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This paper analyzes the development of Pitrufquén (located in the Araucanía Region, Chile, and founded in 1897) from a historical, territorial, urban, and architectural point of view. It is proposed that the city’s development is framed in a new moment, where the Chilean State abandons military criteria and assumes economic-territorial factors where the railroad’s presence is a determining factor. The choice of the site, its particular layout, and the development of its architecture are evidence of this change. From the historical point of view, it is analyzed how, in Pitrufquén, the Mapuche society had cattle raising as the main economic activity, as it had pastures to feed the cattle, the land was suitable for crops, and there was a vital ford to cross the Toltén River. This strategic location was maintained and accentuated by the city’s founding and the railroad’s arrival in 1898, turning the town into a railhead for progress towards the south of the country. In the case of the urban layout, its peculiarity was addressed since, together with Lonquimay, these are the only sections in the La Araucanía region organized based on an ellipse, which, in the case of Pitrufquén, also coexists with a checkerboard layout. The study analyzed its squares, diagonal avenues, and the perimeter ring road. At an architectural level, the article explores the three layers or aspects of the city: The first one studies the wooden architecture with works from the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the second refers to public architecture, represented by buildings such as the municipality, public services, the post office, and others; and a third layer addresses the modern architecture, such as housing and stores from the period between 1940 and 1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1957, Emilio Duhart Harosteguy was commissioned to plan the physical growth of the University of Concepción for the next 25 years. What would initially be the development of a Master Plan for the entire university, became an elaborate urban-architectural plan, since the commission also included the drawing up of the associated architectural projects. This entailed a double opportunity for Duhart: to provide a coherent structure to the entire urban organization of the university campus and to shape the public space of the whole by means of the precise configuration defined by the new architecture. This paper attempts to reveal the project criteria assembled by the architect for the conformation of the Plaza del Foro Abierto (Open Forum Square), a public space that can be considered as the synthesis of the arguments elaborated by Duhart for the general plan. This square, which the architect himself designated as the center of gravity or heart of the university, has become, sixty years after its genesis, one of the public places with the greatest sense of belonging and identity for the city of Concepcion - the premise upon which this article is based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the visual products that strengthened the image of Chile as a tourist destination between 1933 and 1973. Although their ultimate objective was to promote travel in the territory, what they actually achieved was to strengthen the country's position as a young nation. Through a mainly iconographic analysis based on the images in tourist publications edited by Ferrocarriles del Estado (State Railways), En viaje (Travelling) and Guía del veraneante (Summer Vacationer's Guide), the text attempts to address the tourist country image built by such documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking is, along with cycling, the most sustainable, democratic and healthy transportation mode to travel within a city (Tonucci, 2004; Gehl, 2011). For this reason, walking should be promoted through planning and urban design. In fact, in Chile, the recent National Urban Development Policy (2014) sets out the promotion of pedestrian traffic as an urban mobility objective. This research analyzes the deficiencies and challenges of urban planning and street design in Chile, making a comparative analysis with instruments and urban design standards in Germany which promote pedestrians in the city. Thus, best practices and planning tools are analyzed in depth from case studies that have promoted walking, such as minimum standards, design guidelines, traffic calming and participatory processes, among others. This paper concludes with a proposal of instruments, recommendations and urban design standards to promote the development of pedestrian-oriented streets in Chile and thus a more sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the meaning of the concept of sustainability in tourism and its indiscriminate and widespread use. In many cases, this concept has been transformed into a slogan for justifying certain developmental proposals in the tourism agenda of developing countries. Moreover, attempts are being made to counter the nave conclusion that the mere inclusion of sustainable development in tourism development is sufficient to counteract the harmful social and environmental effects at tourism destinations. This paper highlights some recent initiatives that foster the development of sustainable tourism in some areas and the use of some environmental management tools and methodologies in the planning of tourism activity as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new technological changes have clearly affected pedagogy in Tertiary Education, particularly on the teaching practices. Nevertheless, the most evident changes of technology in the curriculum and organizational structures are just being felt and have strongly impacted traditional state universities. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the process of teaching and learning through the use of virtual learning environments by considering the Universidad del Bío-Bío as a case study. This paper also analyses the role that higher education institutions have in training through computer mediated communication systems, the opportunities for using virtual learning environments in higher education and the built-in capacities for an effective implementation. This reflection aims at answering the question ¿How and to what extent have traditional universities moved towards bi-modals (virtual and face-to-face) ways of education? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews two methodological experiences that analyse the potential development of specific urban- territorial systems. The paper was presented at the V International Seminar-Workshop of the Mexican Network of Cities towards Sustainability that took place in Querétaro in October 2004. The Ministry of Planning and Cooperation of Chile has undertaken various studies related to regional competitiveness oriented to predict and evaluate the positive and negative impact of the recent Free Trade Agreements between Chile and the European Commission, USA and Korea, as well as the future agreement with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries. In terms of urban competitiveness, the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism and the Regional Governments of Antofagasta, Bio-Bio, Valparaiso and Santiago are carrying out interesting studies and projects as part of the program "Cities for the Bicentenary". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of this article is the recognition that crisis is a constant when analyzing Latin America. This article asks how do political democracy and economic liberty interact in this region, considering that both are fundamental to development. After an analysis of Latin American diversity, the paper poses the question "Has the "end" of history reached Latin America with the liberal reforms in the region in the 1990s?", and concludes that the actual crisis is not due to a failure of the liberal model but rather to its limited application and lack of transparency. The paper ends with the suggestion that the region needs the "Chilean consensus", less orthodox than the Washington Consensus, but whose foundation is the transformation of the country's mentality, forming the base of its success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the differences in the return to education between two regions with the greatest number of higher-education institutions in Chile, Biobio and Metropolitana. Several variants of the Mincer equation are estimated under the Heckit approach using data from the CASEN survey of 2000 and 2011. The results confirm the existence of territorial differences to the detriment of the Biobio region, which are observed in the returns to education, labor experience, and credential effect. Furthermore, the evidence supports the idea of a strong gender gap in earnings inside both regions and the presence of ethnic discrimination in the Metropolitana region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the emergence of socio-territorial landscapes in a specific contextual setting: the interior sea of Chiloé (Gulf of Corcovado and Gulf of Ancud) and more specifically, the archipelago in the Quinchao District. Using a theoretical model that includes reflections and ideas from various disciplines of knowledge (philosophy, social ecology, anthropology and geography) brought together under four theoretical concepts (Complexity, Subsistence Strategies, Ways of Inhabiting and Landscapes), it attempts to answer the following question: What landscapes emerge in the Quinchao District, Chiloé Island, from the changes experienced/perceived in subsistence strategies and ways of inhabiting? Strategically, the authors have decided to operate on the basis of specific reference units and focus on some forms of socioenvironmentai interaction as referents of human activity on space, such as traditional activities in the Areas of Management and Exploitation of Benthic Resources (AMERB's) and in the salmon aquaculture industry. The main objective of this work is to elucidate processes of construction of maritime-coastal landscapes by investigating two hypotheses: i) there are territorial emergencies in socio-spatial relations due to the establishment of the salmon industry that update subsistence strategy options and ways of inhabiting; ii) there are fundamental elements in the construction of landscapes that are closely linked to the process of "afford" or enaction, which make it possible to recognize the environment's different identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines from a critical perspective the implementation of social policy in Chile in the areas of Children and Child Sexual Abuse, exploring the tensions emerging in the construction of the intervention in the professional devices involved in social mediation. The thesis sustained is based on the fact that there is an articulation of the social policy from a descending / ascending linear logic, which generates fragmentation and difficulties in promoting an active partenership among the various actors involved in the discussion- design-implementation-evaluation of social intervention process. At the same time, these difficulties weakens the professional teams abilities to translate the principles of the Convention of Childhood Rights into clear guidelines to collect the codes and meanings to enhance their impact on everyday life. The main contribution of this paper is to promote discussion around these issues in order to visualize its impact on the consistency of services delivered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, some modern Chilean housing complexes exhibit an evident state of deterioration. Therefore, their effective characteristics for solving housing problems have been questioned due to excessive rationality and limited capacity for urban integration. However, while the housing market has established a model based on standardization and individuality, an evaluation is necessary of the real characteristics of the main modern constructions. Is it possible that the architectural characteristics of public spaces have driven community development? This article presents the specific case of the "Siete Hermanas" housing complex in Viña del Mar and its process of community development. As will be seen, without a doubt the formal and functional qualities of common spaces prompted the neighborhood's evolution, which in turn created a neighborhood connected to the location. Through a retrospective analysis, carried out with the memories of the original inhabitants, this paper reviews the current state of the complex and its singularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CEPAL building in Santiago de Chile (1960), once built, became an icon of modern architecture in Chile and throughout Latin America. The paper analyses, through the building plans and drawings, the level of involvement of this project with the modernist movement, particularly the close relationship to the contemporary proposals of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh and La Tourette or Ronchamp, immediate points of reference for the CEPAL project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a number of variables that could significantly influence-both positively and negatively-the vehicular transit volume of toll highways in Chile. The study covers the period between 1997 