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Introduction: The paper "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" (Mollusks of Cocos Island) published in the Revista del Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1935) is the translation to Spanish of one of the last works of Paul Biolley Matthey (1862-1908), Swiss naturalist that lived in Costa Rica. This article was one product of a malacological research carried out during a scientific expedition organized by the 'Instituto Físico- Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica' (IFGN) in 1902 to Cocos Island, at a time when the country claimed its sovereignty both in this territory. Objective: To analyze the contributions of the article "Moluscos de la Isla del Coco" from the Social History of Science approach. Methods: Most of the researches that have applied this approach in Costa Rica analyze processes of institutionalization of scientific disciplines. The methodology used in these works was very useful for the analysis of the Biolley article, together with the information of historical data provided by other texts about Cocos Island and the development of scientific research in Costa Rica from a temporal perspective. In addition, tables were made to synthesize the classification of the species and genera studied by Biolley in Cocos Island to identify their provenance and the habitat in which they lived. Results: This study of Biolley constitutes a text of interest from the point of view of the Social History of Science, due to the descriptions it offers of the physical conditions of the territory of Cocos Island, of the different species of mollusks located in them and to the exchange of information with national and foreign scientists that show the participation of Biolley in scientific networks. Conclusions: The analysis of the information with the Social History of Science approach, concludes that the compilation of the flora and fauna permits a greater knowledge of the natural resources of the explored territories, in order to colonize them and integrate them into the economic dynamics of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. However, attempts colonize Cocos Island failed given the distance between this and the continent, in addition to the topographic conditions that prevent the permanent establishment of human populations and their productive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct use of Spanish when writing biological papers. We present a list of the most frequent errors in biological manuscripts written in Spanish, and we explain which are the recommended options. Our article is based on the International Codes of Nomenclature, and the guidelines of the Real Academia de la Lengua and the Council of Science Editors. We group the indications in four categories: lexical errors (e.g. English cognates); spelling (graphic accents, punctuation, font), morphology (use of prepositions) and style (linguistic economy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science as an object of knowledge has been a central concern of the social sciences since the first decades of the 20th century. However, the object itself is neither static nor unchanging, and has been transformed over time. In recent decades, the innovative approach of gender studies has gained considerable ground in the social studies of science. While some of them have paid attention to the relations of the professional field with the family sphere and have investigated the ways in which structural factors of the life course play an important role in research careers, there are still few theoretical and empirical contributions that think of science as productive work highly articulated with social reproduction. Although this axis of enquiry is still incipient in social studies of science, it is consolidated within the social sciences hand in hand with labour studies and feminist economics. Within the framework of the important contributions made, this paper seeks to review the existing literature and a conceptual approach to the understanding of scientific work and its articulations with reproductive work, taking gender as a category of analysis. The paper is organised in four parts: in the first section we will review the critiques of the concept of work inherited from modernity and we will focus on thinking of science as work with specificities; in the second section we will address the processes of social reproduction in terms of the articulation of spheres; in the third section we will consider the study of gender and science; in the fourth section, we will describe the way in which this conceptual proposal operates in the empirical study carried out; finally, we will present a systematisation of the concepts developed throughout the paper and a conceptual approach to their approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate how Buddhism is related to science as a mechanism for legitimizing its meditative practices and worldview. The first part takes a historical review of the different moments that mark the dialogue between Buddhism and the scientific worldview in the Western sociocultural context. Then, the paper explores the narratives of various contemporary Buddhist leaders and personalities from the scientific field to identify the different argumentative modalities that support the compatibility between Buddhism and science. From this conceptual scheme, the last section of the article analyzes the stories of committed practitioners of Buddhist centers formed in Argentina in recent decades to investigate the modalities of reception and appropriation of this discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different approaches remark the importance of the relationship between economic growth and the implementation of science, technology, and innovation programs within the design and evaluation of public policies. Therefore, this paper addresses said relationship from the concept, methodology, regulations, and implementation process of Colombian policy regarding science, technology, and innovation, highlighting the contribution