders" via innovations of a technological nature that essentially focus on the filtering capabilities of actuarial and biometric techniques. The paper addresses the transformations of this kind noted in the Schengen Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deepest impacts of extractivism are its spillover effects - the transformations it provokes in public policies (environmental, social and economic) and in terms of key concepts like development, politics, justice, democracy and nature. Based on a description of the cases of Tariquía National Flora and Fauna Reserve, Carrasco National Park and the Apolobamba National Natural Area of Integrated Management, this paper analyses the sequence of extractivism-related spillover effects on public policies, regulations and the operation of all Bolivia's protected areas. Particular emphasis is placed on the consequences for human rights and rights of nature, which are recognised in Bolivian law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the perceptions of the parliamentary elites in 17 Latin American countries on moral and gender issues through surveys conducted between 2012 and 2019. In particular, it analyses opinions on inequality between men and women, public policies to reduce it, the possibility of building a career within the party, and abortion and same-sex marriage. The analysis shows the differences between countries and whether gender, party ideology and age variables help explain the answers. The findings suggest that in many countries gender is a factor in explaining the differing opinions on the inequality between men and women and, to a lesser extent, same-sex marriage. Ideology is the variable that influences the perception of the other three issues. The conclusions reflect on programmatic and descriptive representation for each topic and country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 25 years, the European Union (EU) has incorporated gender mainstreaming into its official policy approaches towards gender equality. This paper aims to analyse the vision of gender equality that has inspired the design and content of European policies (equality ad intra), as well as the power of gender mainstreaming to influence effective equality in member states (equality ad extra). The adoption of this mainstreaming approach has been justified as a way to ensure the overall coherence of all actions by avoiding overlaps and increasing their effectiveness and visibility. However, their effective incorporation into European policies remains a pending task, their implementation is fragmented and progress on gender equality has been slow and patchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on journalism and disinformation. To achieve this, methodological design begins with a review of the scientific literature that is complemented by the analysis of three interrelated perspectives: journalistic, economic and ethical. The results reveal disinformation to be a polysemic phenomenon, complicating the design of public policies to counter it. AI's emergence presents an opportunity to contribute to this and develop the concept of citizenship along three lines: 1) improving the state of professional journalism; 2) managing privacy; and 3) an ethical approach to technological development, which helps make informative decision-making conscious and free from biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the policy implemented by the city of Milan to deal with the migrants crossing the city en route to central Europe from 2013, mainly from Syria and the Horn of Africa. To understand the city's response to this wave of migration, a qualitative case study was conducted that included interviews with volunteers, public employees, legal advisers and refugees. Milan's initiative is discussed in the context of the expansion of sanctuary city policies in Europe during the period of the "migration crisis". In particular, we will see that the sistema profughi was from 2013 to 2017 an alternative to national and international policies on transit migration in terms of law, narrative and implementation, in supporting the right to the transit and challenging European and Italian policies on the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, the EU began collecting the personal data of people arriving from third countries in order to control migratory flows within the EU. However, since the 9/11 attacks function creep has led to this information, which was originally collected for EU border management, being used by police authorities. Information systems such as SIS, VIS, CIS and Eurodac have been amending their own regulations to permit access by police authorities from the member states and Europol. This paper analyses the potential conflict arising from these practises and the fundamental right to data protection in the EU. First, general and sectoral data protection rules applicable to the data processed by SIS, VIS, CIS and Eurodac will be examined. After that, this study will assess whether allowing law enforcement authorities to access such EU information systems could violate the EU principles of necessity and purpose limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discourse theory is useful for understanding the creation of borders, whether material or imaginary. This paper addresses three situations on Mexico's southern border between 2000 and 2015 in which elements of discourse theory may be applied. The outcomes were the following: 1) correlations may be made between the elements of the discourse moving from the northern to the southern border, but not in the opposite direction; 2) the process of securitising the discourse about migrants is continuous, and new securitising elements are regularly added; 3) an "elastic borders" phenomenon exists, where borders extend or retract, thereby creating new border regions; and 4) discourses around the southern border are constructed with more pejorative elements than the northern, despite the fact that crime rates are higher in the north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last years, Brazil has gained international visibility especially due to the capacity of its economical development and the progress of its public policies on fighting poverty. Though there reason for celebration exists with respect to the country's recent achievements, Brazil still has a lot to do if it wants to gain international prominence. In this paper we address two issues that are fundamental for Brazil to achieve real leadership: education and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]