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Energy poverty is a phenomenon understood as the result of conditions extrinsic and intrinsic to the household, although it is within this space where it manifests with greater intensity. This article identifies and analyzes the strategies deployed by households and, particularly, by women as the main historical responsible parties for the management of household resources to mitigate the causes and consequences of energy poverty in an electricitydependent urban locality in Argentina. Using the focus group technique, the study takes the voices of the protagonists and their experiences to qualitatively identify and analyze the strategies and practices women deploy in their daily lives to alleviate the consequences of energy poverty. These strategies and practices impact the organization of household resources and the physical and mental health of women due to their role in domestic and caregiving tasks. Although the women's proposal is to build learning spaces about energy usage that bolster their strategies, this would further reinforce the gendered distribution of domestic labor, which is why this paper suggests the design of multi-scalar policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic research that includes any reference to Santa Fe's municipal female suffrage is scarce and nominal. In this paper, I propose to outline the routes of women's municipal suffrage in the province of Santa Fe. The central exercise is the visibility in order to answer basic, essential questions: what, who, when, where, how, for what, and why. As hypotheses, we propose that changing the scale from a gender perspective will allow us to see different aspects (Fernández "La historia" 19) and "write a more diverse, heterogeneous history, different from the Argentine nation" (Palermo "La historia" 32), which relativizes the predominant "national fact", including female suffrage's histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For dwellers of informal settlements the value of housing is not only determined by its material aspects, but also by immaterial and political elements. The theoretical notion of 'home' by feminist geographers has gradually been introduced in housing studies as a way to counteract the view of housing just as a material need, as well as to introduce a gender approach to housing. Although women have played a key role in accessing housing in Chile, there has been little recognition of this in literature or in practice. The paper presents four aspects of the feminist literature of home in order to discuss a gender approach to the production of informal housing. In order to do this, the paper presents four dimensions: home-making and the emotions that drive it; home-making through the intersectionality of identities; home-making at different territorial scales; and home-making and its political dimension. The dimensions are discussed through a gender-approached research in informal settlements in Viña del Mar, using qualitative methodology with participatory photography and life stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the novel entitled The Autobiography of my mother by Caribbean writer Jamaica Kincaid. An analysis of some of the characteristics of the genre known as "Bildungsroman" concludes that this novel does not belong to that genre. It specifically suggests that the Bildungsroman novel deals with the history of a young male and white character that undergoes a development process accompanied by a mentor until he is able to settle into his rightful social role. On the contrary, Xuela, the protagonist of the novel, is a Caribbean girl growing in a post-colonial world where she rebels against the racial and gender categories imposed on her. Based on José Santiago Fernández' reflections on comparisons between Bildungsroman and colonialism, and Gayle Rubin's and Luce Irigaray's theory of gender and psychoanalysis, this paper analyzes the social models present in the novel and the resources used by Xuela to reject them. This is what precludes the incorporation of this novel into the Bildungsroman genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez" (FPMR) was formed as the armed wing of the Communist Party of Chile (CCP) during the military dictatorship, running operationally since 1983. Among its ranks a number of militant women of different social classes were experiences who contributed at different levels to the struggle for national liberation given by the organization. This paper will explore the memories of three former "rodriguistas" militants, in order to analyze the tensions arising from the act of remembering and put into effect, from the present, past experiences and clandestine militants. From where recall, recall how what is stated and forgotten, are elements to be taken into account to make an approach to the memories of female militancy FPRM. It is noteworthy that the work is proposed not only visible militant experience of women, but also problematizes the party structure itself through a reading from the genre of memoirs of "rodriguistas" women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the experience and strengths of girls and adolescents who work as domestic servants in Peru, living in social exclusion and participate in the Movement of Children and Adolescents Organized Workers of Peru (MNNATSOP). This will consider the contributions of prominence Child approach, Sociology of Children and the Gender Perspective as to the sexual division of labour in childhood. We analyse the origin and context of labour migration situations experienced by girls, the invisibility of domestic work, and the role of money, discrimination and violation of their rights, how they express gender roles, expectations and ways involved in social organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to approach from a variationist point of view a specific type of discursive markers in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile: interrogative markers of contact control. For this purpose, we identified the particles that perform that function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the PRESEEA Sociolinguistic Corpus in Santiago, Chile were. On the one hand, we analyzed the behavior of such markers in the variety of Chilean Spanish indicated above and, on the other hand, we established their distribution in a socially stratified sample of Santiago speakers. For the study of these particles, we applied Briz (2001), Martin Zorraquino and Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concepts and classifications of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) for quantitative analysis. The analysis considered the «interrogative marker of contact control» as a sociolinguistic variable with one or more values or variants (markers). Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with the subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of the discourse markers found in the interviews we carried out a quantitative analysis according to the variables age, sex, gender and educational level of the interviewees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reflection about the discrimination we exert through language in different cultures. Most of the time, we do not realise of that situation because many of these linguistic facts seem to be normal for us due to, among many other reasons, the acceptance of the grammar rules. There are some references to the differences of usage of daily words and their connotations, and some suggestions are given in order to change the usage of certain structures to make language more inclusive. Finally, there is an invitation to think over the possibility of change of attitude to finish with such expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cases presented here from the end of the XVIIIth century concerning two midwives, one finds the action work of the juridical power as a representatives of medical knowledge used against two who have what might be considered traditional knowledge. These cases have received different historical interpretations. A review of these interpretations, as well as current debates, are exhibited next, followed by a transcription of the papers that compose these judicial pieces. The transcription and publication of these documents is to present to investigators, documents that have not received the proper attention in current historical debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]