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In this research we present a sociolinguistic study on the variation of the/s/in implosive position in the Spanish spoken in the city of Seville. For this purpose, the work is based on PRESEEA materials from the high educational level of Seville's citizens, which in made of semi-structured surveys recollected between 2012 and 2014. The results have been obtained through a quantitative study of the data and after a application of stadistic correlations and logistic regression analyses in order to observe the influence of the independent variables in the pronunciation of the/s/implosive consonant when all the factors act simultaneously. The aim of this paper is to analyze what linguistic and social factors influence the production of the different articulatory variants of the phoneme/s/(sibilance, aspiration, elisión, assimilation and aspiration with assimilation). The results show that the aspirated allophone [h] is the most frequent variant, reaching the highest percentages, followed by the elision, which contrasts with the results obtained in others linguistic communities of Andalusia (e.g.: Málaga, Jaén, Granada) where it is observed that the most used variant is the elision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary era of globalization, there is persistent pressure on minority languages from the dominant languages, partly because many minority language speakers find shifting to a dominant one a profitable choice. Language policy scholarship through the past decades, whether top-down or bottom-up, also registers that many minority speakers intend to preserve or reclaim their languages as active agents through everyday interactions and the transmission of the language within the home or in the community despite these external pressures. Based on Stroud's (2018) analytical framework of 'sociolinguistic citizenship' that investigates questions of power, ideology, legitimacy and marginalisation, this paper examines the multifarious layers between governmental language policies and how they are interpreted, implemented or negotiated by a wide range of social actors (e.g., parents, students, teachers, activists), revealing ideological spaces for the use or non-use of Galician, an official minority language spoken in a bilingual community of northwestern Spain. Using various qualitative research tools, including field observations, interviews and focus groups, we demonstrate how these actors become policy intermediaries on the ground and argue that their under-the-radar participation in the policy discourse may appear extremely intermittent and ad hoc, but their microcosmic interrogation of the dominant Castilian discourse through individual actions, when translates into collective mobilisations can lead to bottom-up language policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a reflection on the theoretical and empirical relevance of approaching the study of historical linguistic change study considering marginalia, that is, phenomena that are typologically unexceptional, but which have been ignored in linguistic research. The objective is to draw attention to the tunnel vision that linguistic theories usually entail for those who work within them, since the paradigms themselves and the study methods that are developed within such theories lead to ignoring certain linguistic phenomena relevant to the study of languages which are relegated to the margins of linguistic description. In order to prove the relevance of these marginalia, we will point out the importance they have had for the advancement of linguistic theories in the last two hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the controversy over the creation of the Canarian Academy of Language. I adopt a glottopolitical perspective that considers institutional linguistic descriptions as interventions in the public space of language in order to maintain power and organize specific social orders. I examine the antecedents of the study of Atlantic Spanish and Spanish in the Canary Islands from the fifties to the nineties at the Universidad de La Laguna, and I observe a break in the language discourses that construct Canarian Spanish as a symbol of identity, a result of the dynamics of quasi–nationalism in the state of the autonomies. The need for the Canarian Academy of Language functioned as part of the rhetoric of the abandonment of the state and was established in terms of repairing a sociolinguistic trauma that would be solved with the action of philologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon an extensive revision of archival sources as well as of the Annual Reports (Memorias) of Chile’s Indian Protectorate (Protectorado de Indígenas), this paper proposes to study the mediators and socio-linguistic mediation practices employed by the institutions responsible for the settlement and relocation of the Mapuche people after their defeat under Chilean occupation forces (1894-1930). These institutions were the Protectorado –agency in charge of the legal defense of the Mapuche– and the Comisión de Radicación –which established the land to which a Mapuche family group could be entitled and drafted the entitlement (Título de Merced). The Protectorado had offices in five provinces south of the Biobío river (Arauco, Malleco, Cautín, Valdivia and Llanquihue), with a staff composed of interpreters, secretaries, engineers, assistants and the protectors themselves, usually lawyers. The Protectorado and the Comisión became the government’s judiciary agencies applying the Indian settlement laws and procedures to force the Mapuche population to live in a system akin to reservations (comunidades). They were thus the agencies closest to the indigenous needs and demands during this period. Three characters were key to socio-linguistic mediation required by these agencies: the formal interpreters, officially called “portero-intérprete” as they acted also as janitors, the informal “tinterillos” (pettifoggers) of Mapuche origin, and the “lenguaraces”, mediators of mixed origin, a version of the old frontier military interpreters. All of them had a role in the bureaucratic and judiciary processes administered by the State’s tutelary regime of occupation. We intend to show that the study of these institutions can shed some light into the practices of linguistic contact, translation, communication and mediation, bilingualism and the eventual imposition of Spanish as the dominant language during the difficult period in which the Mapuche society strove to preserve the rights to their lands confronting the