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The use of varnishes as a final coat in graphic work fulfills an aesthetic and protective function. Over time, or due to adverse conditions, these varnishes undergo a series of degradations in their color that can distort the original appearance of the underlying work. Knowing the chromatic variations of these materials is essential for their selection as a conservation varnish. This work collects the results obtained from the colorimetric study carried out on a series of samples of paper with varnish exposing to different physical-chemical tests (humidity, immersion in water, dry heat and accelerated aging) tests that recreate adverse conditions to which this type of woks may be exposed as a consequence of its natural aging, the action of certain degradation factors or the restorative action. For this purpose, Somerset 100% cotton paper has been selected, which has been applied different varnishes of traditional use in graphic works: shellac, gum arabic, egg white, rosin and dammar. The color of these samples has been studied following the CIEL*a*b* 1976 system, calculating the colorimetric differences from the comparison between the reference samples and the samples after the physical-chemical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The excessive consumption of the disposable paper cup causes adverse effects to the environment, requiring passing from the linear model to the circular one. Objective. In this sense, the research focused on international experiences of exploitation in tendency to circular economy regarding disposable cups. Materials and methods. From the bibliographic review, a comparative analysis related to three lines of the circular model was developed. Results Five alternatives for use and three more applied recycling technologies were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile is a landmark case in opening up higher education to the free market and in the reformulation of the logics that regulate scientific production in universities. This translates into a management system for academic staff oriented by productivity bonuses associated with high-impact publications, by the distribution of research funds conditional on the productivity of researchers and by the rank of academic tasks. In this article, we present the results of a study that sought to explore and understand how highly productive social science academics describe scientific writing from everyday labor practice framed in new regulations of scientific production. Through the analysis of 20 interviews, we propose 3 categories: affectivity, fragility and strategy. These give an account of everyday aspects, as well as tensions and conflicts present in the process of scientific writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The paper "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" (Mollusks of Cocos Island) published in the Revista del Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1935) is the translation to Spanish of one of the last works of Paul Biolley Matthey (1862-1908), Swiss naturalist that lived in Costa Rica. This article was one product of a malacological research carried out during a scientific expedition organized by the 'Instituto Físico- Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica' (IFGN) in 1902 to Cocos Island, at a time when the country claimed its sovereignty both in this territory. Objective: To analyze the contributions of the article "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" from the Social History of Science approach. Methods: Most of the researches that have applied this approach in Costa Rica analyze processes of institutionalization of scientific disciplines. The methodology used in these works was very useful for the analysis of the Biolley article, together with the information of historical data provided by other texts about Cocos Island and the development of scientific research in Costa Rica from a temporal perspective. In addition, tables were made to synthesize the classification of the species and genera studied by Biolley in Cocos Island to identify their provenance and the habitat in which they lived. Results: This study of Biolley constitutes a text of interest from the point of view of the Social History of Science, due to the descriptions it offers of the physical conditions of the territory of Cocos Island, of the different species of mollusks located in them and to the exchange of information with national and foreign scientists that show the participation of Biolley in scientific networks. Conclusions: The analysis of the information with the Social History of Science approach, concludes that the compilation of the flora and fauna permits a greater knowledge of the natural resources of the explored territories, in order to colonize them and integrate them into the economic dynamics of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. However, attempts colonize Cocos Island failed given the distance between this and the continent, in addition to the topographic conditions that prevent the permanent establishment of human populations and their productive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of internet in the 1990s transformed the cultural industry on a global scale in a gradual and definitive way and put print journalism at risk. This article aims to investigate, from the analysis of the Brazilian case, the dimension of these changes and try to answer the following issues. How have digital publications transformed the production and dissemination of content? Will the paper publications will still have space? Can alternative digital publications face the big media? Will they take the place of the political-cultural magazines of the past? finally, how can we think the relationships among intellectuals, culture and politcs in the field of cultural and mediatic production? The analysis of these and other issues