made by the National Apprenticeship Service (SENA) to the development of related programs. The contributions made by the SENNOVA strategy, created by SENA, as an institutional response to national regulations on science and technology and the allocation of resources are also reported in this work. We concluded that SENNOVA is a multiplying agent of technological, social, and collective appropriation given its role in transferring the knowledge generated in the projects from different programmatic lines of science, technology, and innovation to professional training and the productive sector, thus contributing to the reduction of technological gaps in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the argumentative discourse of postgraduate students of six different cohorts of the Faculty of Psychology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, shows us a set of obstacles and systematic errors in the process of construction of a hypothesis (the latter being the hypothesis to defend in their thesis). In this paper, we argue that the nature of these errors and obstacles is ontogenetic, psychological, and epistemological. Ontogenetic obstacles are related to the primacy, reinforced through evolution, of natural logic over formal logic in problem solving. . The arbitrariness of language exacerbates difficulties in communicating a hypothesis. The psychological nature of errors has to do with a position of the individual towards evidence and scientific activity. The content of the evidence may be repressed or rejected because it constitutes a destabilization of the subject’s identity or of beliefs that have a function of ego support. We also perceive the subject's epistemic dependence on their thesis advisors that prevents them from affirming their own work. We observe there is a belief that academic work, rather than a process of knowledge building, is an evaluative activity of the self. Other errors and obstacles are related to questions specific to scientific activity. A hypothesis generally manifests causal relationships. The notion of cause and its nature, from the philosophy of science, is debatable. In the present article, we propose these explanations regarding the difficulties in the process of constructing a scientific hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and development of pathological study methods is closely related to the scientific-technical development achieved by society. The traditional methods used for the pathological study of diseases have been enriched with new technologies, which has favored their deepest knowledge, particularly that of neoplasms, one of the leading causes of death in Cuba and in the world. In this paper, an overview is made of the historical development of the different anatomopathological study methods and their impact on the processes of medical assistance and education. A reflection is made on the need to strengthen training for the proper use of the clinical method and for the justified indication and correct interpretation of the results of the examinations that, in a traditional way, have made possible the diagnosis and the assessment of the prognosis and the therapeutic, thus avoiding the irrational use of other technologies that make medical care more expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate -through qualitative strategy- the reasons professionals have for returning to Argentina, after having completed a doctorate and / or postdoctoral fellowship in hard sciences in the United States. The analysis highlights people's long-term projection, the weight of close ties and the possibility of obtaining a stable academic position including social security benefits and scientific independence. It also discloses emerging tensions and the importance of circulation and internationalization of careers. The final reflections systematize the findings, which are discussed according to the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will examine the literary representation of motherhood and the figure of the mother in the Italian context. In particular, we will analyse two works, Le difettose (2012), written by Eleonora Mazzoni, and Non mi vendere, mamma! (2016) by Barbara Alberti, due to the novel perspective they provide on the subject: from a matrifocal narrative, both writers describe the experience of becoming a mother while undergoing several treatments and medical procedures, with different physical and emotional consequences for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will discuss what specific traits distinguish sciences from other historical institutions. First I will review several philosophies conceiving sciences having in mind constitutive, but generic, features. This is the case when sciences are understood as explanation, as comprehension, as knowledge, as description, as representation, as construction, as cultural institution, as experimentation and elaboration of hypotheses, as theory, and as instrument of domination and intervention on reality. I put forward certain specific traits of theorems and scientific fields that allow us to distinguish sciences from other historical formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article explains how the Sierra de La Macarena Biological Reserve, which marked the beginning of the new state responsibility of caring for nature in Colombia, was conceived and then created by law in 1948. Additionally, this paper reconstructs the first decade of its existence. Methodology: This research is based on archival documents, historic publications and secondary sources, which allow us to understand the ideas about nature that guided such history and the concrete processes that characterized it. Originality: This article studies the process of State formation from a territorial and environmental perspective, bringing together political and environmental history, and pointing at new avenues of inquiry in both fields. Conclusions: The beginnings of a new state responsibility of caring for nature depended on previous developments of the state itself, particularly on the efforts to deal with tropical