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Among the large field of human social sciences, demography is, probably, the most comprehensive. Nevertheless, the main aim of this issue is to advance in the knowledge that demography plays in order to find explanations and solutions to social problems. Scientific debates and published papers on demography and populations are focussed around two almost antagonist doctrines. One of them maintains a line of neutrality and tries to improve instrumental possibilities of assessment. The other one look for a line of compromise with real problems, and set the values as a priority. With this issue we pretend to underline the importance of the relationship between demography and specific socioeconomic problems to prevent them and to look for future solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]