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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the State in Argentina in the last three decades, based on oil policies, in order to understand its different transformations. The 90s were characterized by an abrupt referential change in the role of the state but especially in the productive and regulatory capacity on hydrocarbons. Despite of the neoliberal paradigm crisis on the beginning of the new millennium, energy policies on hydrocarbons still maintained the previous referential sector strategies. From the analysis of documentary sources and quantitative data, this paper aims to demonstrate how oil policy remains managed by market forces despite the fact that 51 % of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) shares were purchased by the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]