diseases. Therefore, an area of state activity devoted to insure the well-being of the population served as the basis for the inceptive development of another. This issue was, however, not entirely national. Global scientific networks, including medical doctors, entomologists and geologists, together with an innovative technology, aviation, also played a crucial role. The research station that was conceived along with the reserve to support long-term research was partly impaired by La Violencia of the 1950s. Instead, scientists carried out several expeditions that contributed to turn La Macarena into national patrimony, at least in the minds of some Colombians. Given that aspirations well exceeded the achievements, the definitive emergence of this area of state performance had to wait a few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyzes the first two attempts at the creation of science and technology policy in Ecuador from the role of various stakeholders: scientists, politicians, and industry. The institutionalization of this policy first emerged in 1973 as part of the "nationalist and revolutionary" military dictatorship of Rodriguez Lara, and as part of the proposed import substitution industrialization (ISI) in response to the oil boom. The second attempt took place during the return to democracy in 1979 and was based on the enactment of the Law on the National System of Science and Technology and on the creation of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. This paper discusses the narrative of the events rather than the cause. It examines social macro processes through the lens of various stakeholders (political and economic national conditions and international influences). Furthermore, the definition and implementation of policies is explained via political cultures; implicit and explicit scientific technology Policy; and technological scientific paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of unequal territorial integration in the Argentinean Patagonia has been widely studied. This article analyzes the interactions between national and scientific rhetorics in the understanding and design of the Patagonian territory, which allows for the interpellation of scientific technical knowledge from the perspective of its political significance. The paper seeks to broaden the academic register and further the critique of the scientific discourse that grounded the development model for the Argentinean Patagonia from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th. It discusses the historiographical background that linked knowledge to utilitarian logic, based on a cross-referenced analysis of writings by naturalists and emblematic figures of planning of the appropriation and Patagonian development during the analyzed period. It shows the strong impact of scientific production on the social and moral planning of a territory that was incorporated late and unequally into the organization of the State. In Patagonia, the national rhetoric describes its progress in terms of a future promise, defining everything that exists there, persons, plants, and animals, as obstacles to the fulfillment of that promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to try to obtain a definition of the essay as a philosophical genre. In this paper we defend a dialectical idea of literary/artistic genre in which the text participates in the genre but does not belong to it. The essay as genre is open and free. Although it is an identity without limits and given the configuring power of literature, the essay has a minimal essence that we can define as critical-literary reflection with a will of truth installed in the world of life. The essay is also defined by its character of mediation between art and science, the particular and the universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, the number and variety of policy instruments implemented in the field of science, technology and innovation in Latin America and particularly in Argentina has increased significantly. In this context, although new initiatives to promote the participation of women in the area have been created, they have been poorly incorporated into inventories and diagnoses in the area. This paper analyzes a specific type of policy instrument: prizes for women in science, in this case the L'Oréal-unesco prize in Argentina. The approach focuses on three main aspects from the point of view of both the research and the formulation of policies: the motivations of the winners to participate, the effects they identify after being distinguished and their opinion about the participation of women in science and its relation to the objectives of the award. The study is based on qualitative evidence through the combination of the analysis of official documents of the sponsoring agencies and the conduction of in-depth interviews with the prize winners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the fundamental goals of education is for people to learn to differentiate scientific knowledge from the one derived from common sense and pseudoscience. Learning to think scientifically is considered an easy task. It is not natural to humans; it requires changing certain structures of knowledge towards notions that need reflection, and an important transformation of some conceptual networks that are involved in the information processing mechanisms natural of all living organisms. In the case of psychology, the conceptual change from folk psychology (or common sense) and pseudoscience to psychological science is also difficult to teach, perhaps even more so than in physics or biology, as the latter are more developed, more remote from human problems and there are less epistemological controversies about their methodology. There is evidence of differences between students and graduates on their views about the scientific basis of psychology. In this paper, the perception of psychology's status was evaluated among psychology students and graduates from universities in Argentina using the Psychology as a Science Scale (Friedrich, 1996 PAS). It's comprised of 20 items