will start from two temporal perspectives. The first one will be the 1970s, the peak of the military dictatorship, when the so-called alternative press worked as a bastion of resistance to the regime and magazines such as Versus, of Latin American character, circulated. The second will be the current context, with Brazil under a government of the extreme right, in which digital publications seek to act as a counterweight to the voice of the hegemonic media that yesterday supported the dictatorship of 1964, and today the political trial of Dilma Roussef in 2016 and the current government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of school management tasks requires specific training. Studies on leadership agree that such training should be based on reflective practice favored by coaching. This article presents the analysis of the behaviors and intervention strategies of coaches and their relation with reflective learning processes undertaken in discussion groups for the training of principals within the framework of a specific program. The results indicate that coaching requires rigorous training in relation to both leadership and social skills and abilities through which a relationship of trust can be built. Group synergies that encourage reflection on one's own leadership require syntheses and extensions to establish relationships between the facts and avoid valuations and advice, while promoting active listening, the capacity to manage time and formulate questions, and challenge but not disqualify comments that are key to the improvement and quality of the training process. Given the multiple demands for coaches' work to be effective, we observe the need for appropriate and rigorous training in expert knowledge through social skills and abilities that promote a relationship of trust with the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularization of science is essential to consolidate academic dialogue and scientific-technical development. Now, much of the research that is done and disseminated does not produce the expected impact since the means of dissemination are not the most appropriate in some cases. The purpose of this work is to review the selection criteria for scientific journals in order to submit articles for publication. Thus, it proposes a series of indicators that guide the selection of a journal that meets the best conditions in the field of visibility, access, impact and quality of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have highavailability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is written from the "History with photography", instead of "History with photography" and read postcards as memory devices. It centers these memories on the constellation of singers of "cuplés" whose performativity generated endless postcards that gave rise to other new performative events in the houses, streets and studios of painters and writers. We talk about the singers, about them, the writers and painters, and about the final "postal women". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a corpus of documents linked to book censorship at the end of the Old Regime, entrusted by the Council of Castile to the Academy of Fine Arts. The documentation collected tells us about the administrative process, the agents involved (authors, editors, translators) and the specific assessments of the academics who made the reports. This documentation enables us the identification of the formal and content criteria applied to this series of works, following the specifications imposed by a controlling State, prior to its dissemination both to the academic public and to amateurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La leçon de choses est une modalité didactique particulière répandue en Europe et dans le monde occidentalisé au cours du XIXe siècle, diversement déclinée selon les contextes nationaux sous le nom d'Anschauungsunterricht, object lesson, lezione di cose, lección de cosas. Basée sur la méthode intuitive (parfois appelée naturelle), elle s'impose comme un rejeton direct de la pédagogie de Pestalozzi, bien que sa généalogie ait été reconstruite différemment de pays à pays. Cela en fait un cas intéressant de translation and transformation dans le domaine éducatif ou, peut-être, seulement un exemple de "maquillage" motivé par des raisons revanchardes. Le but est, en général, de faire acquérir des idées abstraites aux élèves de l'école maternelle et primaire à partir de l'observation des objets concrets. Grâce aux principaux théoriciens (les premiers disciples de Pestalozzi en Allemagne et en Angleterre, la pédagogue Marie Pape-Carpentier en France, les positivistes italiens et espagnols ...), elle avait dans la plupart des cas la forme de la conversation maternelle, où adultes et enfants se provoquent mutuellement par des questions et des réponses. De nombreux programmes scolaires lui ont donné une place dans l'articulation du curriculum, d'autres l'ont maintenue sous des formes plus libres et spontanées. L'article se propose d'offrir, sur la base de la littérature la plus récente, une analyse des différentes traditions nationales, même en utilisant les principaux dictionnaires pédagogiques publiées en Europe dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. The object lesson is a particular teaching method that was widespread in Europe and the westernised world during the nineteenth century, which was variously adapted according to national contexts under the name of Anschauungsunterricht, leçon de choses, lezione di cose, and lección de cosas. Based on the intuitive (sometimes known as natural) method, it established itself as a direct product of Pestalozzi's pedagogy, although its genealogy has been reconstructed differently from country to country. This makes it an interesting case of translation and transformation in education or, perhaps, simply an example of maquillage motivated by revanchism. The aim, in general, is