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Copyright of Territorios: Revista de Estudios Regionales y Urbanos is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Territorios: Revista de Estudios Regionales y Urbanos is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Territorios: Revista de Estudios Regionales y Urbanos is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dearq is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Territorios: Revista de Estudios Regionales y Urbanos is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents results of the project "Territorial public policy in Medellín, actors, resources and opportunities. The public policies of forced displacement, and sexual and gender diversity". It proposes a reading of collective actions of the victim population in Medellín, regarding with territorial public policy in attention to victims. So it continues with a research agenda on these two issues and their relationships: the collective actions of the victims and territorial public policies in Medellín and Antioquia. In this text is developed a general context of the public policy of attention to the victims and a little history of the forced displacement policy. Also makes an approach to the collective actions of the victims in the territorial public policy, briefly discusses what happens from national policies to the territories, the relation expressed in the decentralization and territorial approaches. This paper ends with some considerations on the relationship at Medellín between collective action and public policy for the victims of the armed conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the existing literature in Colombia on the International Labour Organization (ilo), as well as a study of its organizational structure, procedures, rules and their applicability in the Colombian legal system, at the constitutional level. This paper also makes an account of the beginnings and the structure of the ilo. The International Labour Standards (ils), their procedure, their obligations and their enforcement mechanisms are also examined throughout this paper. Finally, the decisions of the Governing Body of the ilo are analyzed through its different committees, all of them in the light of the Colombian constitutional jurisprudence. The paper closes with a critical conclusion regarding the Colombian Constitutional Court's decisions related to the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a discrepancy concerning resilience. International institutions such as ISDR try to promote resilience as a notion useful for preventing disasters. And some searchers, mainly coming from ecology, such as Resilience Alliance group, found the notion relevant enough to promote it as a brand for their studies on disaster prevention. Yet, the second part of the paper will verify how other searchers are still not convinced by the relevance of the notion. Territorial managers are reluctant as well, in line with the poor number of policies trying to bring resilience to reality, be it in Columbia or in France. How can we make sense of this discrepancy? The paper will stress on various political, institutional and cultural conditionings hidden behind the notion. It will also enlighten the contradictions embedded within the notion, because resilience, as disaster, depends on the scales and the actors the analysis relies on first. Which resilience to whom and at what scale? These are critical questions that should be addressed in order to give sense to these contradictions. Resilience has no absolute meaning. However, it helps identifying trends towards future disasters. This is one of the main reasons why it may be found useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this paper is to integrate mobility as across component of the management of specific public actions. The case of study concerns the public health services in Argentina, and mother's mobility conditions in the suburban of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. In terms of methodology, the paper working on the concept of access trying to identify, measure and evaluate the relationship between mobility conditions and maternal health care. Access is weighted according to the realization of health services, and not according to the arrival at the places where they are offers. The result is innovative empirical evidence, useful as an indicator to make more relevant the role of mobility within the public agenda of transport and others specific sectors, asa basic social right behind the access that requires coordinated actions and cross-sectoral approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author shows how Ginsburg and Garoupa's discussion of the "eternal search" for the balance between accountability and judicial independence through the design of judicial councils, may inform contexts such as Colombia's. The author also shows some results of a research project that dealt with the most recent nomination of Constitutional Court's Justices in Colombia (2008). Furthermore, the author argues that Garoupa and Ginsburg's paper is useful to explain the shortcut between judicial independence and accountability observed in the 2008 Colombian Constitutional Court's nomination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The execution of the programs directed to the improvement of the tertiary road network depends to a large extent on four entities: the ANI, the INVIAS and the Ministries of Transportation and Postconflict. In this article, which is an adaptation of his paper in the Forum Tertiary Paths for Peace, Luis Fernando Andrade, President of the ANI, says that innovation is necessary in paving methods, in the efficient use of materials that once Have been ignored and the role that academia has in this goal. And, on the other hand, the importance of linking