with a 7 point Likert style response ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). It is divided into three factors. F1: psychology can be considered as a science similar to biology or physics (4 items, e.g. A degree in psychology should be a Bachelor of Science rather than one in Arts or Humanities); F2: research conducted in controlled laboratory environments is essential for the understanding of everyday behavior (5 items, e.g. Being able to do experiments is as important to psychology students as for chemistry, physics or biology students); and F3: behavior is predictable (6 items, e.g. Although each person is unique, it is possible for science to find general laws to explain human behavior). It also has 4 filler questions (FR) to hide the objectives of the survey and control social desirability (eg. An introductory course in psychology should encompass the widest range of possible topics). Friedrich (1996) reported that the scale has an internal consistency coefficient alpha of .71 for a sample of students and Holmes (2014), reported alpha of .74 for graduate / teachers. For the sample presented, Cronbach's alpha was .74 for all items. The Spanish translation was done by the authors of the study and evaluated by two experts in psychology and English proficiency. Then it was administered to a group of psychology students to confirm the understanding of the items. The survey was administered both through an online system and in person. The main results show that students have significantly lower score than graduates in the three factors of interest. However, graduates who identify with a cognitive-behavioral framework or with an integrative-eclectic approach strongly agree or agree with the scientific status of psychology as measured in F1, F2 and F3, unlike students and psychoanalysts who scored significantly less in F1 and F3. Moreover, students of the first years of study have a significant minor score than students of the last years on F1 and F3 (p < .05). This work has as limit that the sample is not representative and the questionnaire was not validated in its version in Spanish. However, the results are similar to those of other countries, although it was the first that discriminated the opinion of the graduates in function of the theoretical orientation. Future research confirms these results. These results are discussed in relation to studies in other countries and to the teaching of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aristotle's Metaphysics E 2 and 3 are devoted to the discussion about accidental being and its causes, with the aim of assessing its credentials as a possible object of first philosophy. The result of this discussion is, in this sense, negative. However, first philosophy has something to say about accidental being, if only through a second order speech. The nature of the accidental is thus explored in these pages of Metaphysics, with the ultimate aim of confirming the impossibility of a scientific study (and a scientific discourse) about this way of being and its causes. The central part of this paper deals with E 2, 1026b27-1027a15, where Aristotle introduces the causes of accidental being. I endeavor to show that each of the three causes presented in these lines are compatible and relevant, as they can be understood, respectively, as the formal, efficient and material cause of what happens by accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary science in one of the key forces of social development but is more hampered by lack of qualified personnel than by technological resources. The professional scientists most domain certain skills parallels to their specific specialties that constitute a proper craft. Therefore, this additional learning should not be leaved to spontaneity. Universities produce specialists but there is not a scientist as a career. This paper analyzes some of the causes of this problem as well as suggest some alternatives to improve the communication between scientist and university professors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general when the phrase "man of science" is heard, One immediately thinks of a physicist, a mathematician, a chemist, an astronomer, a biologist, etc., but very few imagine a scientist in a humanist, a philologist, a musicologist, much less in a politician. In this paper reflections are presented to answer the following question: was Martí a scientist? And arguments are offered, from different conceptual points of view, to demarcate Marti's life and work as a man of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks for new innovative concepts and theories to improve in development's planning knowledge, it's sustained in the lecture and analysis of new innovative development fields papers to make order and interrelate them for building a new structural base to stand a contemporary economic and social development science that be able to introduce and embody spatial and regional analysis, it tries to point out the strategic place played today by world cities, the migration flows and science and technology in the development and integration of countries, particularly in the Asia Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the repressive strategy as it was described in the military doctrine that guided the actions of the armed forces, security forces and paramilitary organizations in El Salvador between 1962 and 1972. Attention will be given to the way this repressive strategy molded the state repressive treatment of the wave of trade union protest that took place in the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common interpretation of Descartes argues that the new science is a result of Cartesian replacement, in scientific explanations, of the final and formal causes by the efficient causes. While this statement is broadly correct, it has tended to assume that efficient causes do not imply any problem. This paper wishes to question this assumption, showing a number of problems concerning the knowability of efficient causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is presented how to establish a working system for the achievement of scientific results that characterize a university. These results must be evaluated by international standards, but also they have to be relevant for the impact that they have on the country where the university. The fundamental objective of the present work is the cycle management application for the administration of science identifying at each stage the elements that must be considered. Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría is used as a case study, CUJAE, located in Havana, Cuba. The results obtained in the last four years show progress in most measured indicators, demonstrating that this process has been developed efficiently and effectively, through rational use of resources, especially teachers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the causes of the alienation of youth for environmental, in a District Educational Institution, from the perspective of approaches Science, Technology, Society and Environment CTSA, Questions social scientific CSC, as well as the impact of School Projects Environmental. This analysis was conducted from a sample of data obtained through non-participant observation grids, applied to students. The research is part of a broader Group Project Teaching and Learning of Physics of the University Francisco José de Caldas, and is emerging as a qualitative research due to the characteristics of the variables to be analyzed (demonstrations, attitudes) without analyzing the data statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant genetic improvement has a double scientific nature: it is both an empirical science of nature and an applied science of design. In this context, this paper provides an investigation of scientific prediction as an essential feature of plant genetic improvement as an applied science of design with special emphasis in the improvement of stone fruits (Prunus genus). In considering plant genetic improvement, we can speak of three levels of knowledge. These levels are associated with molecular biology (micro level); the genetic constitution of an individual (meso level); and the phenotype and overall appearance of the new release (macro level). These levels of reality affect both the type of prediction and the methodology applied. The prediction is the main objective of the plant genetic improvement as science of design. It is very important to have a knowledge of possible future to make a new design that will be complete within a few years, more than 12 years in the case of stone fruit that is the subject of this work. Finally, in developing a scientific prediction applied to Prunus breeding it is necessary to consider different internal (the genetic nature of the starting plant material, the available methodologies, etc.) and external (social acceptation, environmental factors, biotic and abiotic stresses, etc.) variables. The degree of knowledge of these variables determines the quality of the prediction in the design of the new Prunus varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes that occurred on digitization have produced profound variations in the world of work in general, and academic one in particular. Considering the transformations in terms of production, use and appropriation of knowledge, mainly taking this situation as a kind of social relationship described as "cognitive exploitation of scientific knowledge". From this characterization, I shall discuss in this paper the impact over the work of the social scientist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study on socio-educational research logic, focusing on the essential elements of research designs, but especially on the relations between those elements, which denote the most important requirements for the research design in the inquiry about educational phenomena. In the first part we discuss the formal levels of socio-educational research, with special emphasis on the philosophical, scientific and technical elements of research logic. Subsequently, we propose the concept of relationality as a coordinating approach to address the logic of research, and establish an integrated approach of the different levels that make up the research process and also a research framework based on the relational conception of educational phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the newspaper's coverage on the subject of renewable energy and renewable energy technologies and how that information has been exhibited in the Costa Rican case by the newspapers La Nacion and El Financiero between January 2006 and December 2011 (considered the period of emergence and establishment of the most important public discussions on the issue). It's presented a general analysis of the form of presentation of information and content through the representations analysis on the subject, taking as a starting point some works that have emerged in recent years in Latin America and the rest of the world, concerning to the communication of science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer rates have been increasing. There are several ongoing studies on this subject that specifically focus on the risk factors for this type of cancer. Addressing this problem holistically will allow analyzing this phenomenon using various approaches. For such reasons, we conducted a review of research papers published in electronic journals in SciELO and PubMed databases in order to demonstrate the contribution of the Oral Cancer Screening Program to Cuban public health and its interrelation with science, technology, and society. The assumed starting point allows stating that the science, technology and society approach is not only a field of study concerned with the complex interrelationships between science, technology, and the societies in which they develop. In addition, this approach is related to all social areas. Therefore, it is not just a matter of thought or study; it is, above all, a practical-existential problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science, technology and innovation are fundamental to economic and social development of the