to introduce abstract ideas to infant and primary school pupils through the observation of concrete objects. The leading theorists (the early followers of Pestalozzi in Germany and England, the educationalist Marie Pape-Carpentier in France, the Italian and Spanish positivists, etc.), gave it, in most cases, the form of a maternal conversation, where adults and children prompt each other with questions and answers. Many school programmes have given it a place in the curriculum, others have maintained it in freer and more spontaneous forms. This paper offers, on the basis of the most recent literature, an analysis of the different national traditions, using the main pedagogical dictionaries published in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El bisfenol A (BPA) es un monómero empleado en la fabricación de policarbonato y resinas epoxi por lo cual es fabricado extensivamente a nivel mundial. No obstante, el BPA tiene un aspecto poco deseado ya que diversos estudios lo relacionan con distintas enfermedades especialmente por su efecto como disruptor endocrino. Actualmente el BPA es tema de controversia entre comunidades científicas y agentes gubernamentales, específicamente en relación a su ingesta diaria admisible (IDA). Por otra parte, los tickets de papel térmico son agentes de contaminación en plantas de reciclaje de papel, en consecuencia desde el Laboratorio de Química Industrial (LQI) se empleó la extracción Soxhlet con solventes orgánicos con el fin de eliminar BPA contaminante en muestras de papel térmico usado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detrimental effects of tax havens on civil society first came to light in 2000 when the British organization OXFAM published a report suggesting that these jurisdictions cost developing countries at least fifty billion dollars a year in lost revenue. The aim of this study is to investigate, analyze and provide evidence for the link between tax havens and international tax evasion, corruption and money laundering, and their implications for ‘tax justice’. The methodology used is empirical and theoretical, based on case studies and analysis of documents presented and published by various sources. The conclusions highlight the effectiveness of reports and leaks that have occurred between 2007 and 2021, which have exposed the functioning of international tax corruption schemes of large fortunes or companies related to tax havens and have made it possible to open files and institute precise investigations by national public administrations. The 2016 Panama Papers and the 2021 Pandora Papers stand out as the most relevant leaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It cannot be denied that the call for papers (CFP), used in a systematic way by the 'predatory' journals, are important for journals of excellence and second-class ones that turn to these announcements for their regular, themed and commemoratives editions. In this article we show the results of a survey carried out in 2016 to 199 editors of Colombian scientific journals of areas such as Natural Science, Engineering and Technology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Humanities, and Multidisciplinary Sciences. The 75% (143) of the studied journals have a biannual regularity. 37.7% (53) of the editors usually use the CFP announcements to call for articles for their regular editions. 30% (114) of the editors use the journal's web page to issue their CFP announcements and 29.5% (111) use the e-mail. Nonetheless, 66 editors could not answer how effective were these announcements to draw articles, because they could not define the percentage of the material received that was finally published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After its institutionalisation during the early 1970s through the creation of the first faculties of Communication Sciences, Spanish communication research consolidates as a disciplinary field in the 1990s. During this period, the increasing number of universities degrees on communication studies led to an exponential growth of the academic community and, so, of the scientific production in the field. The enormous efforts of meta-research carried out in the last decade, specially focused on the study of peer-reviewed journals, and to lesser extent of PhD theses, have allowed the reconstruction of some relevant aspects of the current communication research in Spain. Nevertheless, these studies have not considered sufficiently those elements which would allow to identify the general epistemological orientation followed by the scientific activity in the field of communication. This paper intends to contribute to this research line. For this purpose, a content analysis has been applied to a sample of 1098 papers published between 1990 and 2014 by six major peer-reviewed communication journals, in order to observe the evolution of the objects of study and the methodological procedures in Spanish communication research during this period. The results show a progressive diversification of the objects of study, the pre-eminence of the studies on media content, a growing neglect of the institutional dimension of the media system (companies, professionals, markets, public policies, etc.), a decreasing interest on theoretical research, a gradual improvement of the methodological standards of empirical research, and a growing dominance of quantitative research, specially by means of content analysis applied to media documents (news, advertisements, television series, etc.). The observed trends are put for discussion considering the consequences that could have be generated on Spanish communication research by the changes of the media system (the growth of the communication sector, the advent of digitalization, etc.) and by the updated institutional context (the autonomy of university degrees in communication studies, the implementation of the Academia teaching acreditation programme) on