communities in the construction and maintenance of the roads they use daily for the development of their family economies and access to basic services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate, from the essence of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the relationship among such rights and the strengthening and redefinition of the democracy base don't he citizen participation by means of public policy structuring as well as the judicial protection of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to the relationship between land use planning and socioeconomic residential segregation, from the location of social housing in Medellin, Colombia, during the period 2006-2011. The first part introduces the land use regulations regarding the location of social housing, identifying ambiguities in the current spatial plan. Next, we present the intersection of regulatory information and the location of the projects that were under construction during the study period, highlighting the need to consider the location as an important characteristic of social housing and residential segregation as a phenomenon that must be recognized and worked on land use planning in our cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste issue has acquired a growing importance into urban management discussions, particularly in metropolitan areas. Although metropolitan regions were created for integrating public functions of common interest, it appears that the structures, in general, are limited to planning activities. In this context, the democratization process occurred in Brazil during 1980's led to the strengthening of inter-municipal arrangements of voluntary cooperation, acquiring great expressiveness in metropolitan areas, responsible for 60% of waste generated in Brazil. However, despite the consortia emergence as an alternative management of metropolitan territory, its process of setting up and operation is not free of challenges and dilemmas. This paper starts with the hypothesis that inter-municipal consortia in metropolitan areas have high strength asymmetry and weak regional identity among municipalities, conditions that tend to create barriers to its concretization. In this context, this research aims to develop a comparative study of inter-municipal arrangements for solid waste management in the metropolitan areas of Curitiba (pr), Belo Horizonte (bh) and Salvador (ba), by identifying influence degree of regional identity and strength asymmetry in these arrangements. The multiple case study reveals an inverse proportionality relationship between regional identity and strength asymmetry among the municipalities, deeply influenced by political interinstitutional arrangement and the metropolitan area in which they are is inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is the development of an accessibility estimation method as a transport policy assessment tool based on the state of the art of the accessibility concept and measurement techniques, and available information directly related to socioeconomic data, transport demand and supply characteristics for specific areas of Bogotá. Study areas and indicators are defined in order to determine relevant relationships between transport and access to opportunities for individuals with specific socioeconomic characteristics and present mobility conditions. In addition, evaluation of restricted travel budgets scenarios defined both by the standard transport theory and individuals is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the inadequate conjunction between water wealth and urban development, we are constantly having to deal with tragedy, spending huge resources on ongoing repair work on constructions and on helping the lood victims. However, no country is exempt from urban loods, its consequences may be vary according to the characteristics of the cities and their relationships with their bodies of water. After reviewing disaster statistics and the basic concepts of risk, and evaluating typical engineering proposals, this paper introduces some background to the problems in Colombia, and proposes a new form of river management as a solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fermentum: Revista Venezolana de Sociologia y Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

EIn 1997 the Ministry of Environmental Affairs of Colombia adapted its National Cleaner Production Policy as a complementary environmental strategy to introduce prevention oriented approach into management practices of industry. Since then a range of different initiatives have been developed, all focused on the improvement of the environmental performance of companies. The results of the demonstration projects, voluntary agreements, capacity buildings programs among others, sustain the potential of this strategy to combine the reduction of environmental contamination with cost reductions and competitiveness improvement. Now, ten years after its expedition, Cleaner Production (CP) is still an emergent strategy for environmental management and industrial development in Colombian, even when the context of the time period and the main drivers, have changed. When in the early year's incentives to participate and contribute to CP initiatives were closely related to the new developed environmental regulation in Colombia and responses of industry towards those. Now, ten years later, the globalization of the economy and the integration of environmental variables in competitiveness make CP an important strategy to assume corporate social responsibility and respond to market and trade requirements. Taking into account this importance, this article proposes new ideas and strategies for the renovation of the National Cleaner Production Policy in Colombia. The proposed ideas and strategies are based on a: (i) historical review of the