and 2010, and considers all toll roads of the country which were in operation during these years, including urban motorways, those of Route 5 North-South national highway and Transversals. Unlike other research, we considered regional variable built according to the geographical location of each highway. The results show that the variable which primarily explains the behavior of traffic is the region's GDP, which is completely related to the particular economic cycle affecting the country and the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analizes the main lessons that can be collected from the monitoring systems offered in the Regional Development Strategy in the Region del Bio Bio, in order to propose some clues to the development of monitoring systems that allows articulation and flexible adaptation,systematic and permanent in the strategic planning areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galvanizing Service belonging to a company in the city of Talcahuano, presents some shortcomings that prevent, on the one hand, the total control of the process's costs and on the other hand, providing a quality service to the clients. Both situations generate a constant concern in the senior management of the Organization. For such reasons, the present paper elaborates a proposal for improving the process of galvanizing, through an analysis of the current situation with the aim of detecting the main points of the existing problems, which are related to the control of inputs (specifically the consumption of zinc) and with the flow of the information generated in the process. The methodology used is in the first instance, the integrated implementation of a model of "Six Sigma", which will reduce the variability of the thickness of coatings of zinc galvanized materials, and on the other, in the design of a model of the information structure which allows to improve the information flow of the galvanizing process. Finally, Kaplan and Norton model is used to define a structure of management indicators, which allow measuring the performance of the raised improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Catalan architect Germán Rodríguez Arias (Barcelona, 1902-1987) is still fairly unknown in the history of Chilean architecture despite his name being linked to Pablo Neruda, with whom he collaborated in the design of his famous houses in Isla Negra and Santiago. Of all the volume of work the architect left from his years of exile in Chile between 1939 and 1957 -- of variable architectural value to be sure -- only one was built outside the reaches of Santiago, in the city of Chillán. The Cine Central building (1945) played an important role in the social life of the citizens of Chillán, a city just beginning to recover from the earthquake in early 1939, and in spite of the amalgam of new uses it has been put to, it has remained faithful to its original spirit. This paper vindicates the figure of Rodríguez Arias and his contribution to the history of Chilean architecture, explains his arrival in Chile and the motives for asking him to design the Cine Central based on the specific idea of "architecture in exile". The final part of the text focuses on an exploration of the building and its current state of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current globalisation process, some feel that places have lost their distinctiveness and become unified spaces lacking essence. However, it is thanks to this current process of globalisation and the way in which each society and city interacts with it locally and the inevitable daily mobility of urban inhabitants in contemporary cities that it has become possible to rethink the notion of public space based on a new understanding of place. Place takes on new meaning when linked to the inexorable shift from fixed space with meaning, to a mobile space with multiple and simultaneous meanings. This paper delves into there-conceptualisation of place by introducing the idea of mobile places within the practice of urban daily mobility. This is examined through an ethnographic account of mobile place-making accompanied by photographic images that show the appropriation of times and spaces on the move by urban dwellers in Santiago. The research is based on ethnographic work of urban travellers in the city of Santiago within the FONDECYT Research Project No.1090198 "Urban Daily Mobility and Social Exclusion in Santiago de Chile." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main scope of this paper is to design an aggregate planning model within the gynecology and obstetrics service at the Hospital Herminda Martín. First, it was necessary to research the current models that have been applied within health care organizations. After that, it was developed the forecasting models to determine the actual demand, moreover; it was used the tracking signal and the mean absolute deviation as the parameters to justify the best forecasting model. Then, through an integer programming model was calculated the optimal assignation of resources in order to maximize the number of services that the unit offers, subject to limitations of staff and physical resources. Finally, the authors analyzed the limitation of resources and concluded that the bottlenecks are both the surgical unit and the obstetric recovery rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on research related to the incorporation of digital technology into initial teacher training at a regional university. We analyzed syllabi as well as interviews with professors and students of the programs involved, considering the ICT standards for Initial Teacher Preparation recommended by the Ministry of Education (MINEDUC). Results show that despite the fact that educational computing is brought to bear on some subjects, this aspect is also present in the professional profile and across the curriculum as a didactic resource in order to support the teaching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chile and in the world, the 60s is characterized by the emergence of ideologies of youth Rebellion an varied projects of peaceful and violent revolution. The Chilean woman's life is altered dramatically: she joined the various political parties and youth movements, took to the streets to express their political choice, increased participation in education, at work and, finally, liberated sexuality. However, the atmosphere of the times was still highly patriarcal. El movimiento de lzquierda Revoluciónaria (MIR) was a Marxist- Leninist Vanguard the emerge in Chile in 1965, compose main of Young students, men and woman. Despite being revolutionary breakthrough, radical and equitable social ideals