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In contrast to the traditional interpretation that reduces Spanish-French rivalry to a succession of military confrontations that originated during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, this paper offers a more complex reading of the phenomena of emulation/competition and admiration/seduction between the two monarchies during the first phase of the Italian Wars. Thanks to a re-reading of diplomatic sources and propagandistic production, it shows to what extent the yearnings for religious reform, defence against Ottoman expansion or the recovery of the Christian East conditioned the perceptions and justifications of both powers, which needed the Apostolic See to legitimise their Mediterranean aspirations and their leadership in Christendom. However, there are differences in the means employed and in the degree of synergy with the papacy between the Valois and the last Trastamara monarchies that explain the ascendence of the latter in the early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the evolution of the memory of the conflict known as the Rif War (1921-1926), both in Spain and Morocco, contrasting the visions in both countries and making a special emphasis on its main milestones and protagonists, such as the episode of Annual and the figure of Abdelkrim. In the Spanish case, both the Franco dictatorship and the democratic period up to the present day will be covered, while the Moroccan case will be analyzed from independence in 1956 to 2021, the date on which the centenary of Annual was commemorated. Attention will be paid to the political and social uses of history through the politics of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way teachers assess in classroom impact over cognitive and socio-affective development of the students. This paper aims to determine the relationship between the teacher's evaluation to their students, and the academic achievement of their students in four specific areas: Linguistic Competence, Mathematical Competence, Scientific Competence, and Social and Citizenship Competence. To reach our aim, this paper made a special analysis with the data of the Spanish General Diagnostic Evaluation -2009- to 28,708 students, and 1341 teachers of 887 schools. The use of Multilevel Model Analysis with three levels shows the impact of each evaluation strategy on the four competencies studied. Our study confirms those teachers who prepare exams after each lesson, give homework, review notebooks, and value the interest and participation of students in classroom do better. On the other side, we have found an inverse relationship between prepare quarterly exams and the skill development of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies on the American democracy promotion policy towards Francoist Spain have been many years relegated once taken for granted the propagandistic nature of the American public discourse. However, in order to assess what were Washington’s real aims and determinants in its relations with Franco and his regime, in the first part of this article we briefly examine the changes operated in American geostrategic conceptions from the 30s onwards. In the second part, in what constitutes the core of this paper, a more detailed focus is put on the examination of the Spanish case from the documentation on Spain between the years 1945-1973 preserved in the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) at College Park, Md. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to study the way Spanish society looked at the economic crisis started at the second half of the 70’s and developed during the first steps of the Spanish transition to democracy. In order to research into the most spread topics and to discover which aspects of that crisis were considered most important, cartoons published by the main Spanish newspapers have been analysed. Those papers have been selected not only by their circulation, but also by their representation of different social groups or ideological tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the soap opera is a format that has an installed place in television schedule. It serves to structure relevant home-grown productions. That is why this paper reflects on the evolution of this genre in the Spanish case. Different stages in its development will be described, starting with the release of Latin American soap operas and ending with its redefinition as a home-grown model. Afterward, we will explain the processes and resources it uses in order to adapt itself to national audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the announced reform of the Organic Law on Religious Freedom in Spain, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the grounds on which the reform process should rest and the main points it should address. Different proposals are made regarding both the individual and collective subject of religious freedom, in order to achieve the best possible legal framework for the free exercise of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since J. Brewer's description of Britain as a fiscal-military state, the expression has become a source of inspiration for other country's studies, as well as a methodological tool to examine the relationship between military spending, the Treasure, the Central Administration's organization and the economy of states. This methodology of study has been applied a few times to eighteenth century Spain, assuming in a way or another, that Spain was also a fiscal-military state at that time. Nevertheless, its final defeat against Britain invites us to consider not only what kind of a fiscal-military state could Spain have been, but if it really can be considered like that. As an alternative reflection, this paper argues that Spain could have not been a fiscal-military state, a description that in the end, can give us a better explanation of the Spanish final military and naval defeat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development which has recently taken place in Social Pedagogy is an academic, social and professional answer to new educational needs which have been demanded by the society in the last years. At the present time, it is a living creative and expansionist time. This situation is known as "Social Pedagogy in construction", and it implies a concept of Social Education which is seen as an important agent for social change. Nowadays, the most important priority is giving an appropriate answer in order to solve sociocultural problems. To do so, socioeducational strategies of intervention are expected. In this paper, we try to provide objective and scientific knowledge about the development of this pedagogical science, its current reality and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]