different CP initiatives in Colombia, (ii) the experience of the authors who have participated in a broad range of CP initiatives during the last ten years, and (iii) a literature review of CP initiatives and developments mainly published in the Journal of Cleaner Production. The conclusions of this paper show how the Cleaner Production Policy in Colombia has to develop towards an innovative business development strategy, changing its early emphasis of optimizing of existing processes and the implementation of best practices towards the innovation and promotion of cleaner technologies and sustainable business. Also the integration of the National Green Marketing Strategy with the Cleaner Production Policy opens up new perspectives to integrate environmental strategy with business development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the middle of the eighties, the traditional mechanisms of international cooperation started to show some symptoms of exhaustion, generalizing a perception about the weaknesses of such mechanisms to improve the living conditions of the population. At the same time, the greater involvement of sub-national governments in international relationships and the revaluation of local communities in the development strategies fueled the need of thinking in new traditional perspectives of international cooperation. It is in this context that decentralized cooperation emerges as an approach that reclaims the active role of cities and their communities in the international cooperation system, not as simple beneficiaries but as leading actors of initiatives. The European Commission has been pioneer in the design and implementation of specific resource allocation and of decentralized cooperation programs. Among these programs, URB-AL offers the possibility of developing joint initiatives between cities and regions of Latin America and Europe on key issues relative to urban policies. The purpose of this paper is to present URB-AL from a methodology that combines a descriptive analysis of the Program with an approach that takes contextual elements which took part in the program's design and formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goal: The relationship between air pollution and human health has been widely studied in medicine and economics. However, only a few recent articles have estimated the direct impact of air pollution on academic achievement. Methodology: We collect daily air pollution data from all monitoring stations in the city of Santiago, Chile, and combine it with academic results recorded by the National Learning Outcome Assessment System of (SIMCE in Spanish) for fourth grade students over the past decade, to create a unique pooled cross-sectional dataset. Results: Applying different econometric strategies, we find that certain air pollutants have a negative impact on the test scores of the cohort. Our estimated effects are negative and statistically significant, ranging between 0.02 and 0.06 standard deviations. Conclusions: These results seem to be small, but are equivalent to around 30% of a successful educational policy that specifically targets performance. Recommendations: Public policy must consider the positive externalities of reducing air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the government policies related to waterways and water use in Colombia. The author comments on the role of the government in developing environmental protection policy and examines the environmental responsibility of institutions. The impact of everyday water usage on resource management is also explored.

Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antípoda is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el presente trabajo se testea el modelo de gravedad para los principales acuerdos de integración (NAFTA, UE, MERCOSUR y CAN) en el período 1980-1999, utilizando datos de panel y con el objetivo de evaluar los costos y beneficios que generará el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio para las Américas (ALCA). El análisis predominante en la estimación del modelo de gravedad es de corte transversal y minoritario en series de tiempo. Sin embargo, todas las aplicaciones incurren en problemas de mala especificación econométrica debido a que no toman en cuenta la heterogeneidad (efecto país) y el efecto cíclico (tiempo) de las relaciones bilaterales entre los países. Por consiguiente, se producen estimadores sesgados en presencia de correlación entre los regresores, lo que implica que los errores estándar en las predicciones sean muy grandes. En este sentido, se utilizan datos de panel que demuestran que la especificación econométrica correcta de un modelo de gravedad debería ser de efectos fijos país y tiempo, corroborado mediante el test de Hausman (1978) y fundamentado por la explicación de los efectos país como determinísticamente asociados a factores históricos, políticos, institucionales y geográficos. Asimismo, se realizan estimaciones en diferentes especificaciones y modelos. Adicionalmente, se consideran los parámetros mediante el modelo de Panel de Corrección de Errores Estándar (PCSE) para chequear que el método Mínimos Cuadrados Generalizados Factibles (MCGF) no esté subestimando la covarianza de los errores. En el examen de los efectos de los distintos acuerdos de libre comercio se encuentra evidencia de que la integración de las economías a dichos acuerdos genera comercio. Las principales implicancias son de doble índole. Primero, referente a la correcta estimación de los flujos comerciales típicamente sesgados en corte transversal. Segundo, el conocimiento de las propensiones a importar (exportar) de los países permite identificar los mercados potenciales guiando a los policy makers en los procesos de negociación de los acuerdos comerciales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]