have not integrated in a manner equal to their militant women. This paper analyzes the incorporation of Chilean women in civic and social life of the sixties, as a case MIR women who delayed this claim on the basis of party loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of an investigation conducted in 2005, to determine the relationship between family functioning and life events in patients descompensatorios chronic diabetic and hypertensive, who until June was controlled in the Family Health Center Ultraestación of Chillán. It is an association study and identification of risk factors using multivariate analysis models of binary logistic regression. Data collection consisted of the implementation of the Family APGAR test smilkstein to 48 compensated and 70 decompensated patients, between 55 and 64 years of age. The theoretical framework is based on the biopsychosocial model and the socio-ecological model of health. the results were that family functioning is significantly associated with decompensation, being more susceptible to decompensation those subjects from families with moderate or severe dysfunction functionality, there is a greater proportion of patients decompensated in terms of pathology suffered, confirming further presence of these cases in diabetic patients, the sex was also significantly associated with decompensation, which were found mostly women who are weak in their conditions. Moreover, in the context of multivariate logistic regression greatest risk factors of decompensation events are moderate or severe dysfunction, and suffered chronic disease (diabetes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a qualitative and Critical Discourse Analysis of three Chilean newspapers (El Mercurio, La Tercera, La Segunda) an examination has been undertaken of how issues, which according to scientific findings are directly linked to environmental problems and/or climate change. This paper deals mainly with the discourses published by the Chilean newspapers El Mercurio, La Tercera and La Segunda during two weeks in 2007 and hoa they have addressed, or not addressed in those media. The results of the analysis reveal the ideological significance of "the absent", as well as the way by which the modification-process operating within this medium creates a certain order of discourse: neoliberal and neoclassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review on learning improvement at school and classroom levels. Educational research aimed at improving education and schooling argues that dialogic action and applied teaching practices have the potential to achieve continuous improvement and innovation especially in high-risk schools. We argue that there exist two fundamental strategies for school improvement: (1) the descriptive and correlational analysis of variables which affect the learning results, and (2) the promotion and development of a reflective teacher community ready for action within the context of continuous improvement and innovation. In other words, management practices and teaching practices should be adapted in order to achieve higher quality learning results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to test a predictive explanatory model of conceptions related to learning abilities of immigrant students starting from their own immigrant attitudes and their attitudes towards multicultural education. The sample consisted of 740 training teachers aged between 18 and 33. Results show that the individual's attitude towards human rights and willingness to establish relationships with other immigrants are directly related to the value of multicultural education and, that this type of education, in turn, can predict the attribution of academic stereotypes. We conclude that there is a need for a multicultural education in initial teacher training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model of aggregate planning for the optimization of production and installation of Curtain Walls in a manufacturing company. This product is made out by a aluminum structure with crystal that it is installed in front of the buildings. The objective of this study is to design a model of aggregate planning, that allows finding better performances in the company activity, and allow elaborating good-quality budgets. In order that the designed budgets fit to the costs and real operations, giving up the operational decisions that should be made, in order to achieve the company goals. In order to determine some parameters of the model, time study with chronometer was used. Thanks to the implementation of the proposed model, the planning of production and the quality of the budgets got better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joint analysis of individual or family strategies of daily and residential mobility -which is hereby proposed- aims at better understanding both processes, in a context where the home appears not only as an origin or a destination but also as a resource for mobility. This approach allows the observation of the eventual substitution or complementation effects between both areas -daily and residential-, that is to say, when daily travels compensate or, on the contrary, follows the residential mobility pattern. The paper analyzes the integration of the multiple dimensions of mobility, in search for key principles through which meaning is conveyed at the same time by the relationship with the territory, the decisions related to the extension and intensity of mobility, as well as life projects and ethical values. Thus, from the study of poor workers of the far suburb of Paris, we set the bases to discuss its replicability to the case of Santiago of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimated dividend payout using Monte Carlo simulation. The exogenous variables the model was estimated through agency theory. This research was made in Chilean firms in 2001 - 2005, with generalized least squares (GLS) Then endogenous variable was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that Chilean firms pay on average 65% of their profits as dividends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The celebration of the bicentenary year of Darwin's birthday and of 150 years since the publication of his book " Origin of the Species" are the initial beginning of the two events that will occur with occasion of the bicentenary of our national Independence, the year of the biodiversity and of the Congress of the Latin American Genetic Association, ALAG 2010, that will take place in Viña del Mar, Chile. The central conceptual pillars of Darwinism, Descendence with modification and Evolution by Natural Selection represent a revolutionary