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This article analyzes various intellectual practices tied to the use of public and private documents in the practice of history in Argentina over the second half of the nineteenth century. Starting from the "question of limits," this essay analyzes the work of bibliophiles Manuel Ricardo Trelles and Juan Martín Leguizamón, both of whom tried to historically reconstruct the territorial unity of Argentina. it shows how this work lies at the crossroads of antiquarian studies, History, and Natural History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a call for papers on the topic of digital history and the use of Internet in historical research, to be published in a future issue of the journal.

This paper discusses the possible local history boundaries within the paradigm of global history. Based on the questioning to the existing equation between local and global, by means of an analogy between micro and macro levels, the current research attempts to rebuild the methodological implications of the so-called "Spatial turn". Likewise, it analyzes the contradictions of the metaphorical analysis of space. Particularly, this research will focus on the rejection to the endogenous explanations of global history. This, in turn, contributes to the highlighting of the analytical boundaries of the circulation paradigm on which this is, likewise, based on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine conservation has become one of the main factors in the transformation of oceans, reshaping the relations of power which define the future of such zones, with the participation of diverse agents in decision-making. This paper analyzes the creation of Marine Protected Areas in the Corcovado Gulf in Chilean Northern Patagonia. It reveals that these Marine Protected Areas are i) a response to a controversial process of territorial transformation, aggravated by the expansion of the salmon industry and calls for the conservation of biodiversity; ii) the emergence of a conservationist assemblage, based on the idea of collective efforts, and its involvement in a multi-agent network of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the situation of the Portuguese daily press during the last years of the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo, deposed in 1974, by identifying the opportunities and constraints placed upon the press industry. To this end, we will explore external forces (or macro-environmental elements) that influenced the production and reception of newspapers. We will focus specifically on political, economic, and technological forces. With this, we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of the Portuguese news-paper industry in a time in which large economic and financial groups purchased many newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about how the office of the Bishop was managed and the Diocese of Montevideo created (1878) during the administration of coronel Lorenzo Latorre, considering how the government, the Church in Uruguay, and the Holy See in Rome contributed to its success. It analyzes the difficulties of installing the Ecclesiastical Council and the Conciliar Seminary, as disposed by the Papal Bull at the beginning of the 19th century. The paper shows how the sustained right of Patronage of the State conditioned the institutional development of the Montevideo Diocese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the various actions taken by the authorities of the state of Zacatecas (Mexico) during the First Federal Republic (1824-1835), in order to find solutions to problems related to the exercise of patronage and related topics. It shows that these proposals were useful to defend and drive federalism, and to advance a project to create a secular and liberal State and society. The paper concludes that the attempt to apply this was ambiguous, as it became part of the "pitfalls" that prevented the first federalism from consolidating by contributing to the division of local and national political groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the distribution of specialized subjects devoted to health care in the Argentine territory according to the First National Census (1869). We present statistical estimations and visual resources that contribute to illustrate the logic of the absolute and relative presence of graduates and empirical practitioners. By articulating census data with input from specialized bibliography, the paper provide evidence for certain variables associated with the presence of the State, the differential socio-economic development of the regions, and the rural-urban splits in the long first half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies certain forms of violence which occurred during the conquest of Antioquia between 1540 and 1550. As this province was a border area, both because of the aboriginal resistance and because of the confrontation between the governorates of Cartagena and Popayan, war and punishment against indigenous peoples was gruesome, even for the context of the Conquest. The aim of the paper is not to study the uniqueness of Antioquia, but to show that the border war was an imperial problem and that it relaxed morals allowing a punitive system foreign to civilized confrontation but valid in peripheral areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the representations, practices and cultural expressions carried out by groups of Bolivian immigrants and their descendants in the cities of Olavarria, Tandil and Azul in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. For this purpose, the three case studies presented are analyzed based on the theoretical notions of identities and ethnic groups proper to the field of social anthropology. It thus seeks to contribute to knowledge about the construction of the identities of Bolivian immigrants in Argentina and, especially, to the discussion of those perspectives that propose the cultural assimilation of these groups into the host society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explain the history, sources and