which scientific activity has deveolped over the past 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is carried out in a workers group of logging, wood and paper industry, which is compared with the whole of the labor market. We select 14 quantitative variables of job-related features. For this purpose, we use data Quality of Labor Life Survey (ECVT) by the Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security. The first objective is to find out which variables and groups of variables (or factors) affect job satisfaction in logging, wood and paper industry, comparing these results with the national set. Our methodologies are principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. The second objective is to review similar studies in other countries in order to find some common pattern. The analysis in both groups (logging, wood, and paper on the one hand, and the Spanish national set on the other) allows us to find whether determinants are the same or different according to activity. So, in both cases, a wage is one of the last factors that explain labor satisfaction, whereas motivation and personal development are in the top position. It is not possible to propose a general and valid theory in all areas from studies in other countries so that if the context is different, the determinants that affect job satisfaction are also different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the survivors in Spain of the free distribution press is the specialized publication Diario Médico, which has been disseminating health issues among professionals of the National Health System for 25 years. We did an exploratory-descriptive study about its origins and current situation, paying attention to its labour in paper, through the printed product, and in Red, through diariomedico.com. The techniques are the interview with its deputy director and the analysis of its products. The mixed format defines Diario Médico: it maintains its commitment to offer information on paper, despite having reduced the periodicity from daily to weekly; leads its paper readers to Orbyt, the digital press kiosk of the promoter group, Unidad Editorial, where it offers seven pages a day in pdf format with information for subscribers, and on the Web, with an edition that opens to the participation of the user. The informative tone of its contents and its usefulness for society, together with the growing interest of the non-specialized public in medicine and health, lead to Diario Médico, in our opinion, to have a double objective public: society in general and professionals of the System in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the frequency of publication of scientific articles by thesis advisors of the School of Medicine of a private University in Lima, Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. We search for papers using Google Scholar, Medline, and Scopus. The frequencies and percentages of the variables were calculated. Results: Out of 19 advisors, 63% of them had ever published an article in their life, and 53% had ever published an original article. 26% and 21% have published an original paper in Scopus and Medline in the last five years, respectively; while only 5% published an original article during the previous two years in those databases. Just one teacher (5.3%) was registered in REGINA. Conclusions: The publication rate in recent years of the thesis advisers of a School of Medicine of a private University of Lima is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates economically build a new cogeneration plant with clean energy from forest biomass company Norske Skog Bio Bio (NSBB). This is to show that this plant-based forest biomass for electricity generation is a viable option in Chile from the economic and environmental perspective. For this evaluation, we propose an approach that uses “real options theory" based on the application of log-transformed binomial method with six steps. Also, comparing the results obtained with this approach, the results using traditional methods. It is found that for all cases studied, the value yielded by the real options method was higher than estimated by traditional methods. It is concluded that this alternative profitable investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the suitability of packaging materials made of paper/cardboard and used in different public institutions in charge of Costa Rican documentary heritage, the measurement of the acidity (pH) of the materials was carried out, as well as the use of infrared spectroscopy to study the changes in the crystalline structure of paper cellulose molecules, which influence the oxidation and degradation of cellulose as a consequence of aging (Chiriu et al., 2018). Studying the materials used to package and store documents with historical/heritage value is of high importance since these are the ones that remain in direct contact with the cultural assets for years, even decades. In total, the measurement of the physicochemical properties was carried out in four different aging stages (0, 8, 15 and 28 days), in order to compare the results and establish the changes and degradations in the materials, this to determine which of the sampled materials are more suitable for packaging documentary heritage, both in the short and long term, and according to the parameters analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a methodology using OpenAlex (OA) for tracking Open Access publications in the case of Argentina, a country where a self-archiving mandate has been in effect since 2013 (Law 26.899, 2013). A sample of 167,240 papers by researchers from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) was created and analyzed using statistical techniques. We estimate that OA is able to capture between 85-93% of authors for all disciplines, with the exception of Social Sciences and Humanities, where it only reaches an estimated 47%. The availability