country, requiring, each time more, to give significant resources in order to prepare the personnel and make them more competitive, where the information exchange, knowledge and learning generated by this process, will contribute to achieve a better performance in the organization. The purpose of this paper is the development of a organizational learning model and its phases, based on information and knowledge of scientific and innovation project team members, which will allow to evaluate the capacity of organizational learning and also contribute to a better organization performance. In this model is highlighted the integration of the main trends in the study of organizational learning, providing technical tools to develop learning ability and performance evaluation of the organization from indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a theoretical reflection on the nature and importance of the processes of scientific communication within the academic world. The communication of science is a process used by researchers to present their findings; it may be aimed at specialized academic or public peers, or wider and heterogeneous public. Communicating science can be done directly, by who investigates or by mediation of professionals in journalism, who do reach the public to the knowledge generated in academic areas. Understanding the process of communicating gear science is crucial to create effective strategies for their development and visualization as a specific objective of the process of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the characterization of the Jurisprudence in the thought of Karl Larenz. His view of the Jurisprudence will be studied as a normative, comprehensive and valuator science through the descriptiveanalytical method. Subsequently, a juridical assessment of his approaches will be conducted, identifying the problems of the posed questions and their possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research at the university is not only responsible for the research training of future professionals but it also should intervene in solving problems at social, business, community and group levels. This paper discusses this reality and analyzes the actions that link social participation in science and technology with the research training for university students. The literature review was aimed at finding scientific texts and unpublished research that address the issue from the science, technology and society (STS) perspective. Among the main results it is possible to find students scientific research initiatives, science and technology advisory agencies, as well as knowledge transfer activities, which allows us to come to the conclusion that there is a link between research and participatory processes through different modes of knowledge construction at the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to expose a possible interpretation of the ontological problems influencing the conceptualization of space. Work starts assuming that is not possible to understand the space’s problem without contextualizing it in a broader problematization of the experience in the modern world. This means that the space’s problem has a close relationship with the specificity of modern society and the way she sees herself. In order to show these relationships this work develops what Hegel called: the «positions of thought regarding the objectivity». From this reading of modern philosophy based on the relationship established between the subject and the object, we try to show how it could be interpreted the connection between knowledge, society and space in different philosophical and theoretical perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present an analysis of scientific training outstanding students deepening into the elements and challenges that society demands. For Support Program Highlights were studied in the state of Sinaloa, by virtue of being a program that seeks to bring its full potential talent manifest in children and young Sinaloa. For research interviews, observation and document analysis using qualitative perspective, the perspective of philosophical model rhombus Renée Bédard were performed. The results show that students in the program are being formed with a scientific identity under environments that rescue creativity, commitment and momentum talent with the constituency in collaborative work and human development, also are working on research projects, product development and initiatives for the benefit of the state of Sinaloa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to create a methodological approach to promote environmental education in students of Agronomy, from the Chemistry discipline. It was used the simulated cases methodology with focus science, technology, environment and society (STES). The proposal was implemented for three courses and its results helped students show greater appreciation of the study of Chemistry. This proposal help to the responsibility and commitment of students to the search for possible solutions to social and environmental issues, with arguments from Chemistry's content and consistent with the social, cultural and political context in which these problems manifest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the tools of Web 2.0 researchers and scientists have become personally involved in the communication of science, especially through the use of blogs. In spite of being important in the dissemination of science, these tools have only been studied in the English-speaking context; the Spanish-speaking milieu remains unstudied. This paper has analyzed the contents of 100 entries from what the Bitácoras 2013 competition considers the ten most popular science blogs in the Spanish-speaking blogosphere. The analysis includes not only linguistic features and rhetorical strategies but also the sources used in the entries. Finally, the function of each entry has also been determined - explanation, information or opinion. This study concludes that Spanish-speaking science blogs represent a hybrid genre comprising both academic and disseminative characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cognitive mechanisms underlying question generation are not yet well understood. Recently, the Obstacle-Goal model has been proposed. This model assimilates comprehension to a problem-solving cognitive process: the obstacles in the way to the intended goal originate the questions asked. A direct prediction from this model is the relationship between the distribution of types of questions asked, and the kinds of mental representations subjects elaborate to understand the provided information. Up to now, this prediction has been partially validated, and only textual information has been used to this purpose. In the present paper an empirical two-phase study is developed to validate the above prediction in a more reliable way, using non-textual information: the operation of experimental devices. Results support the prediction of the model with enough statistical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication, as a knowledge discipline, consists in the analysis of an interdisciplinary object of study, which requires the integral conjunction of other fields of scientific knowledge without losing its essence and specificity. This paper is the result of a critical revision of the numerous studies that have, in the first place, considered the communication as a science; secondly, envisaged the diverse communicative processes and understood the social phenomena from different perspectives. Finally, they have considered the communication science as an interdisciplinary field whose study requires an epistemology with a methodological pluralism that leads to the solution of problems through applied research. Nowadays, the communication research has taken diverse forms; those who study the uses, practices, social representations and the production of sense of the communicative phenomena, face the dilemma of choosing the adequate way to study a social phenomenon, which is the object or subject of the communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the appearance, in recent decades, of so-called knowledge-based economies, there have been various explanatory proposals or theoretical frameworks for understanding them. In this paper we aim to ponder, within a humanistic outlook, various concepts introduced by thinkers like Dominique Foray, from economic theory, Javier Echeverría, from philosophy of science, Manuel Castells, from sociology, and Edgar Morin, from the perspective of complex thinking. Situating human at the center of the equation, we want to approach the problem of knowledge and their meanings. To that end, this essay begins with a consideration on different conceptions of knowledge and the role that it has taken in the new society, continues with an analysis of the relations between the new economy and the idea of integral human development, and ends by outlining the application of the principles of Morin's complex thought as a proposal to articulate different perspectives on knowledge and the global society to which we belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the appearance, in recent decades, of so-called knowledge-based economies, there have been various explanatory proposals or theoretical frameworks for understanding them. In this paper we aim to ponder, within a humanistic outlook, various concepts introduced by thinkers like Dominique Foray, from economic theory, Javier Echeverría, from philosophy of science, Manuel Castells, from sociology, and Edgar Morin, from the perspective of complex thinking. Situating human at the center of the equation, we want to approach the problem of knowledge and their meanings. To that end, this essay begins with a consideration on different conceptions of knowledge and the role that it has taken in the new society, continues with an analysis of the relations between the new economy and the idea of integral human development, and ends by outlining the application of the principles of Morin's complex thought as a proposal to articulate different perspectives on knowledge and the global society to which we belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific support consists of helping coaches, athletes and/or sports teams with recording, data collection, assessment and/or decision-making processes through the use of scientific procedures. Its implementation entails important modifications in and adaptations of the protocols used by researchers in their laboratories. This paper uses a practical case study to describe and explain the steps and adjustments coaches and researchers need to effect in order to conduct this cooperative work. It should always be borne in mind that the purpose of scientific support is to enhance the performance of athletes and not for athletes to be used as research subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the controversy created by Goethe's scientific writings all through the twentieth century, and discusses its varied interpretations by philosophers and historians of literature and science, among which stands out that of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner. This overview reveals a common misconception: there supposed to be a divide between Goethe as a poet and Goethe as a science man, although such separation is impossible to conceive in Goethe's thought, and his scientific writings are not more than superstition and poetic fantasy. The critique of such a mistaken notion permits to reevaluate the goethean ideal of integration between the artist and the scientist, between Science and Humanities, an endeavor that recent trends of thought, like the Third Culture, are debating and validating today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the treatise On Ideas (Peri ideōn) Aristotle critically discusses five platonic arguments in favour of the existence of Ideas. In Metaphysics A, 9 the same author indicates that three of these arguments are less accurate than the other two. The usual interpretation of the Peri ideōn holds that this is due to the fact that they are not valid to establish Ideas. Against this claim, in this paper I propose