Chilean and foreign colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I study the sociolinguistic representations in press articles, conferences and discourses of the Uruguayan writer Juan Zorrilla de San Martín (1855-1931), a prominent intellectual of the generation of 80 in Uruguay and cultural referent of the nationality, written in the State construction period in the late Nineteenth century. In his speeches he was concerned to create a national character that would differentiate Uruguay from Spain and the rest of the Spanish-American countries, but without losing the ties and the Hispanic identity. In particular I study two nationalist representations that appear in their speeches with the denominations Hispanic nation and Atlantic subtropical nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted that in oral exchanges with, for example, family members, friends, and co-workers, speakers of Chilean Spanish alternate between verbal tuteo and verbal voseo. In this paper, drawing on a corpus of conversational interactions between relatives and friends from Santiago, I examine the relative frequency with which these speakers use verbal voseo in relation to verbal tuteo, and I explore the social and linguistic factors that determine the variation, paying particular attention to the parameters that affect the use of verbal voseo. In addition, I compare the distributions observed here with those observed in previous studies that base their analyses on corpora that contain less natural communicative contexts. The results indicate that, in spontaneous conversational interactions, the speakers use verbal voseo with a frequency much greater than the frequency with which they use verbal tuteo as well as the frequencies observed in previous studies. This, and the fact that verbal voseo is conditioned by an interaction between the gender and the age of the speakers, as well as by the specificity of their interlocutors, shows that speakers of Chilean Spanish born in Santiago assign covert prestige to verbal voseo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative sociolinguistic analysis of intervocalic obstruent consonant /d/ variation in urban Granada and Malaga (Spain). To do so, two perfectly comparable spoken corpuses gathered in the frame of the PrESEEa-Project were used. Given that /d/ deletion is quite frequent in southern varieties of Castilian Spanish, our analysis zoomed in on consonant deletion vs. maintenance regardless of the differences of intensity or tension perceptible in maintained consonantal variants. Prior to the comparative analysis itself, an exhaustive bivariate analysis was performed considering both linguistic and speaker (stylistic and social) variables, as well as their respective interaction. Therefore, we carried out two multivariate comparative analyses, the first one involving separate parallel analyses of data from both corpuses and the second one being an integrated analysis of the whole data. Results were amazingly similar for both towns and tend to confirm those obtained for other areas both in Spain and America, basically regarding the fundamental weight of internal factors on /d/ variation (i.e. consonant maintenance in word-roots vs. deletion in morphemes). However, they contradict most of previous results with regard to the effect of the speaker variables (i.e. younger speakers' leadership on /d/ deletion). Finally, conflict sites reveal sharper social stratification and age differences in Malaga than in Granada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the singular or plural agreement between Spanish verb haber with existential meaning and its plural argument, in 108 interviews collected in Mexico City as a part of a sociolinguistic corpus structured by age, gender and educational level. All relevant data (633) are considered. For the analysis, the proposed methodology in the "Project for the sociolinguistic study of Spanish from Spain and from America (PrESEEa)" is followed, using a wide range of linguistic and social variables. The results are subjected to rigorous statistical analysis and compared with those obtained in other studies. The singular/plural alternative has received considerable attention in the field of study of linguistic variation in Spanish. Mexico City Spanish is grouped with other conservative areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at describing and interpreting the discourse of bilingual speakers of Spanish-Chedungun in the context of an approach to a social construction of the language. An approach to different discourses regarding Chedungun may allow the understanding of the attitudes, social representations and language loyalties of speakers. We analyzed the discourse of bilingual elders, adults and young people recognized in their respective communities. The present qualitative-exploratory study is framed in the field of Ethnolinguistics. The data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, as part of ethnographic field work in the Fondecyt Iniciación 11110362 "Caracterización etnolingüística de producción y reproducción de la lengua mapuche rural en comunidades pehuenches de Pitril y Caillaqui, Alto Bio-Bio", and the Master thesis "Creencias religiosas y chedungun en las comunidades mapuche en conflicto de la zona de Nahuelbuta". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to approach the dictionary as an important element in all of Andres Bello's work as well as to bring forth some of The Humanist's ideas concerning his lexicographical conception, his critical method and his writing process unfolding language itself, by means of seizing the dictionary and its related discipline. Moreover, it intends to offer an overview of his approach to dictionaries and his affection for them. It seeks to stand as evidence of studious passions and predilections for productions committed to the field of reference, as well as aiming to speculate on the role the dictionary has always had as an instrument that reproduces a verbal picture of the world, and the explanation of those words that help us to found it, understand it and name it. All in all, this is an outline of Bello's approach to Linguistics, faithful to the scientific description of the language, yet considering at all instances what the knowledge of the language owes to the knowledge of historical, social, cultural, and aesthetic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the scientific contribution of Dr. Rodolfo Lenz, German scholar, to the knowledge of Mapuche or Mapudungu(n), the main indigenous language of Chile, and the culture associated with