of papers in Open Access was calculated to be 41% for the period 1953-2021 and 46% when considering exclusively the post-law period (2014-2021). In both periods, gold Open Access made up the most common route. When comparing equal periods post and pre-law, we observed that the upward trend of gold Open Access was pre-existing to the legislation and the availability of closed articles in repositories increased by 5% to what is estimated based on existing trends. However, while the green route has had a positive evolution, it has been the publication in gold journals that has boosted access to Argentine production more rapidly. We concluded that the OA-based methodology, piloted here for the first time, is viable for tracking Open Access in Argentina since it yields percentages similar to other national and international studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematizes and compares, based on the reasoning of the U.S. Supreme Court and its decisions, four pairings of concepts that arise from discussions on the operability of the presumption of innocence in the AngloAmerican legal system. The article illustrates that the partial conclusions in each of these comparisons must be reached by arguments consistent with the normative foundation of the presumption of innocence principle in order to find the defining characteristics of said principle. Ultimately, the paper sets forth a definition of the presumption of innocence that encompasses each of the partial conclusions thus reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question of whether generative AI can create copyrightable works by making a comparative analysis between European Union law and U.S. copyright law. First, it is argued that for copyright law it does not seem possible for an entity other than a human being to be the copyright holder, thus ruling out the possibility of generative AI being considered a copyright holder. It is established that in US copyright the door it may be possible to register part of a work made using generative AI, and that in the EU this door remains open and pending evolution, although European jurisprudence already gives some guidelines. Afterwards, this paper explores possible infringement of exploitation rights in the different parts of the training process of generative AI models and in the activities that lead to the generation of content that is like intellectual works. It is concluded that in US law there is a gap in knowledge as to whether fair use would cover these types of activities. In European Law, although there are exceptions such as those in Directive 2001/29, it is not at all clear whether this will be sufficient to cover these activities, or whether the authorization of the rights owner will be necessary. If the latter is true and judging by the wave of lawsuits that have followed against companies and institutions that have made generative AI tools publicly available, it is possible that licensing negotiation may take a central role in the AI industry, with the negative consequences that this may bring for the advancement of science and for the public domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the different reasons that lead to buy books, emphasizing readers' social relationships, the status achievement through reading, the process of purchasing books or the importance of the publisher for the customer. Furthermore, throughout all the study, the symbolic dimension that surrounds the purchase of books is highlighted, as cultural consumption that it is. The first part of the paper includes a literature review of the topic, and the second part is empirical and contains in-depth interviews that are analyzed through sociological discourse analysis. Outcomes obtained reveal that people buy books not only to enjoy or acquire knowledge, but also to socialize and get social distinction, too. Moreover, each reader's social position has an effect on the way s/he buys and relates with books. In addition, there is a large segment of readers who, on the one hand, like to own books and have their own personal library, and on the other hand, they enjoy the process of face-to-face book purchase. Therefore, book defends itself as an object and, so the development of e-books does not necessarily conflict with paper books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the paper reviewed the Cuban Higher Education Norms to identify informational skills requirements related that justified the necessity of the curricular strategy About the Scientific and Technical Information at the Career Agronomy Studies Plan E and his scopes. The strategy, her definition, and the disciplines description about its implementation were analyzed. The actions related with scientific information were identified at the texts; key words were assigned for the descriptions. The paper concludes the strategy is pertinent cause of information literacy is recognized like vital for the successful insertion of the individuals in the information society. However, about these skills, the texts are not enough take in count they are commented at the theoretical studies about this topic, specially, the theoretical bases of the Information Literacy and the Information Skills University's Program and the requirements of the Agronomy Career Studies Plane E investigative component. The paper proposes the curricular strategy redefinition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the reception of the Foucauldian notion of governmentality in Roberto Esposito's thought by taking into account the Italian translation of Foucault's lectures of 1977 and 1978 at the Collège de France. First, the different contexts of reception of these lectures are presented, in particular the Anglo-Saxon studies of governmentality and the crisis of Italian Marxism in the late 1970s. Secondly, Foucault's position in his courses of these years is analyzed from the perspective of the opposition between