idea and without counterpart to explain the origin and diversity of the living world which overcomes the biological limits and even has a practical application. The main topic of the ALAG Congress is Latin American Biodiversity: man ad his genetic resources, although these topics will be discussed, at the same time the problems concerning the Genetics that Darwin did not know at his time will be dealt with. On the one hand, it explains the causes of individuality and of human diversity, and on the other the genetic resources as the bases for the stability of the eco-system and human welfare. In order to celebrate the year of the bio-diversity it is important to join the exploitation with the conservation of resources, two apparently opposite forces but that nevertheless have the same name concept of sustainability. In order for development to be sustainable, it is necessary to characterize and monitor space temporarily the potential development change of populations and species, property that lies in its genetic qualities. Finally the article deals with the inherent complexity of the organism-phenotype relation and the environment, when the need l of unifying knowledge appears, an aspect that must be dealt with at the ALAG Congress. The founders and forgers of the Chilean evolution and genetics and other relevant actors in a period of great ideological concern the value of the genetics diversity are mentioned at the end of this s paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a study of key competences among 338 fourth grade technical high school students in Concepción Province, Chile, and the possible relationship with the leadership styles of the school authorities. It focuses on the macro key competences that current students and future workers should develop to suit a wide range of job positions and functions that they have to carry out in their working place, either as simultaneous or alternative work options, along with the capacity to cope with challenges that arise in life. In order to carry out the study, we used a five-scope model, from which we conclude that technical high schools do not show a harmonious development of competences and that it is imperative to study each school's reality in order to improve those aspects that distinguish them, especially the one related to school authorities and teachers' work and leadership style, considering that they are responsible for the suitable learning environment within the school, this article presents the results of the first part of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a study of key competences among 338 fourth grade technical high school students in Concepción Province, Chile, and the possible relationship with the leadership styles of the school authorities. It focuses on the macro key competences that current students and future workers should develop to suit a wide range of job positions and functions that they have to carry out in their working place, either as simultaneous or alternative work options, along with the capacity to cope with challenges that arise in life. In order to carry out the study, we used a five-scope model, from which we conclude that technical high schools do not show a harmonious development of competences and that it is imperative to study each school's reality in order to improve those aspects that distinguish them, especially the one related to school authorities and teachers' work and leadership style, considering that they are responsible for the suitable learning environment within the school. This article presents the results of the first part of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to be an aproximation to the characteristics and variations that the family has experimented in the Araucania Region to beginning for century 20th , it agree to analysis about two fundamentals variables: marriage and divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state-space approach gives an unified representation for a wide range of time series models, such as ARIMA family, time regression models, linear dynamic models. An important model that could be expressed in state-space form is the structural time series model, in which the series are formed by components that have a direct interpretation. These components are trend, season and cycle. The idea is to estimate every component separately together with the parameters of the model, based on the information data collected from the observations. In this paper we use a structural approach in order to isolate and evaluate the trend and seasonal components for unemployment behavior in every province of the Bío-Bío Region, in the context of the present controversy about unemployment dynamic behavior. From our trend component analysis we concluded that there is a high vulnerability of the region when it is struck by external issues. From our seasonal component analysis we concluded that there is a phase shift in seasonal peaks among provinces. This information may be relevant for policy makers when they want to influence on the employment dynamic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location of forest plantations and related economic activities is one of the most relevant territorial transformations in Southern Chile. There are contradictory assessments about their benefits between different stakeholders and at national, regional or local geographical scales: This paper reviews the current territorial management in Collipulli commune, one of the areas most impacted by forestry, taking into consideration either the natural resources basis and the spatial organisation of settlements, land uses and accessibility, using geographical information systems. In terms of Environmental Stratetegical Assessment alternative scenarios of development have been prepared, optimizing land uses, accessibility and connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the project of construction of an industrial complex in the Rio Itata Valley, located in Bío-Bío Región, Ñuble Province, Ranquil Commune, Velenunque area, 54 kilometers North east from Concepción and 34 kilometers south west from Chillán. Ranquil commune or district, according to PNUD., is the least developed in the region and in the country. The proyect of "Empresa Celco Arauco y Constitución S.A." represents an initial investment of US $1.400.000. There is a strong opposition to the project because of the possible pollution that the complex might cause which would affect the sustainable development. However, the current country regulations have made the industrial project possible, this being a historical expectation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]