it. His task was therefore ethnolinguistic, based on data obtained from competent native speakers. More than a century later, his work is still valid, and its knowledge is mandatory for those seeking to explore thoroughly the Mapuche culture and language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to extend our approach, in San Martín (2004-2005), to a specific type of discourse marker in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile from variationist point of view: the reformulation of detachment markers. For this purpose, the particles that met the above function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the Sociolinguistic Corpus of PRESEEA in Santiago, Chile were identified. On the one hand, we analyze the behavior of such markers in the range indicated above and, on the other hand, we provide the distribution of employment in a socially stratified sample of Santiago's speakers. For the study of these particles, the Martin zorraquino & Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concept and classification of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) and Carbonero & Santana (2010) for his social quantitative analysis, is applied. The analysis considered the "reformulation of detachment" as a sociolinguistic variable with the following values or variants (markers): igual, de todas maneras, en todo caso y de todas formas. Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of discourse markers registered it preceded its quantitative analysis according to the variables: age, sex-gender and educational level of the interviewees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to study the vitality of the subjunctive in the Spanish speech of Mexico City and find alternations with the indicative. To this purpose 1164 samples of subjunctive forms in 18 speakers from the Sociolinguistic Corpus of Mexico City were examined. As linguistic variables, tense, the conventionality of the construction, the form of the utterance, its syntactic context, and main semantic-pragmatic values were analyzed; polarity, factuality, probability, assertiveness and interchangeability with the indicative were also taken into account. The sociolinguistic variables considered were level of education, age, and gender. The study reaffirms the full vitality of the subjunctive (especially in people with more education, youth and women). The most common subjunctive tenses are the present and the past. Syntactic contexts and semantic and pragmatic values are important to characterize the use of the subjunctive, but in order to understand the alternation with the indicative, it is necessary to consider the factuality, probability and assertiveness involved in each specific instance. More detailed study of the 439 cases of relative interchangeability with the indicative could be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We base this paper on the linguistic study of seven letters selected from the Archivo General de Indias. Their interest resides in the signature of their writers, in this case women, who answer their relatives about their move to the New World. The analysis of the linguistic, graphemic, phonetic, grammatical and lexical phenomena, shows variants of less formal records and in many cases attributable to the poor cultural level of their scribes, as well as to the possible connotations of style that the feminine condition explains. The textual typology follows the intimist structure of these missives between relatives, but it reveals contrastive expressions and uses from a sociolinguistic perspective, with preferences in the idiomatic resources of the women immersed in American colonial emigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to approach from a variationist point of view a specific type of discursive markers in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile: interrogative markers of contact control. For this purpose, we identified the particles that perform that function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the PRESEEA Sociolinguistic Corpus in Santiago, Chile were. On the one hand, we analyzed the behavior of such markers in the variety of Chilean Spanish indicated above and, on the other hand, we established their distribution in a socially stratified sample of Santiago speakers. For the study of these particles, we applied Briz (2001), Martin Zorraquino and Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concepts and classifications of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) for quantitative analysis. The analysis considered the «interrogative marker of contact control» as a sociolinguistic variable with one or more values or variants (markers). Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with the subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of the discourse markers found in the interviews we carried out a quantitative analysis according to the variables age, sex, gender and educational level of the interviewees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reflection about the discrimination we exert through language in different cultures. Most of the time, we do not realise of that situation because many of these linguistic facts seem to be normal for us due to, among many other reasons, the acceptance of the grammar rules. There are some references to the differences of usage of daily words and their connotations, and some suggestions are given in order to change the usage of certain structures to make language more inclusive. Finally, there is an invitation to think over the possibility of change of attitude to finish with such expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have focused on the (inevitable?) ideological bias present in lexicographic works --as approached by Ethnolexicography--and, to a lesser extent, in grammatical treatises --what is now called Ethnogrammar. Our aim in this paper is to contribute a review of an orthographic handbook to that ethnographic area, entitled Plan concéntrico de ortografía --written in the second half of the 20th c. by Nicasio H. García, an inspector of Primary Education, and published in Montevideo in 1947 (2nd edition). A number of textual features in this book reflect the specific political and socio-cultural context. In the present study, therefore, we put forward the creation of a new sub-discipline, akin to those already mentioned, which can be named Ethnorthography, also included in the super-ordinate Glotopolitics, the science that addresses the various ways in which society acts upon languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]