variations relating to the grand strategy of United States with regard to international security. In particular, it argues that there is a strategy which defines the interests and values that the US governments must defend, regardless of their ideological positions, which can be principally understood in terms of their beliefs on defensive and offensive realism, as well as exemplary liberalism and crusade liberalism. Rather than being conceived as theoretical or analytical stances, these variations of American realism and liberalism are seen as doctrines which have been developing historically since independence. Given that this grand strategy constitutes an institutional framework which is difficult to avoid, the paper explains, through the use of examples, the way in which the governments under George W. Bush Jr. and Barack H. Obama appropriated this strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the transformation process of the Colombian Army between 1960 and 1965, which was driven by the political decisions of the rulers, the intervention of the Armed Forces, and by factual gambles made by the military to eliminate the first revolutionary guerillas. Through this, we expect to argue two hypotheses: first that the relationship between the Army and the civilian government was ambiguous during a period of institutional transition; and, second, that political subordination and military autonomy were breached by the intromission of military players in the political scene, and by rulers in the military scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the military expeditions deployed In the Darien between 1784 and 1790, with the goal of pre-senting the reduction model designed and implemented in this province. The article also alms to expose the com-mercial underpinnings of the expeditions that may have had social effects upon the region, its indigenous inhabit-ants, and the Neogranadine Vlceroyship. This is done to support the argument that the Viceroy's offensive in the Darien combined persuasive and violent methods driven by the English and that resulted In the mobilization of large amounts of resources, important diplomatic actions, and the transportation of people from various places on the Atlantic. The paper also supports the argument that, despite their apparent magnitude, the expeditions were not effective due to the power of the Indigenous peoples In negotiating with colonial authorities and evad-ing them, as well as to the weak presence of local colonization agents that could protect the new foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo examina as causas pelas quais a assembleia anfictiónica, convocada por Simón Bolívar para unir as novas repúblicas americanas, nào pode ter sessào no México após sua transferência do Panamá em 1826. Definem-se as posiçôes dos ministros plenipotenciários apelando a fontes primárias e a documentos da época, incluida urna minuta inédita da reuniào dos ministros dos Estados Unidos e da Grâ-Colômbia. Este último docu-mento, cuja importância é contextualizada neste artigo, permite conhecer a controvérsia que dividiu os hispano-americanos em torno da possibilidade de instalar a assembleia sem esperar a ratificaçào dos tratados do Istmo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the disputes that took place in rural towns during the Buenos Aires Campaign for the control of military commands. We seek to identify the opportunities that arose during the revolutionary process to transform the local government in a context of deep contradictions between the will of the upper government to control the campaign, and the aspirations of self-government of the towns. Through this, we identify some of the components of the political cultures that were a product of a singular combination and selective appropriation of colonial traditions and revolutionary discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moon is a celestial body of huge importance in human culture and has been considered as a world heritage. However, this concept has been in doubt due to the fact that the nations that had the possibility to explore this natural satellite have considered ways of appropriating it. This concern led to the creation in 1979 within the United Nations of a juridical regime that regulated the activities of States in the Moon. Article 11, of these rules established an innovative regime that guarantied the equitable access of all countries to the resources allocated in the Moon. This paper explains the context and principles that inspired this agreement, as well as its qualities and defects and describes some proposals in order to improve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia has been a political space where democracy and repression seem to walk on the same path. That is why it is relevant to question how occurred the students' movement called la Séptima Papeleta o Todavía Podemos salvar a Colombia at the end of the 1980s where come together different kinds of violence such as drugs dealers terrorism, illegal armed groups actions, state corruption and murdering of political leaders and citizens. On this scenario appears the question faced on this paper: was there any kind of state repression (control, restriction or rejection against the free exercise of first rank rights and civil freedoms), against the actions developed by the students' movement that established the basis for the 1991 constitutional reform? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizing housemaids to form a trade union has been quite a difficult task because of the characteristics of this occupation, the lack of school education of its members, and the traditional undervaluation and disdain such an important activity generates Not many people are aware of a relatively long history of attempts for organizing these workers and that in the 1940s the foundation of the first domestic service union was set by a Catholic Church initiative through the so-called Catholic Action. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct part of this story, highlighting the paternalistic bias of the organization and, even though the movement had female leadership, activities and development of the union were determined by the support given by the clergy and the ecclesiastical institution. Also, although it was a lay organization in its beginnings, the union served as for the creation of two women religious orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the sensitivity invoked by child issues, specifically regarding abuse, from the standpoint of the construction of the Argentinean National State, focusing particularly on the mediation role that neighborhood communities took on in the central and southern regions of the Buenos Aires province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies some aspects of the diet of three hospitals of the New Granada in the late 18th century. To do this, we analyze accounting records found in the General National Hall of Records which recorded the purchase of foodstuffs in three San Juan de Dios hospitals located in Santafé de Bogotá, Cartagena, and Portobelo (Panama). The ingredients and recipes recorded describe a specific moment in the history of the diet in the hospital, determined by the religious and tributary model of the monastic and conventual world. The foods eaten then were influenced by the economic, cultural, religious, and hygienic circumstances surrounding them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical study of the different procedural systems is a pending task in our legal field. Additionally, it is difficult to find academic texts that develop a global revision and a historical reconstruction of the essential characteristics of the main procedural criminal systems in our time, more precisely, of systems that would allow us to comprehend our existing system and its evolution. This paper's intention is to locate such characteristics and examine said evolution in the context of the new Accusatory System and its Criminal Procedure. In order to do so this study will verify which characteristics and institutions still remain, and which have been transformed or removed from the Colombian criminal procedural system. All this information has been compiled in order to undertake a historical evaluation of our systems of Criminal Procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper defends the validity and relevancy of ethnography/historiography as a specific modality of knowledge production. It does so by presenting and discussing the cases of an archaeologist who says he is one thousand years old, of an anthropologist who decided to make a poem about his ethnography, and of and ethnographer-historian who analyzes, under the name of "history", the production of Nasa and Cumbal memorialistas. The central argument is constructed around a commitment to the ethnographic/historiographic truth. It uses the metaphors of inside/outside with which Joanne Rappaport analyzes the commotion she goes through in her relationship with Nasa intellectuals. This inside/outside topic is read initially as the transit between the field and the archive. The outside is taken as the "conceptualizing knowledge" positioned between two forms of socio-historic reality, one existing within the discourse and the other without. The first takes in, describes and re-describes the second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the possible continuity between some practices of history and some proposals of the cultural studies, reading this continuity as a practice very common at the moment in which old and new intellectual trajectories converge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia there are few references related to the study on the production, circulation and consumption of Colonial wares and even scarcer are those that refer to industrial pottery. As such we are interested in opening the path for retrospective and interdisciplinary research on some aspects of the historical context in which these activities were immersed. The objective of this paper is to understand the purported effects that a factory for fine pottery established in Bogotá in the 19th century should have in this environment. A new socioeconomic order and the ending of traditions rooted in the Colonial regime were expected, based on the ideals of progress divulged by English industrialists. With this in mind the production technology, including its work regulation strategies and the pottery decorative styles, as a way of influencing daily consumption practices, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, faunal remains in prehistorical and historical archeological contexts have been interpreted as a direct reflex of economic activities related to subsistence and diet. However, although this information is important, taken only as this disregards the huge potential that the study of cultural patterns associated to the selection, distribution, acquisition and consumption of fauna offers in relation to other aspects of everyday life and to the social and cultural transformation processes in general. In this paper and under this perspective the results from faunal samples corresponding to the second half of the 19th century when Quinta Bolivar was occupied are presented. Some of the inherent problems when interpreting social and economical differences and ethnic groups based on faunal remains are discussed in particular. Likewise, the importance of accompanying this type of analysis with documentary information relative to, among other aspects, the marketing, distribution, supply and value of meat cuts for the epoch is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present an interpretive proposal for one of the most common archaeological phenomenon in the Valley of Popayán, i.e., glazed ware, and thereby demonstrate that the disciplinary studies focused on the Colonial and Republican periods may be more useful than the simple corroboration of events told in history texts. In this sense, the mentioned work is more than a substantive production of the so-called historical archaeology and it is specifically circumscribed as a proposal within the framework of material culture studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]