a new interpretation about the first group of "less accurate" arguments, the arguments from the sciences. According to my proposal these are, jointly, valid to conclude the existence of Ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing has always trusted in the significance of the human approach within health care. This is a deeply rooted fact that, becomes more evident in the face of the 'biologistic' approach of western, scientific medicine, which at times, can even seem somewhat insulting. In this paper we propose reflection on the theme of health care which we hope will lead to further debate on the whole question. With this in mind we shall cover various issues such as: paradigm, science reflexive modernisation, Eastern, scientific medicine, quantum physics, etc [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manipulative activities are a popular learning tool that promotes the effectiveness on scientific and technological education. Aiming to promote its widespread use in all possible areas, in 2003 it was established the educational network "Hands-on Science" (HSci) in the frame of the Socrates program of the European Commission. It enrolled initially twenty-eight institutions from ten European countries (BE, CY, DE, ES, MO, MT, PT, RO, SL, UK) and a multinational consortium (CoLoS). Once finished the three-year project the network was established as an international association with the same purposes and philosophy. In an open and open-minded and participated way we approach and involve teachers, schools and educational boards, presenting, discussing and implementing well-established practices of the learning of Science and Technology. Its objective is to promote the development and use of manipulative activities in formal and informal learning, so that students "do" science rather than simply being "exposed" to it, while in the same time increasing society' scientific literacy. In this paper we will briefly present the main objectives, pedagogical strategies and proposals of the network as well as the outstanding achievements so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore the history of a failed attempt at standardization of prestressed concrete joists (small beams) at the end of the 1950s in Spain: Punto Azul (Blue Point). Punto Azul was a means of developing and spreading performance standards for mass-produced structural components. The project, championed by the Instituto Técnico de la Construcción y del Cemento (Technical Institute for Construction and Cement) and his director Eduardo Torroja, of international reputation as a structural engineer, tried to gather the state and private business around construction experts. However, the project aroused opposition that, after heated controversy, led to its termination. This paper will follow the Punto Azul story in order to unveil the intermingling of science, technology and political economy in a time of changes within the Francoist regime. Thus, I will show that Punto Azul conveyed a whole program of industrialization of construction that included the development of 'the sciences of construction', a growing technological integration with other European countries and a project of control and regulation of Spain's private industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades an important revision and fragmentation of the history of science canonical narratives -based in the emergence of modern science in the West and its progress towards the establishment of industrial civilization - has taken place. In this paper we intend to analyze some of the most recent historiographical debates from the standing point of our experience as historians of the European "periphery". We will focus on three major questions: the -essentially Anglo-American- claims for the need of a new "big picture" able to connect with wide audiences and to avoid the centrifugal tendencies of specialization; the loss of internationalism in academic output and perspectives, and the current debates on the heyday and decline of the nationstate and its validity as a unit of analysis. As a result of this discussion we suggest a historiographical program based on the use of comparative history together with the analysis of communication processes at different levels - from the local to the transnational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is pretended to emphasize the relevancy of returning the links between nature, science and religion in order to the generation of a sustainable society in whom his members overcome the separation body - spirit. Such a society would be an emergent culture that would look for alternative ways to the rigid formal schemes that are held from the power in shift. This alternative enlarges the human sensibility opposite to the poverty that reduces the human life in the development of the western modernity, which turns out to be in three ways: poverty of to think that forgets the meaning of thinking; ontological-existential poverty; ethical-spiritual poverty. From these budgets, is proposed to rethink the science like a think meditatively that recovers the human sense present on it and helps to replace it in relation with the whole human knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why popularize science? Nowadays, there are different proposals to communicate science, although its major interest lies in spreading it. Based on this reflection, which has started from a previous analysis, are established the differences between: a) the simple sense of communicating or spreading science and b) popularizing it. Every communication process of science, in the sense of popularizing it, must take into account the scientific contents as objects of communication, which are products of a social process and respond to a historic, economic, political and cultural context in which they have been produced and from which it is possible to understand them. This paper provides some contributions to popularize science, with a theoretical background based on the principles by Freire, Kaplun and Moscovici. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]