Machiavellianism and anti-Machiavellianism, precisely in view of the Italian reception. Finally, this paper analyses the reception of the notion of governmentality by Roberto Esposito in his 1980 work La politica e la storia. The paper shows the importance of this early reception of Foucault's lessons regarding the formation of the Italian biopolitical current and its specificities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze Hegel's interpretation of Plato's political philosophy (specially the Republic) in certain passages of two specific works: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts and Die Vorlesungen über Platon. I consider two axes of analysis: private property and subjective freedom. The main goal of the paper is to describe the relationship that Hegel establishes with Plato, or at least with the Republic. I show that this dialogue presents nuances with respect to the two axes mentioned and that these nuances imply differences of analysis regarding the Hegelian reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to take into account what has been understood as "indigenous philosophy" in Latin American philosophical discussion in recent decades. To this end, a meta-analysis is carried out based on a systematic review of academic articles that mention conceptual categories closely related to the noetic aspects of the indigenous, considering a database composed of Latin American journals indexed in the SCOPUS catalogue in the field of philosophy. Considering the material contained in 42 academic journals between 1984 and 2023, it was observed that 142 articles mention at least once concepts such as indigenous knowledge, indigenous cosmovision, indigenous thought, indigenous philosophy/wisdom, indigenous values, or other similar terms. On the basis of this systematisation, the paper proposes an order of the categories associated with the indigenous and points out the main conceptual challenges in characterising a Latin American indigenous philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A documentary review was carried out on the production and publication of research papers related to the study of the variable Artificial Intelligence and Radiology. The purpose of the bibliometric analysis proposed in this paper was to know the main characteristics of the volume of publications registered in Scopus database during the period 2017-2022 by Latin American institutions, achieving the identification of 48 publications. The information provided by said platform was organized by means of graphs and figures categorizing the information by Year of Publication, Country of Origin, Area of Knowledge and Type of Publication. Once these characteristics were described, a qualitative analysis was carried out in order to refer to the position of different authors in relation to the proposed topic. Among the main findings, it is found that Brazil, with 32 publications, was the Latin American country with the highest scientific production registered in the name of authors affiliated to institutions of that nation. The Area of Knowledge that made the greatest contribution to the construction of bibliographic material referring to the study was Medicine with 32 published documents, and the most used type of publication during the above-mentioned period was Conference Articles with 48% of the total scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The school attendance of 4-5 years-old children raised from 3.7% to 78.9% between 1970 and 2018 in Brazil. This paper analyses the preschool expansion process in Brazil in the last 50 years, documenting the preschool attendance and discussing how sociodemographic and institutional factors usually associated with the expansion are related to the process. The paper shows that female labor force participation, public investments, and demographic factors were to some extent important but not crucial to the expansion of pre-school attendance in Brazil. Furthermore, the observed expansion seems to be a result of uncoordinated and unplanned policies implemented in the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: In 2019, promoted by President Martín Vizcarra, the Congress of the Republic of Peru sanctioned a law on mandatory primary elections for voters and political parties. However, the regulation was not implemented, given that it was suspended by the Legislative Branch for the general elections in 2021 and the regional elections in 2022. Methodology: This paper studies the reform process of mandatory, simultaneous, and open primaries (PASO, for its acronym in Spanish) in Peru and its counter-reform based on its suspension on two occasions (2021 and 2022). Twenty-three key actors were interviewed for this research, including congresspersons, ministers, electoral officials, and researchers, in addition to the revision of secondary sources and newspapers of legislative sessions. Conclusions: The paper concludes that PASO were a "decorative" reform, i.e., a law passed without the intention of implementing it. Its sanction was the product of a reformist coalition between civil society and the President of the nation, where the objectives of increasing popular support for President Vizcarra and the need to improve the legitimacy of the political system converged. The reform was resisted by congresspersons who formed two counter-reformist coalitions that suspended the PASO on two occasions. Originality: The research shows that these counterreform coalitions are intrinsically linked to the atomization and personalization of the Peruvian party system, characterized by hyper-personalism and a lack of party structures. In addition, it generates theoretical contributions to studying the processes of reforms and counter-reforms in the context of institutional weakness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While arguing a strong defense of the humanities, this paper highlights its spirit and makes clear some misunderstandings and errors regarding the humanities. Nonetheless, a history of the humanities is left aside, here. Quite ion the contrary, this paper claims that capitalism is the main detractor and enemy of the humanities; not the contradictors and opponents of the free market system. A number of arguments and justifications are provided. The humanities basically consist in reaching a voice of its own. Several arguments make clear what this consists of. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a two-sector model of endogenous distributive cycles and overproduction, by using elements from Marxian and Kaleckian perspectives. The model combines the two-sector model with market power presented by Dutt (1988) with insights from the cyclical model of Goodwin (1967) and the model of growth and distribution of Dutt (1987). The paper establishes the analytical conditions for a short-run equilibrium point for sectoral capacity utilization rates. Furthermore, for the long run, considering capital accumulation, the paper demonstrates the existence of stable cycles in four dimensions (sectoral distribution of capital, employment rate, and markups for sectors producing capital and consumption goods). These findings are used to reinterpret overproduction within capitalist cycles, where the relative magnitudes of overaccumulation of capital and underconsumption change at different phases of the cycle, while full employment is not a relevant case. The paper concludes by suggesting insights for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is: first, to show that the relationship between Latin America and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a faithful reflection of a class struggle on a world scale, where the correlation of internal and external forces has been articulated over the years in favor of capital; second, to analyze the concrete possibilities that the region will face in the future if it intends to reverse this unfavorable history. The paper argues that the IMF has played a key role in the reconfiguration and extension of the dominance of international finance capital over the productive resources of Latin America by favoring the consolidation of a local capitalist class subordinated to the designs and power of transnational capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a change in international politics since the 2008 financial crisis, thanks to a greater spread of economic resources and military capabilities. For many, it is a radical transformation that could spell the end of US hegemony in Latin America. This paper examines the proposition, beginning with a review of the concept of hegemony, which rather than being viewed as a structural characteristic is conceived of here as a "nuanced hegemony", in other words a network of asymmetric and hierarchical relations. We can observe not just one transformation then, but the emergence of a hemispheric context that could be described as "differentiated hegemony". The United States still occupies a central position, but its foreign policy is marked by subregional fragmentation and the externalisation of electoral priorities. The paper explores the effects at subregional level, focusing on the opportunities and challenges it presents to Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Latin America's role in an international system in flux, with high levels of uncertainty and transformations that signal a shift in the geoeconomic and geopolitical landscape across the world. Against this backdrop, the paper examines the challenges (both old and new) the region must face, focusing on the impact of global changes on regional dynamics and the capacity of the different countries to find answers both to the international situation and old and new internal problems. In addition, as an introductory paper to this monograph entitled "Geopolitics from Latin America: a change of cycle and multipolarity", it identifies the fulcrums of these changes, their impact, the main actors involved and the processes underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION. This paper reports on the digital practices of 18 high school students' when taking notes with the text processor Word about the characteristics of on-line dictionaries--Spanish and English monolingual dictionaries and English-Spanish and Spanish-English bilingual dictionaries. The students explored the dictionaries and, in order to get familiar with them, they worked with the English verb get. The approach implemented refers to literacy in digital textuality. METHOD. The study contemplates the identification of multimedia resources and textual modalities in the dictionaries and the description of digital writing in the notes. Classification and textual analysis involves the informativity criteria identified in the dictionaries: language use, digital searches, textual designs, intertextuality sources, coherence and interactivity, as well as digital cohesion in descriptive and expositive writing, intertextuality by means of images, hyper links and lexical and graphic references. RESULTS. The notes show a predominant use of practical tools in the dictionaries in comparison to coherence and interactivity. They also evidence difficulties to integrate expositive and descriptive writing with digital modalities of intertextuality, hypertextuality and referentiality. DISCUSSION. Consideration and identification of various aspects of textuality in dictionaries show various degrees of intentionality and performance through digital and multimodal resources. However, teaching and practice support is necessary to fully appreciate the information, as well as the digital writing in notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1848 Dr. Castro Madriz issued the decree which established the Republic of Costa Rica and its new coinage. An oak tree (Quercus sp.) was engraved on silver coins as a symbol of the strength and hospitality of the new Republic. These coins were minted between 1850 and 1862 (1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 of Peso) and between 1864 and 1875 (50, 25, 10, and 5 cents of Peso). This paper provides information on the significance of the oak tree in the socio-political context of mid XIX century Costa Rica. It also provides estimates of the number of pieces minted of each value for a total of approximately 1.871.000 coins. The quarter Pesos of 1853 and 1855 are scarce while the 50 cents of 1875 are relatively common, and all denominations with little wear are rare. The Q. salicifolia tree is similar to that engraved on the coins. After 1880 an oak branch was engraved in different issues of paper money, mainly as a crown for the head of Liberty. The last bill with this symbol was issued in 1943, with a value of 1 colón. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to verify the potentiality from the pulps to the soda-antraquinona of pine for the production of papers wave, liner and newspaper (blended with trash pulp), using adapted technological outlines of one manufactures of trash pulps. The work was carried out with pine chips coming from the north area of Missions, according to a prosecution indicated by Tucumán paper mill. In the case of liner and wave, the reached yield was of 67 % and the results indicated that the used process (soda-AQ of pine, with impregnation of 25 % of the chips) it is adapted for the obtaining of pulp brown semichemical. The obtained pulp presented a quality more than enough to be used in the production of papers liner, being in the inferior limit of quality for the production of papers wave (130 g/m², RCT 1,56 kN/m, CMT 172 N). with regard to the periodic paper, the pulp with yield of 61 % was refined blended with trash pulp in different proportions and it was whitened with NaClO with an objective target of 70 %ISO. The best mixture was that of 90% of trash pulp and 10 % of pulp pine semichemical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

through a case study, this text shows the relevance of material study of marks of paper in the field of the social history of justice during the Spanish Monarchy. It examines the complementarity between a judicial case about the alteration of notarial records of Santiago de Chile in 1800, and the material analysis of several public writings between 1684 and 1715, to highlight the social value and meaning of these documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the end of the nineteenth century and the initial of the twentieth, art writing was exercised in Chile by theorists that acted provided of a certain authority adding a roughly traditional and European-rooted model. They marked a certain hegemony over the space of local culturea situation that will be modified later with the emergence of critical actors from the literary field. This paper reviews the work of some traditional critics, analyzing the keys and the context of their theoretical discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed feasibility of manufacture of composite particleboards resinated with a mixture of phenol.formaldehyde resin and 4,4Œ-methylenediphenyl isocyanate in the weight ratio 70:30. For this purpose 3-layer particleboards were produced with varying shares of Kraft scrap paper pulp in the core. Experimental boards were manufactured applying 0, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 75% substitution of wood chips with Kraft paper pulp. Analyses were conducted to determine physico-mechanical properties of boards, i.e. bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond before and after the boiling test and swelling in thickness after 24 soaking in water. Based on recorded testing results it was stated that moisture resistant composite boards manufactured with a 25% substitution of wood chips with Kraft paper pulp meet the requirements of the EN 312 standard for boards used in humid conditions in terms of their strength and moisture resistance specified in the internal bond after the boiling test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study inquiries into the evolution of the concept of Security in the Chilean Defense White Papers published in 1997, 2002 and 2010. This work consists of a conceptual critical analysis of the texts in a comparative perspective. It focuses on five variables: definition of Security; definition of Defense; referent object; sectors of Security; definition of Threat. The results bring into light a process to narrow the reach of the military instrument; an increasing political interest to separate Security from Defense; an inorganic intend to incorporate Human security; and the displacement of Threat as an articulating axis of Defense planning. As a main conclusion, the concept of security evolves significantly according to the Chilean Defense White Papers. The relevance of this issue rests upon the fact that the conceptualization of security delineates the employment of the instruments of defense. The contribution of the study consists of disaggregating the evolution of the concept of Security to further understand the political modifications to the parameters of action of the military instrument in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the methodology and results of the evaluation of the cleaning system of a Kraft paper mill. This evaluation was made keeping in mind variables of that system such as the pulp stock consistency percentage, ash content, air level in the pulp stock, and differential of pressure through the cleaners, for the analysis of a series of samplings carried out during the production of the different paper grades. On the basis of the results, possible modifications or improvements of the cleaning system were proposed, which will allow a reduction in pulp and water losses, energy consumption, and the amount of air required in the paper machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]